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TAXON:Agathis Australis SCORE TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Taxon: Agathis australis Family: Araucariaceae Common Name(s): kauri Synonym(s): Dammara australis D. Don New Zealand kauri Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 13 Apr 2015 WRA Score: -8.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Slow-Growing, Unarmed Tree, Shade-Intolerant, Moderately Flammable, Wind Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 y 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 13 Apr 2015 (Agathis australis) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 13 Apr 2015 (Agathis australis) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Major research needs are for genetic improvement of trees for planting and investigation of heartwood formation." ... "No marked differences in growth of trees from different provenances have been recorded. Superior growth and vigour of some individual trees has been observed but no breeding programme has been undertaken. Techniques are available for production of cuttings and CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB grafts and have been explored for micropropagation (Ecroyd et al., International, Wallingford, UK 1993). Grafts of A. australis planted in pumice soil in a Rotorua garden have produced trees 13.5 m in height and 26 cm diameter in 27 years. The scions were taken from the lateral branches of an exceptionally fast-growing young tree and grew laterally on seedlings for several years before growing into trees with upright stems (DJ Preest, personal communication)." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "The climate of the region in which A. australis grows naturally has CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB been described as warm temperate with subtropical affinities International, Wallingford, UK (Whitmore, 1977) and is generally humid with well-distributed rainfall and occasional light frosts." 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK Creation Date: 13 Apr 2015 (Agathis australis) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes "The natural distribution of A. australis is confined to the warm, CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB humid, region of the northern part of the North Island of New International, Wallingford, UK Zealand, where frosts are infrequent and not severe. Latitude between 34°S and 38°S" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes [Marginally subtropical] "The natural distribution of A. australis is confined to the warm, humid, region of the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand, where frosts are infrequent and not severe. Latitude between 34°S and 38°S" ,,, "The climate of the region in which A. australis grows naturally has been described as CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB warm temperate with subtropical affinities (Whitmore, 1977) and is International, Wallingford, UK generally humid with well-distributed rainfall and occasional light frosts. However, A. australis can be established well outside its natural range, provided that seedlings are protected from frost and wind. Near-optimum growth has been achieved by trees planted in mild, coastal localities and inland at Rotorua (300 m altitude)." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Seed of A. australis has been sent to a number of warm temperate and tropical countries but reliable records of successful establishment are not available. A. australis has been grown in Fiji, CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe, and Whitmore (1977) records a International, Wallingford, UK small trial plot of A. australis in Kenya. Francis (1988) reported on the growth A. australis in Puerto Rico. A 40- to 50-year-old plantation has been recorded from northern Spain alongside other endemic New Zealand conifers (J. Purey Cust, personal communication)." Randall, R.P. 2007. The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Reported from Australia, but not listed as a weed Glen Osmond, Australia Creation Date: 13 Apr 2015 (Agathis australis) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer 301 Naturalized beyond native range n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2015. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. No evidence to date http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflo ra/index.htm. [Accessed 13 Apr 2015] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 304 Environmental weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia 305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia Richardson, D. M., & Rejmánek, M. 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. No evidence Diversity and Distributions, ϭϬ;ϱͲϲͿ͗ϯϮϭͲϯϯϭ 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 13 Apr 2015 (Agathis australis) Page 5 of 16 TAXON: Agathis australis SCORE: -8.0 RATING: Low Risk Qsn # Question Answer [No evidence] "Monoec.
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