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Home , 11 Ursae Minoris, 23 Comae Berenices, 4 Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris, Alpha Andromedae, Alpha Comae Berenices

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BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 14PT Polaris, designated Ursae Minoris (Latinized to Alpha Ursae Minoris, abbreviated A lpha UMi), commonly the or , is the brightest star in the conste llation of . It is very close to the north , making it the curre nt northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-, while calculations by other methods derive distances arou nd 30% closer. Polaris is a triple star , composed of the primary star, is Aa, in with a smaller companion (Polaris Ab); the pair in orbit with Polaris B (discovered in August 1779 by ). There were once thought to be tw o more distant components—Polaris C and Polaris D—but these have been sho wn not to be physically associated with the Polaris system. Polaris Aa is a 5.4 solar F7 yellow supergiant of spectral type Ib. It is the first classical Cepheid to ha ve a mass determined from its orbit.

MEDIUM & MEDIUM ITALIC 14PT Polaris B can be seen even with a modest . William Herschel discovered the star in August 1779 using a reflecting telescope of his own, one of the best telescope s of the time. By examining the spectrum of Polaris A, it was also discovered in 1929 t hat it was a very close binary, with the secondary being a dwarf, which had been theo rized in earlier observations. In January 2006, NASA released images, from the Hubbl e telescope, that showed the three members of the Polaris ternary system. Ab, the n VILLAGE earby , is in an orbit of 18.5 AU from Polaris Aa, about the distance between the and , which explains why its light is swamped by its close and much b righter companion. Because Polaris lies nearly in a direct line with the ’s rotatio nal axis above the —the north celestial pole—Polaris stands almost mot ionless in the sky, and all the of the northern sky appear to rotate around it. The refore, it makes an excellent fixed point to draw measurements.

BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 14PT The moving of Polaris towards and, in the future, away from the celestial pole, is due to th e precession of the equinoxes. The celestial pole will move away from UMi after the 21st c entury, passing close by by about the 41st century, moving towards Dene b by about the 91st century. The celestial pole was close to around 2750 BC, and during classical antiquity it was closer to Kochab than to Polaris. It was about the same a ngular distance from UMi as to UMi by the end of late antiquity. The Greek navigator Pyth eas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. However, as one of the b righter stars close to the celestial pole, Polaris was used for at least from late antiquity, and described as “always visible” by Stobaeus, and it could reasonably be desc ribed as stella polaris from about the High Middle Ages. In Shakespeare’s play Julius Caes ar, written around 1599, Caesar describes himself as being “as constant as the northern star,” though in Caesar’s time there was no constant northern star.

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BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 11PT The Hipparcos spacecraft used stellar paralla ere is still not widespread agreement about x to take measurements from 1989 & 1993 w the distance. The next major step in high prec ith the accuracy of 0.97 milliarcseconds, and ision parallax measurements comes from Ga it obtained accurate measurements for stella ia, a space mission launched in 2 r distances up to 1,000 pc away. The Hipparco 013 and intended to measure s data was examined again with more advan to within 25 microarcseconds. Although it wa ced error correction and statistical technique s originally planned to limit ’s observati s. Despite the advantages of Hipparcos astr ons to stars fainter than 5.7, tests ometry, the uncertainty in its Polaris data has carried out during the commissioning phase been pointed out and some researchers have indicated that Gaia could autonomously ident questioned the accuracy of Hipparcose when ify stars as bright as magnitude 3. When Gaia measuring binary Cepheids like Polaris. The entered regular scientific operations in July 2 Hipparcos reduction specifically for Polaris h 014, it was configured to routinely process s as been re-examined and reaffirmed but th tars in the magnitude range 3–20.

BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 11PT Ursa Minor, also known as the Little Bear, is a c the , ranging from an apparent magnit onstellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great ude of 1.97 to 2.00. Beta Ursae Minoris, also kn Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen own as Kochab, is an aging star that has swollen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North Ameri and cooled to become an orange giant with an can name, Little Dipper—seven stars with four of 2.08—only slightly fa in its bowl like its partner the . It was inter than Polaris. Kochab and magnitude 3 Ga one of the 48 listed by the 2nd mma Ursae Minoris have been called the “gua century astronomer , and remains one rdians of the pole star.” have been dete VILLAGE of the eighty-eight modern constellations. Ursa cted orbiting four of the stars, including Kocha Minor has traditionally been important for navig b. The constellation also contains an isolated n ation, particularly by mariners, because of Pola eutron star——and H1504+65, the h ris being the North Star. Polaris, the brightest s ottest yet discovered, with a surfac tar in the constellation, is a yellow-white super ace of 200,000 K. In the Babyloni giant and the brightest Cepheid in ian star catalogues, Ursa Minor was known.

LIGHT & LIGHT ITALIC 11PT The tradition of naming the northern constellati e Minoris (or Polaris) as the north star, even thoug ons “bears” appears to be genuinely Greek, althou h it was still several degrees away from the celes ough Homer refers to just a single “bear.” The orig stial pole. Its New name of stella polaris w inal “bear” is thus , and Ursa Minor was as coined only in the early modern period. The an admitted as second, or Phoenician Bear (Ursa Ph cient name of the constellation is Cynosura. The o oenicia, hence, Phoenice) only later, according to S rigin of this name is unclear (Ursa Minor being a d trabo (I.1.6, C3) due to a suggestion by Thales, who og’s tail would imply that another constellation ne suggested it as a navigation aid to the Greeks, w arby is the dog, but no such constellation is know ho had been navigating by Ursa Major. In classica n). Instead, the mythographic tradition of Cataste l antiquity, the celestial pole was somewhat closer ismi makes Cynosura the name of an Oread nymp to Beta Ursae Minoris than to Alpha Ursae Minor h described as a nurse of Zeus, honoured by the g is, and the entire constellation was taken to indic od with a place in the sky. There are various propo ate the northern direction. Since the medieval per sed explanations for the name Cynosura. One sugg iod, it has become convenient to use Alpha Ursa estion connects it to the myth of Callisto.

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32PT One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, Andromeda still remains one of the 88 modern constellations.

24PT ANDROMEDA IS MOST PROMINENT DURING VILLAGE AUTUMN EVENINGS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, ALONG WITH SEVERAL OTHER CONSTELLATIONS NAMED FOR CHARACTERS IN THE MYTH.

18PT Its brightest star, , is a that has also been counted as a part of , while is a colorful binary and a popular target for amateur astronomers. Only marginally dimmer than Alpha, is a , its color visible to the . The constellation’s most obvious deep-sky object is the naked-eye Andromeda , the closest to the and one of the brightest Messier objects.

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32PT This constellation is an ancient in the northern sky. It is located in the fourth , between and Boötes, and is visible in both hemispheres.

24PT IT WAS INTRODUCED TO WESTERN ASTRONOMY VILLAGE DURING THE THIRD CENTURY BC BY AND WAS FURTHER CORROBORATED AS A CONSTELLATION BY AND .

18PT The constellation’s major stars are , and Gamma Comae Berenices. They form a 45-degree triangle, from which ’s imaginary tresses, formed by the Coma , hang. Its brightest star is Beta Comae Berenices, a 4.2-magnitude star similar to the Sun. Coma Berenices contains the North Galactic Pole and one of the richest known galaxy clusters, the , part of the Coma .

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16PT Coma Berenices has been recognized as an asterism since as early as the , and is the only modern constellation named for an historic figure. It was introduced to Western astronomy during the third century BC by Conon of Samos, the court astronomer of Egyptian ruler Ptolemy III Euergetes, to honour Ptolemy’s consort, Berenice II. Queen Berenice II of Egypt vowed to sacrifice her long hair as a votive offering if Ptolemy returned safely from battle during the Third Syrian War.

14PT In ’ poem, , Berenice dedicated her tresses “to all the gods.” In the Latin translation of the poem by the Roman poet and in Hyginus’ , she dedicated her tresses to and placed them in the temple of Arsinoe II at Zephyrium. According to De astronomica, by the next morning the tresses had disappeared. Conon proposed that Aphrodite had placed the tresses in the sky as an acknowledgement of Berenice’s sacrifice. Astronomer called it “Berenice’s Hair” and “Ariadne’s Hair”, considering it part of the constellation Leo.

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12PT TYCHO BRAHE—ALSO CREDITED WITH COMA’S DESIGNATION AS A CONSTELLATION—INCLUDED IT IN HIS 1602 . BRAHE RECORDED FOURTEEN STARS IN THE CONSTELLATION; INCREASED ITS NUMBER TO TWENTY-ONE, AND TO FORTY-THREE. COMA BERENICES ALSO APPEARED IN 'S 1603 , AND A FEW OTHER 17TH-CENTURY CELESTIAL MAPS FOLLOWED SUIT. COMA BERENICES AND THE NOW-OBSOLETE ARE CONSIDERED THE FIRST POST-PTOLEMAIC CONSTELLATIONS DEPICTED ON A CELESTIAL GLOBE. WITH ANTINOUS, COMA BERENICES EXEMPLIFIED A TREND IN ASTRONOMY IN WHICH GLOBE- & MAP-MAKERS CONTINUED TO RELY ON THE ANCIENTS FOR DATA.

10PT Coma Berenices was known to the Akkadians as Hegala. In a star is tentatively co nsidered part of Coma Berenices. It was also argued that Coma Berenices appears in Egyptian Ramessid e star clocks as sb3w, meaning “many stars.” In astronomy Coma Berenices was known as Al-Dafi ra and Al-Hulba (translations of Ptolemaic Plokamos), forming the tuft of the constellation Leo and inclu ding most of the Flamsteed-designated stars. , however, regarded Al-Dafira as consisting of t wo stars, 7 and . In , the stars making up Coma Berenices were in two areas: the Supreme Palace enclosure and the Azure Dragon of the East. Eighteen of the constellation s stars were in an area known as Lang wei, part of the Supreme Palace enclosure, The Chinese gave prope r names to several stars in the constellation. The North American Pawnee people depicted Coma Berenic es as ten faint stars on a tanned elk-skin star map dated to at least the 17th century. In the South Ameri can Kalina mythology, the constellation was known as ombatapo (face).The constellation was also recog nized by several Polynesian peoples. The people of Tonga had four names for Coma Berenices: Fatana-lu a, Fata-olunga, Fata-lalo and Kapakau-o-Tafahi.

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32PT A minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, one of twelve created in the 18th century by French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille depicting scientific instruments.

24PT

VILLAGE MICROSCOPIUM IS BORDERED BY TO THE NORTH, AND TO THE EAST, SAGITTARIUS TO THE WEST, AND TO THE SOUTH, TOUCHING ON TO THE SOUTHWEST.

18PT French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille charted and desig- nated ten stars with the Bayer designations Alpha through to Iota in 1756. A star in neighbouring Indus that Lacaille had labelled Nu Indi turned out to be in Microscopium, so Gould renamed it Nu Microscopii. Francis Baily considered Gamma and Epsilon Microscopii to belong to the neighbouring constellation Piscis Austrinus, but subsequent cartographers did not follow this.

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16PT In his 1725 Catalogus Britannicus, John Flamsteed labelled the stars 1, 2, 3 and 4 Piscis Austrini, which became Gamma Microscopii, HR 8076, HR 8110 and Epsilon Microscopii respectively. Within the constellation’s borders, there are 43 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5. Depicting the eyepiece of the is Gamma Microscopii, which—at magnitude of 4.68—is the brightest star in the constellation. Having spent much of its 620-million- lifespan as a blue-white main sequence star.

14PT It has swollen and cooled to become a yellow giant of spectral type G6III, with a diameter ten times that of the Sun. Measurement of its parallax yields a distance of 223 ± 8 light years from Earth. At around 2.5 times the mass of the Sun, it likely passed within 1.14 and 3.45 light-years of the Sun some 3.9 million years ago, possibly massive enough and close enough to disturb the . Alpha Microscopii is also an ageing yellow of spectral type G7III with an apparent magnitude of 4.90. Located 400 ± 30 light-years away from Earth, it has swollen to 17.5 times the diameter of the Sun.

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12PT MANY NOTABLE OBJECTS ARE TOO FAINT TO BE SEEN WITH THE NAKED EYE. AX MICROSCOPII, BETTER KNOWN AS , IS A WHICH LIES ONLY 12.9 LIGHT-YEARS FROM THE . AT MAGNITUDE 6.68, IT IS THE BRIGHTEST RED DWARF IN THE SKY. BO MICROSCOPII IS A RAPIDLY ROTATING STAR THAT HAS 80% THE DIAMETER OF THE SUN. NICKNAMED “SPEEDY MIC” IT HAS A PERIOD OF 9 HOURS 7 MINUTES. AN ACTIVE STAR, IT HAS PROMINENT STELLAR FLARES THAT AVERAGE 100 TIMES STRONGER THAN THOSE OF THE SUN, AND ARE EMITTING ENERGY MAINLY IN THE X-RAY AND BANDS OF THE SPECTRUM. IT LIES 218 ± 4 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY FROM THE SUN. AT MICROSCOPII IS A BINARY .

9PT The stars that comprise Microscopium are in a region previously ira variables in Microscopium were very urgently needed as data considered the hind feet of Sagittarius, a neighbouring constella on their light curves was incomplete. Two of them—R and S Micr tion. John Ellard Gore wrote that al-Sufi seems to have reported oscopii—are challenging stars for novice amateur astronomers, that Ptolemy had seen the stars but he (Al Sufi) did not pinpoint and the other two, U and RY Microscopii, are more difficult still. A their positions. Microscopium itself was introduced in 1751–52 b nother red giant, T Microscopii, is a semiregular variable that ran y Lacaille with the French name le Microscope, after he had obse ges between magnitudes 7.7 and 9.6 over 344 days. Of apparent rved and catalogued 10,000 southern stars during a two-year st magnitude 11, DD Microscopii is a symbiotic star system compos at the Cape of Good Hope. He devised fourteen new constellat ed of an orange giant of spectral type K2III and white dwarf in clo ions in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere se orbit, with the smaller star ionizing the of the larg not visible from Europe. All but one honoured instruments that s er star. The system has a low . Combined with its high ymbolised the Age of Enlightenment. Commemorating the comp galactic , this indicates that the star system has its origi ound microscope, the Microscope’s name had been Latinised by n in the of the Milky Way. The name is a Latinised for Lacaille to Microscopium by 1763. The Astronomical Society of So m of the Greek word for microscope. Its stars are faint and hardl uthern Africa in 2003 reported that observations of four of the M y visible from most of the non-tropical Northern Hemisphere.

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32PT A small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. It is often depicted in illustrations as representing the dogs of Boötes the Herdsman.

24PT

VILLAGE IN MEDIEVAL TIMES, THE IDENTIFICATION OF THESE STARS WITH THE DOGS OF BOÖTES AROSE THROUGH A MISTRANSLATION. SOME OF BOÖTES’S STARS WERE TRADITIONALLY DESCRIBED AS REPRESENTING THE CLUB OF BOÖTES.

18PT When the Greek astronomer Ptolemy’s was translated from Greek to Arabic, the translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq did not know the Greek word and rendered it as a similar-sounding Arabic word for a weapon, writing al-`aşā dhāt al-kullāb, which means “the spearshaft having a hook.” When the Arabic text was later translated into Latin, the translator Gerard of Cremona mistook kullāb, meaning “hook,” for kilāb (which looks the same in unvowelled Arabic text), meaning dogs, writing hastile habens canes. In 1533, the German astronomer Peter Apian depicted Boötes as having two dogs with him.

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16PT These spurious dogs floated about the astronomical literature until Hevelius decided to specify their presence in the sky by making them a separate constellation in 1687. Hevelius chose the name Asterion, meaning the “little star” for the northern dog and Chara, meaning “joy” for the southern dog, as Canes Venatici, the Hunting Dogs, in his star . In his star catalogue, the Czech astronomer Bečvář assigned the names Asterion to CVn and Chara to CVn. Canes Venatici is bordered by Ursa Major to the north and west.

14PT The Giant , an extremely large void, is within the vicinity of this constellation. It may be possibly the largest void ever discovered, slightly larger than the Supervoid and 1,200 times the volume of expected typical voids. It was discovered in 1988 in a deep-sky survey. Canes Venatici contains five Messier objects, including four . One of the more significant galaxies in Canes Venatici is the and NGC 5195, a small that is seen face on. This was the first galaxy rec- ognised as having a spiral structure, this structure being first observed by Lord Rosse in 1845. It is a face-on spiral galaxy 37 million light-years from Earth.

VILLAGE 12PT IN THE PAST, TIME WAS MEASURED BY OBSERVING STARS WITH INSTRUMENTS SUCH AS PHOTOGRAPHIC ZENITH TUBES AND DANJON ASTROLABES, AND THE PASSAGE OF STARS ACROSS DEFINED LINES WOULD BE TIMED WITH THE OBSERVATORY CLOCK. THEN, USING THE OF THE STARS FROM A STAR CATALOG, THE TIME WHEN THE STAR SHOULD HAVE PASSED THROUGH THE MERIDIAN OF THE OBSERVATORY WAS COMPUTED, AND A CORRECTION TO THE TIME KEPT BY THE OBSERVATORY CLOCK WAS COMPUTED. WAS DEFINED SUCH THAT THE MARCH EQUINOX WOULD THE MERIDIAN OF THE OBSERVATORY AT 0 HOURS LOCAL SIDEREAL TIME. THE STARS OF CANES VENATICI ARE NOT BRIGHT. IN CLASSICAL TIMES, THEY WERE LISTED BY PTOLEMY AS UNFIGURED STARS BELOW THE CONSTELLATION URSA MAJOR IN HIS STAR CATALOGUE.

9PT Canes Venatici constellation lies in the northern hemisphere. The co (32.6 light years) of Earth. The brightest star in Canes Venatici is Cor nstellation’s name means “hunting dogs” in Latin. The constellation r Caroli, Alpha Canum Venaticorum. The nearest star, DG Canum Venat epresents the hunting dogs of Boötes the Herdsman, a neighboring icorum (spectral class M4.0Ve), is only 25.89 light years distant fro constellation. The dogs are known as Asterion and Chara. The Greek m Earth. The constellation has four stars with known planets. Canes astronomer Ptolemy included the stars of Canes Venatici in the cons Venatici belongs to the Ursa Major family of constellations, along wit tellation Ursa Major as informes (unformed), but the constellation w h Boötes, , Coma Berenices, , , as not introduced until 1687, when the Polish astronomer Johannes , , Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor. Canes Venatici contains Hevelius created it from the faint stars located under the big bear’s the famous stars and , as well as a number of i tail. Canes Venatici is the 38th largest constellation in the sky, occu nteresting deep sky objects, among them the five Messier objects, t pying an area of 465 square degrees. It is located in the third quadr he Whale Galaxy (NGC 4631), the Hockey Stick Galaxies (NGC 4656 a ant of the northern hemisphere (NQ3) and can be seen at b nd NGC 4657, also known as the Crowbar Galaxy), the Cocoon Galax etween +90° and -40°. The neighboring constellations are Boötes, y (NGC 4490), the spiral galaxies NGC 5033, NGC 5005, NGC 4151, an Coma Berenices, and Ursa Major. Canes Venatici has only one star br d NGC 5371, and the NGC 4618. In the Middle Ages, Can ighter than magnitude 3.00 and two stars located within 10 es Venatici was identified with the two dogs held on a leash.

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32PT A star that is located in the constellation of Telescopium. This star is powerful enough to be viewed with a naked eye. It lies well within the spectral class of stars.

24PT

VILLAGE ALL STARS ORBIT ROUND A CENTRAL SPOT, JUST LIKE PLANETS ORBIT THE SUN. IN THE CASE OF A STAR, ITS THE GALACTIC CENTRE. THE CONSTELLATIONS WE SEE TODAY WILL BE DIFFERENT THAN THEY WERE 50,000 YEARS AGO OR 50,000 YEARS FROM NOW.

18PT The location of the subgiant star in the night sky is determined by the Right Ascension and , these are equivalent to the and Latitude on the Earth. The Right Ascension is how far expressed in time the star is along the celestial . If the R.A. is positive then its eastwards. The Declination is how far north or south the object is compared to the and is expressed in degrees. For Alpha Telescopii, the location is 18h 26m 58.43 and −45° 58`06.0. The star has a B-V Colour Index of −0.17 which means its temperature is about 14,786 .

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CESKY Všeobecnou deklaraci lidských práv jakožto společný cíl pro všechny národy a všechny státy za tím účelem, 9PT aby se každý jednotlivec a každý orgán společnosti, maje tuto deklaraci stále na mysli, snažil vyučováním a v ýchovou rozšířit úctu k těmto právům a svobodám a zajistit postupnými opatřeními vnitrostátními i meziná rodními jejich všeobecné a účinné a uznávání a zachovávání jak mezi lidem členských států samých, tak i me zi lidem území, jež jsou pod jejich pravomocí. Všichni lidé rod í se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství. Každý má všechna práva a všech y s vobody, stanovené touto deklarací, bez jakéhokoli rozlišování zejména podle rasy, barvy, pohlaví, jazyka, náb ozenství, politického nebo jiného smýšlení, národnostního nebo sociálního půvo du, majetku, rodu nebo jinéh o postavení. Žádný rozdíl nebude dále činěn z důvodu politickéko, právního nebo mezinárodního postavení z eě nebo území, k nimž určitá osoba přísluší, ať jde o zemi nebo území nezávislé nebo pod poručenstvím.

DANSK Plenarforsamlingen derfor nu denne derfor nu denne verdenserklæring om menneskerettighederne som et f 9PT ælles mål for alle folk og alle nationer med det formål, at ethvert menneske og ethvert samfundsorgan steds e med denne erklæring for øje skal stræbe efter gennem undervisning og opdragelse at fremme respekt for disse rettigheder og friheder og gennem fremadskridende nationale og internationale foranstaltninger at s ikre, at de anerkendes og overholdes overalt og effektivt, både blandt befolkningerne i medlemsstaterne og blandt befolkningerne i de områder, der befinder sig under deres styre. Alle mennesker er født frie og lige i v ærdighed og rettigheder. De er udstyret med fornuft og samvittighed, og de bør handle mod hverandre i en b roderskabets ånd. Enhver har krav på alle de rettigheder og friheder, som nævnes i denne erklæring, uden fo rskelsbehandling af nogen art, f. eks. på grund af race, farve, køn, sprog, religion, politisk eller anden anskuel se, national eller social oprindelse, formueforhold, fødsel eller anden samfundsmæssig stilling.

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DEUTSCH Verkündet die Generalversammlung diese Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte als das von allen Völker 9PT n und Nationen zu erreichende gemeinsame Ideal, damit jeder einzelne und alle Organe der Gesellschaft sich diese Erklärung stets gegenwärtig halten und sich bemühen, durch Unterricht und Erziehung die Achtung vor diesen Rechten und Freiheiten zu fördern und durch fortshreitende nationale und internationale Maßnahm en ihre allgemeine und tatsächliche Anerkennung und Einhaltung durch die Bevölkerung der Mitgliedstaaten selbst wie auch durch die Bevölkerung der ihrer Hoheitsgewalt unterstehenden Gebiete zu gewährleisten. All e Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt u nd sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit. Jeder hat Anspruch auf die in dieser Erklärung verkündeten Re chte und Freiheiten ohne irgendeinen Unterschied, etwa nach Rasse, Hautfarbe, Geschlecht, Sprache, Religio n, politischer oder sonstiger Überzeugung allein oder in Gemeinschaft mit anderen.

ESPAÑOL Všeobecnou deklaraci lidských práv jakožto společný cíl pro všechny národy a všechny státy za tím účelem, 9PT aby se každý jednotlivec a každý orgán společnosti, maje tuto deklaraci stále namysli, snažil vyučováním a v ýchovou rozšířit úctu k těmto právům a svobodám azajistit postupnými opatřeními vnitrostátními i meziná rodními jejich všeobecné a účinné uznávání a zachovávání jak mezi lidem členských států samých, tak i mezi l idem území, jež jsou pod jejich pravomocí. Všichni lidé rodí se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství. Každý má všechna práva a všechny svobody, stanovené touto deklarací, bez jakéhokoli rozlišování zejména podle rasy, barvy, pohlaví, jazyka, ná bozenství, politického nebo jiného smýšlení, národnostního nebo sociálního původu, majetku, rodu nebo jiné ho postavení. Žádný rozdíl nebude dále činěn zdůvodu politického, právního nebo mezinárodního postavení zeě nebo území, k nimž určitá osoba přísluší, ať jde o zemi nebo území nezávislé nebo pod poručenstvím.

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FINNISH Yleiskokous Antaa tämän ihmisoikeuksien yleismaailmallisen julistuksen kaikkien kansojen ja kaikkien kansak 9PT untien tavoiteltavaksi yhteiseksi ohjeeksi, jotta kukin yksilö ja kukin y hteiskuntaelin pyrkisi, pitäen alati miel essään tämän julistuksen, valistamalla ja opettamalla edistämään näiden oikeuksien ja vapauksien kunnio ittamista sekä turvaamaan jatkuvin kansallisin ja kansainvälisin toimenpitein niiden yleisen ja tehokkaan tun nustamisen ja noudattamisen sekä itse jäsenvaltioiden kansojen että niiden oikeuspiirissä olevien alueiden k ansojen keskuudessa. Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä. Jokainen on oikeute ttu kaikkiin tässä julistuksessa esitettyihin oikeuksiin ja vapauksiin ilman minkäänlaista rotuun, väriin, sukup uoleen, kieleen, uskontoon, polittiseen tai muuhun mielipiteeseen, kansalliseen tai yhteiskunnalliseen alkup erään, omaisuuteen, syntyperään tai muuhun tekijään perustuvaa erotusta.

FRANÇAIS L’Assemblée générale proclame la présente Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme comme l’idéal com 9PT mun à atteindre par tous les peuples et toutes les nations afin que tous les individus et tous les organes de l a société, ayant cette Déclaration constamment à l’esprit, s’efforcent, par l’enseignement et l’éducation, de développer le respect de ces droits et libertés et d’en assurer, par des mesures progressives d’ordre national et international, la reconnaissance et l’application universelles eteffectives, tant parmi les populations de s Etats Membres eux-même que parmi celles des territoires placés sous leur juridiction. Tous les êtres huma ins naissent libres et égaux en dignitité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité. De plus, il ne sera fait aucune distinction fondée sur le statut politique, juridique ou international du pays ou du territoire dont une personne est ressortissante, que ce pays ou territoire soit indépendant, sous tutelle, non autonome ou soumis.

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ÍSLENSKA Fyrir því hefur allsherjarþing Sameinuðu þjóðanna fallizt á mannréttindayfirlýsingu þá, sem hér með er birt öll 9PT um þjóðum og ríkjum til fyrirmyndar. Skulu einstaklingar og yfirvöld jafnan hafa yfirlýsingu þessa í huga og ppkosta með fræðslu og uppeldi að efla virðingu fyrir réttindum Þeim og frjálstræÞi, sem hér er að stefnt. Ber og hverjum einum að stuðla Þeim framförum, innan ríkis og ríkja í milli, er að markmiðum yfirlýsingarinnar ste fna, tryggja almenna og virka viðurkenningu á grundvallaratriðum henar og sjá um, að Þau verði í heiðri höfó, bæði meðal Þjóða aðildarríkjanna sjálfra og meðal Þjóða á landsvæðum Þeim, er hlita lögsögu aðildarríkja. H ver maður er borinn frjáls og jafn öðrum að virðingu og réttindum. Menn eru gæddir vitsmunum og samvizku, og ber þeim að breyta bróðurlega hverjum við. Hver maður skal eiga kröfu á réttindum þeim og því frjálsræði, sem fólgin eru í yfirlýsingu þessari, og skal þarengan greinarmun gera vegna kynþáttar, litarháttar, kynferðis, tungu, trúar, stjórnmálaskoðana eða annarra skoðana.

POLSKI Przeto zgromadzenie ogólne Ogłasza Uroczyście niniejszą Powszechną Deklarację Praw Człowieka jako wspó 9PT lny najwyższy cel wszystkich ludów i wszystkich narodów, aby wszyscy ludzie i wszystkie organy społeczeńs twa mając stale w pamięci niniejszą Deklarację—dążyły w drodze nauczania i wychowywania do rozwijani a poszanowania tych praw i wolności i aby zapewniły za pomocą postępowych środków o zasięgu krajowym i międzynarodowym powszechne i skuteczne uznanie i stosowanie tej Deklaracji zarówno wśród narodów Pa ństw Członkowskich, jak i wśród narodów zamieszkujących podległe ich władzy. Wszyscy ludzie rodzą się wo lni i równipod względem swej godności i swych praw. Są oni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postęp ować wobec innych w duchu braterstwa. Każdy człowiek posiada wszystkie prawa i wolności zawarte w ninie jszej Deklaracji bez względu na jakiekolwiek różnice rasy, koloru, płci, języka, wyznania, poglądów politycznyc h i innych, narodowości, pochodzenia społecznego.

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NYORSK Då det å godkjenne det naturlege menneskeverdet med like og umissande rettar for alle menneske på jordae 9PT r grunnlaget for fridom, rettferd og fred i verda, og då hån og vørdsløyse mot menneskerettane har ført til rbariske handlingar som har skaka samvitet til menneskeretta, er framvoksteren i verda der menneska skal ha talefridom og trusfridom og vere løyste frå otte og naud, kunngjord som det høgste målet for kvart m enneske, og då det er nødvendig at menneskerettane blir verna om av lover slik at menneska ikkje blir tvinga til å finne den siste utvegen i å gjere opprør mot tyranni og trælekår, og då det er nødvendig å arbeide for bet re tilhøve mellom nasjonane, og då folka i Dei Sameinte Nasjonane har stadfest trua si i denne pakta, på grun nleggjande menneskerettar, på menneskeverd og på same rett for mann og kvinne, og har vedteke å arbeid e for sosiale framsteg og betre levevilkår i større fridom, og då medlemsstatane har bunde seg til å fremje all menn vørdnad for pakta og halde seg etter menneskerettane og den grunnleggjande fridomen.

PORTUGUESE Todos os seres humanos podem invocar os direitos e as liberdades proclamados na presente Declaração, se 9PT m distinção alguma, nomeadamente de raça, de cor, de sexo, de língua, de religião, de opinião política ou o utra, de origem nacional ou social, de fortuna, de nascimento ou de qualquer outra situação. Além disso, não será feita nenhuma distinção fundada no estatuto político, jurídico ou internacional do país ou do território d a naturalidade da pessoa, seja esse país ou território independente, sob tutela, autônomo ou sujeito a algu ma limitação de soberania. Todo indivíduo direito à vida, à liberdade e à segurança pessoal. Ninguém se rá mantido em escravatura ou em servidão; a escravatura e o trato dos escravos, sob todas as formas, são p roibidos. Ninguém ser á submetido a tortura nem a penas ou tratamentos cruéis, desumanos ou degradante s. Todos os indivíduos têm direito ao reconhecimento,em todos os lugares, da sua personalidade jurídica. Tod os são iguais perante a lei e, sem distinção, têm direito aigual protecção da lei.

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SVENSKA Generalförsamlingen denna allmänna förklaring om de mänskliga rättigheterna såsom en gemensam riktlinje 9PT för alla folk och alla nationer, på det att varje individ och varje samhällsor gan må med denna förklaring i åtan ke ständigt sträva efter att genom undervisning och uppfostran befordra respekten för dessa fri- och rättig heter samt genom framstegsfrämjande inhemska och internationella åtgärder säkerställa deras allmänna och verksamma erkännande och tilllämpning såväl bland folken i medlemsstaterna som bland folken i områd en under deras överhöghet. Alla människor äro födda fria och lika i värde och rättigheter. De äro utrustade m ed förnuft och samvete och böra handla gentemot varandra i en anda av broderskap. Envar är berättigad till alla de fri- och rättigheter, som uttalas i denna förklaring, utan åtskillnad av något slag, såsom ras, hudfärg, kön, språk, religion, politisk eller annan uppfattning, nationellt eller socialt ursprung, egendom, börd eller stäl llning i övrigt. Ingen åtskillnad får heller göras på grund av den politiska, rättsliga eller internationella.

TÜRKÇE İnsanlik topluluğunun bütün fertleriyle uzuvlarının bu beyannameyi daima gözönünde tutarak öğretim ve eğit 9PT im yoluyla bu haklar ve hürriyetlere saygıyı geliştirmeye, gittikçe artan milli ve milletlerarası tedbirlerle gere k bizzat üye devletler ahalisi gerekse bu devletlerin idaresi altındaki ülkeler ahalisi arasında bu hakların dünya ca fiilen tanınmasını ve tatbik edilmesini sağlamaya gayret etmelerri amacıyla bütün halklar ve milletler için ul aşılacak ortak ideal olarak işbu İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesini ilan eder. Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet v e haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ilehareket etmelidirler. Herkes, ırk, renk, cinsiyet, dil, din, siyasi veya diğer herhangi bir akide, milli veya içtimai menşe, se rvet. doğuş veya herhangi diğer bir fark gözetilmeksizin işbu Beyannamede ilan olunan tekmil haklardan ve b ütün hürriyetlerden istifade edebilir. Bundan başka, bağımsız memleket uyruğu olsun, vesayet altında buluna n gayri muhtar veya sair bir egemenlik kayıtlamasına tabi ülke uyruğu olsun.

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SUPPORTED LANGUAGES ISO 8859– 1 Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Danish, English (UK & US), Faroese, Galician, German, LATIN1 Icelandic, Irish (new orthography), Italian, Kurdish (The Kurdish Unified Alphabet), Latin (basic classical orthography), Leonese, Luxembourgish (basic classical orthography), Norwegian (Bokmål & Nynorsk), Occitan, Portuguese (Portuguese & Brazilian), Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Walloon

ISO 8859– 2 Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian (when in the Latin script), LATIN2 Slovak, Slovene, Upper Sorbian & Lower Sorbian

ISO 8859– 3 Esperanto, Maltese, Turkish LATIN3

ISO 8859– 4 Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Greenlandic, Sami LATIN4

ISO 8859– 9 Turkish LATIN5

ISO 8859– 10 Nordic languages LATIN6

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