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Dernier Tiers Vie- Iiie Siècle Av. J.-C Les femmes en Champagne pendant l'^age du Fer (dernier tiers VIe- IIIe si`ecleav. J.-C.) et la notion de genre en arch´eologiefun´eraire Chlo´eBelard To cite this version: Chlo´eBelard. Les femmes en Champagne pendant l'^agedu Fer (dernier tiers VIe- IIIe si`ecle av. J.-C.) et la notion de genre en arch´eologiefun´eraire.Sciences de l'Homme et Soci´et´e.Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 2014. Fran¸cais. <tel-01149698> HAL Id: tel-01149698 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01149698 Submitted on 7 May 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ÉCOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES UMR 8546 AOROC École doctorale EPHE 472 CNRS ENS-EPHE Mention « Histoire, Textes et Documents » LES FEMMES EN CHAMPAGNE PENDANT L ’ÂGE DU FER ET LA NOTION DE GENRE EN ARCHÉOLOGIE FUNÉRAIRE (dernier tiers du VI e – III e siècle av. J.-C.) Thèse de doctorat 2014 Discipline Archéologie Chloé Belard Sous la direction de : Stéphane Verger Laurent Olivier Composition du jury : Stéphane Verger Laurent Olivier Jean-Paul Demoule Chris Scarre Mireille David-Elbiali Volume I - Texte REMERCIEMENTS Tout au long de ce parcours que constitue la réalisation d’une thèse, j’ai eu la chance de bénéficier de l’aide et du soutien de nombreuses personnes que je tiens à remercier chaleureusement. Alors un grand Merci : à mes deux directeurs de thèse : Stéphane Verger, pour sa confiance constante, son soutien et ses conseils perspicaces toujours emprunts de bienveillance. Merci également de m’avoir fait rejoindre l’équipe de l’UMR 8546 AOROC de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure et Laurent Olivier, pour m’avoir toujours poussée à aller plus loin dans ma réflexion, grâce à ses remarques pointues et constructives. Merci aussi de m’avoir fait confiance pour la réalisation de ce travail et de m’avoir éclairée sur la gender archaeology et sur une archéologie respectueuse des faits sociaux et humains à Bruno Wirtz qui a rendu possible ce travail en posant les fondements d’une méthode d’analyse mathématique et graphique inédite en archéologie. Merci également pour tous ses conseils amicaux et pour m’avoir fait partager un peu de son ingéniosité mathématique à l’école doctorale 472 de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, pour m’avoir accordée un contrat doctoral de trois ans qui m’a permis de mener à bien ce travail à l’équipe de l’UFR Histoire de l’art et Archéologie de l’Université de Nantes, et surtout à Sylvie Boulud-Gazo, pour m’avoir confié depuis maintenant trois ans la réalisation de cours magistraux et de travaux dirigés sur les sociétés de l’âge du Fer à l’équipe INRAP Champagne, en particulier à Lola Bonnabel, Marion Saurel, Hervé Bocquillon et Isabelle Richard, pour leurs conseils et nos échanges amicaux à tous les membres du groupe de recherches Archaeology and Gender in Europe et particulièrement à Julia K. Koch, pour leur accueil chaleureux et l’intérêt porté à mon travail à mes amis et « compagnons de thèse », Hélène Blitte, Audrey Gouy, Emilie Mitsakis, Luca Tori et Rovena Kurti, pour leur soutien et nos conversations toujours enrichissantes à mes « associés techniques », Gildas Pierre, Sébastien Pubert, Florent Pierre, Michel et Isabelle Casabonne Masonnave, Elise Belard et Fabien Morin, pour avoir consacré de longs moments à m’aider dans des travaux souvent fastidieux à tous mes relecteurs et particulièrement Marion Belard Casabonne, François Casabonne Masonnave et Catherine Belard Casabonne qui ont suivi pas à pas l’élaboration de ce travail. Merci pour leur courage et leur attention vis-à-vis de mon travail ! à tous mes amis pour leur soutien moral et nos bons moments Et surtout à tous les membres de ma famille, qu’ils soient présents auprès de moi ou dans mes pensées 2 RÉSUMÉ La finalité de ce travail est de proposer une nouvelle méthode d’étude des ensembles sépulcraux fondée sur la notion de genre. Cette notion induit tout d’abord la reconsidération des catégories d’analyse archéologiques des tombes « féminines » et « masculines ». L’utilisation de ces catégories n’est en effet pas justifiée à partir des données matérielles funéraires champenoises, puisque tous les défunts ne sont pas pris en compte par cette attribution. Preuve en est la part importante d’individus dits « indéterminés » dans les nécropoles. Aussi, la notion de genre permet de mettre en évidence le caractère multiple de l’identité sociale des défunts matérialisée dans les sépultures et les ensembles mobiliers. La représentation funéraire d’un défunt est réalisée en fonction de la reconnaissance collective, par les membres de son groupe, de sa catégorie de genre en même temps que de son âge et de sa classe sociale. L’impact de ces différentes variables sur les pratiques funéraires doit ainsi être recherché. Et la catégorie hiérarchique funéraire des défunts, déterminée de manière globale grâce au nouvel outil de représentation graphique semi-logarithmique, constitue en fait une variable fondamentale dans la formation des ensembles mobiliers et en particulier des assemblages d’éléments de parure. Développer une méthode d’analyse s’intéressant à la structure hiérarchique des ensembles sépulcraux permet de prendre en compte tous les individus d’une même population funéraire et donc forcément les femmes, qu’elles aient été inhumées sans objet ou bien encore dans des tombes à char. ABSTRACT This study intends to develop a new method based on the notion of gender for the analysis of funerary sets. First, this notion leads to reconsider archaeological categories of « female » or « male » graves. Indeed, the use of these categories is not justified from the funeral material data of Champagne area, owing to the fact that whole deceased people cannot be linked to these two appointments, the evidence being the significant amount of « undefined » deceased people. The notion of gender also allows to highlight diversified characteristics of the social identity of deceaseds realized into graves and sets of objects. Funeral representation of a deceased is realized according to his/her community recognition as gendered, aged and social classed individual. Therefore, the impact of these different factors on the funeral practices must be looked for. The establishment of a new graphic tool, la représentation semi- logarithmique , allowed to enhance the significance of the funeral hierarchical category of deceased people, which come in all sorts of several hierarchical levels in objets and jewels sets. In fact, all deceased people can be considered through the development of a method of analysis taking an interest in hierarchical funeral organisation. All women can be even taked taken into account, whether they were buried without any object, with jewels sets or in a wagon grave. 3 [...] un fait hors de l'ordinaire est plutôt un indice qu'un embarras. « Une étude en rouge », Sherlock Holmes , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Paris : Robert Laffont, 2000, p. 99) 4 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 9 PARTIE I. L’APPROCHE TRADITIONNELLE DES SOCIÉTÉS DE L’ÂGE DU FER OU LE PROCESSUS D’ « ÉTERNALISATION DE L’ARBITRAIRE » ..................................................... 15 CHAPITRE I. L’ APPROCHE TRADITIONNELLE DES VESTIGES FUNERAIRES ...................................... 15 I.I.1 L’amalgame entre l’identité personnelle et l’identité sociale du défunt ................ 15 I.I.1.1 L’attribution « sexuée » des ensembles sépulcraux ............................................... 15 I.I.1.2 La lecture des nécropoles champenoises sous l’angle de l’approche traditionnelle ................................................................................................................................ 18 I.I.1.3 Des tombes « masculines » et des tombes « féminines » ?... ................................ 22 I.I.2 Les limites de l’approche traditionnelle des vestiges ............................................ 24 I.I.2.1 Le problème de la visibilité archéologique des « sexes » des défunts ................... 24 I.I.2.2 Exemple d’une tentative de « sexuation » d’une catégorie d’objets : le cas du torque en Champagne .............................................................................................................. 26 I.I.2.3 Le problème des défunts « indéterminés » et des tombes « aberrantes » ............ 28 I.I.2.4 La perpétuation des stéréotypes issus de l’approche traditionnelle des vestiges sépulcraux ................................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPITRE II. LA VISION TRADITIONNELLE DES FEMMES DE L ’AGE DU FER ET DE LEURS ROLES SOCIAUX 35 I.II.1 Des stéréotypes modernes appliqués aux vestiges sépulcraux .............................. 35 I.II.1.1 La caractérisation des tombes « féminines » ......................................................... 35 I.II.1.2 Le « problème » des tombes à char de femmes ..................................................... 37 I.II.1.3 Les
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