Exploring Gender Diversity in the Ancient World 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd i 228/01/208/01/20 22:53:53 PPMM Intersectionality in Classical Antiquity Series Editors: Mark Masterson, Victoria University of Wellington, Fiona McHardy, University of Roehampton and Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz, Hamilton College This series focuses on the intersection of gender and sexuality in the Greco- Roman world, with a range of other factors including race, ethnicity, class, ability, masculinity, femininity, transgender and post-colonial gender studies. The books in the series will be theoretically informed and will sit at the fore- front of the study of a variety of outsiders – those marginalised in relation to the ‘classical ideal’ – and how they were differently constructed in the ancient world. The series is also interested in the ways in which work in the fi eld of classical reception contributes to that study. Editorial Advisory Board Patty Baker, Alastair Blanshard, Susan Deacy, Jacqueline Fabre-Serris, Cristiana Franco, Genevieve Liveley, Mark Masterson, Amy Richlin, Carisa R. Showden Books available in the series Exploring Gender Diversity in the Ancient World, edited by Allison Surtees and Jennifer Dyer Forthcoming books in the series Women in the Law Courts of Classical Athens, Konstantinos Kapparis Marginalised Populations in the Ancient Greek World: The Bioarchaeology of the Other, Carrie L. Sulosky Weaver Visit the series web page at: edinburghuniversitypress.com/series-intersectionality- in-classical-antiquity 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd iiii 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM Exploring Gender Diversity in the Ancient World Edited by Allison Surtees and Jennifer Dyer 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd iiiiii 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Allison Surtees and Jennifer Dyer, 2020 © the chapters their several authors, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13 Adobe Garamond by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4704 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4706 5 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4707 2 (epub) The right of Allison Surtees and Jennifer Dyer to be identifi ed as the Editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd iivv 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM Contents Acknowledgements vii Notes on Contributors ix Introduction: Queering Classics 1 Allison Surtees and Jennifer Dyer I: Gender Construction 1. Gender Diversity in Classical Greek Thought 29 Walter D. Penrose, Jr 2. Blending Bodies in Classical Greek Medicine 43 Tyson Sukava 3. Birth by Hammer: Pandora and the Construction of Bodies 54 Anna Uhlig 4. Life after Transition: Spontaneous Sex Change and Its Aftermath in Ancient Literature 67 K. E. Shannon-Henderson II: Gender Fluidity 5. Neutrumque et Utrumque Videntur: Reappraising the Gender Role(s) of Hermaphroditus in Ancient Art 81 Linnea Åshede 6. Intersex and Intertext: Ovid’s Hermaphroditus and the Early Universe 95 Peter Kelly 7. Que(e)r(y)ing Iphis’ Transformation in Ovid’s Metamorphoses 106 Rebecca Begum-Lees 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd v 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM vi contents 8. Ruling in Purple . and Wearing Make-up: Gendered Adventures of Emperor Elagabalus as seen by Cassius Dio and Herodian 118 Jussi Rantala III: Transgender Identity 9. Allegorical Bodies: (Trans)gendering Virtus in Statius’ Thebaid 10 and Silius Italicus’ Punica 15 131 Dalida Agri 10. Performing Blurred Gender Lines: Revisiting Omphale and Hercules in Pompeian Dionysian Theatre Gardens 143 Lisa Hughes 11. The Politics of Transgender Representation in Apuleius’ Golden Ass and Loukios, or the Ass 157 Evelyn Adkins 12. Wit, Conventional Wisdom and Wilful Blindness: Intersections between Sex and Gender in Recent Receptions of the Fifth of Lucian’s Dialogues of the Courtesans 169 Rowan Emily Ash IV: Female Masculinity 13. Christianity Re-sexualised: Intertextuality and the Early Christian Novel 185 Brian P. Sowers and Kimberly Passaro 14. Manly and Monstrous Women: (De-)Constructing Gender in Roman Oratory 197 Mary Deminion 15. The Great Escape: Reading Artemisia in Herodotus’ Histories and 300: Rise of an Empire 209 Denise Eileen McCoskey Selected Bibliography 222 Index 259 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd vvii 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM Acknowledgements e have a number of people to thank, people without whose help, support Wor guidance this volume would never have come together. First, we are grateful to the Women’s Network of the Classical Association of Canada, the former for choosing the panel theme of ‘Gender B(l)ending in Ancient Greek and Roman Culture and Society’ and the latter for including it in the annual association conference held in Toronto, 2015. We are indebted to the labour and time offered by our external reviewers. Because the essays included in this volume cover new interdisciplinary terrain in bringing together classical studies of literature, art and culture with queer, trans and feminist theories of identity and embodiment, and because they cover a broad array of topics, fi gures and histories from the ancient world, we required many especially insightful external reviewers for the essays, and we are most grateful to all of them: Sarah Blake, Sandra Boehringer, Marica Cassis, Fanny Dolansky, John Gilbert, Allison Glazebrook, Judith Hallett, Adam Kemezis, Rebecca Futo Kennedy, Sarah Levin-Richardson, Nikoletta Manioti, Hanna Sigmund Nielson, Mark Nugent, Katharine von Stackelberg, Caroline Vout and Connor Whately. Not surprisingly, with such an array of topics and temporali- ties from our authors, we are also most grateful to our Greek and Latin editors, Kathy Simonsen (Greek) and (again) Sarah Blake (Latin). We really could not have done this without your knowledge, support, advice and patience. Of course, we thank our authors for being a true joy to work with; putting this collection together was a genuinely positive experience largely because our authors were such excellent colleagues. We thank our editors at Edinburgh University Press, Fiona McHardy, Nancy Rabinowitz and Mark Masterson. Your support, advice and encouragement was truly appreciated. 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd vviiii 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM viii acknowledgements We thank Joan Butler, who generously shared with us her knowledge and skill with editing and formatting this project into a book. And fi nally, as one editor to another, I thank Allison for asking me to join her in developing this panel concept into a book. Not only did this answer to a real need I’ve found in queer and trans history studies, but it allowed me to learn and develop some profoundly interesting conceptual, historical and academic connections amongst disciplines and motifs. Moreover, we have a lot of fun working together, and that means a lot in this business! 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd vviiiiii 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM Notes on Contributors Evelyn Adkins is assistant professor in the department of classics at Case West- ern Reserve University. She specialises in the study of Imperial Latin literature and the ancient Greek and Roman novel, with particular interests in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass, discourse analysis, gender and sexuality, and Roman social and cultural history. Dalida Agri is a lecturer in classics at the University of Birmingham and has published on gender, emotions and intertextuality. She is currently completing a monograph on the textual representations of emotions in Flavian Epic within the framework of Stoic thought and their impact on depictions of gender, power and agency. Rowan Emily Ash is pursuing a doctorate in classical philology at the Uni- versity of Western Ontario. While she maintains broad interests in both Latin and Greek literatures and their receptions, her current primary focus is her dis- sertation project, a commentary on the so-called ‘Paris Handbook’ (PGM IV) among the late antique Greek magical papyri. Linnea Åshede earned her doctorate at the University of Gothenburg. In 2016, her dissertation was awarded the Per Nyström prize for outstanding histori- cal scholarship by the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg. She subsequently underwent a scholarly identity crisis, which resulted in her chang- ing professional track. She is currently part of the editorial staff of the digi- tal database project Swedish Women Online 2.0 (www.skbl.se). Dr Åshede is a self-professed feminist, theoretical geek and librarian-in-training, usually found wherever there are books. 66254_Surtees254_Surtees & DDyer.inddyer.indd iixx 228/01/208/01/20 22:54:54 PPMM x notes on contributors Rebecca Begum-Lees completed her PhD in classics at the University of Cambridge in 2018. Before that she completed a master’s in classics at the University of Durham and a bachelor’s in classics at the University of Oxford. Her PhD thesis explored the relationship between grammatical gender, bio- logical sex and social gender in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Rebecca now works in Diversity and Inclusion for the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. Mary Deminion is a PhD candidate in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Western Ontario. Her research interests include ancient Greek and Roman law and Roman political history. She is currently completing her dissertation on gender in Justinian’s Digest of Roman Law.