• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED UPPERCASE ROMANS 170PT ZUNYI 150PT YUMEN 135PT VILLAGE XYLOMA 120PT WAXWING 105PT VESTMENTS WWW.VLLG.COM 1 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED UPPERCASE ITALICS 170PT ULTRA 150PT TRITON 135PT VILLAGE SIGLARE 120PT REEDBIRD 105PT QUANTITATE WWW.VLLG.COM 2 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED LOWERCASE ROMANS 170PT power 150PT oxnard 135PT VILLAGE numeric 120PT multipath 105PT lineamental WWW.VLLG.COM 3 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED LOWERCASE ITALICS 170PT kotow 150PT journal 135PT VILLAGE idoneity 120PT headlines 105PT grecianized WWW.VLLG.COM 4 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED ALL WEIGHTS & STYLES HEAVY & HEAVY ITALIC 30PT ADALINE BERMED catalyst debated BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 30PT EDIFIERS FIRMURA glabrous heliozoic MEDIUM & MEDIUM ITALIC 30PT IMMENSE JETSOMS VILLAGE klaxoned longueuil BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 30PT MATRICES NOSHERIE odalisque phonetist LIGHT & LIGHT ITALIC 30PT QUALTAGH RINGSIDER sentiment trekschuit WWW.VLLG.COM 5 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED SAMPLE TEXT SETTINGS BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 14PT Polaris, designated Ursae Minoris (Latinized to Alpha Ursae Minoris, abbreviated A lpha UMi), commonly the North Star or Pole Star, is the brightest star in the conste llation of Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the curre nt northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos parallax gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-years, while calculations by other methods derive distances arou nd 30% closer. Polaris is a triple star system, composed of the primary star, Polar is Aa, in orbit with a smaller companion (Polaris Ab); the pair in orbit with Polaris B (discovered in August 1779 by William Herschel). There were once thought to be tw o more distant components—Polaris C and Polaris D—but these have been sho wn not to be physically associated with the Polaris system. Polaris AA is a 5.4 solar mass F7 yellow supergiant of spectral type Ib. It is the first classical Cepheid to ha ve a mass determined from its orbit. MEDIUM & MEDIUM ITALIC 14PT Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. William Herschel discovered the star in August 1779 using a reflecting telescope of his own, one of the best telescope s of the time. By examining the spectrum of Polaris A, it was also discovered in 1929 t hat it was a very close binary, with the secondary being a dwarf, which had been theo rized in earlier observations. In January 2006, NASA released images, from the Hubbl e telescope, that showed the three members of the Polaris ternary system. Ab, the n VILLAGE earby dwarf star, is in an orbit of 18.5 AU from Polaris Aa, about the distance between the Sun and Uranus, which explains why its light is swamped by its close and much b righter companion. Because Polaris lies nearly in a direct line with the Earth’s rotatio nal axis above the North Pole—the north celestial pole—Polaris stands almost mot ionless in the sky, and all the stars of the northern sky appear to rotate around it. The refore, it makes an excellent fixed point to draw measurements. BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 14PT The moving of Polaris towards and, in the future, away from the celestial pole, is due to th e precession of the equinoxes. The celestial pole will move away from UMi after the 21st c entury, passing close by Gamma Cephei by about the 41st century, moving towards Dene b by about the 91st century. The celestial pole was close to Thuban around 2750 BC, and during classical antiquity it was closer to Kochab than to Polaris. It was about the same a ngular distance from UMi as to UMi by the end of late antiquity. The Greek navigator Pyth eas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. However, as one of the b righter stars close to the celestial pole, Polaris was used for navigation at least from late antiquity, and described as “always visible” by Stobaeus, and it could reasonably be desc ribed as stella polaris from about the High Middle Ages. In Shakespeare’s play Julius Caes ar, written around 1599, Caesar describes himself as being “as constant as the northern star,” though in Caesar’s time there was no constant northern star. WWW.VLLG.COM 6 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED SAMPLE TEXT SETTINGS BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 11PT The Hipparcos spacecraft used stellar paralla ere is still not widespread agreement about x to take measurements from 1989 & 1993 w the distance. The next major step in high prec ith the accuracy of 0.97 milliarcseconds, and ision parallax measurements comes from Ga it obtained accurate measurements for stella ia, a space astrometry mission launched in 2 r distances up to 1,000 pc away. The Hipparco 013 and intended to measure stellar parallax s data was examined again with more advan to within 25 microarcseconds. Although it wa ced error correction and statistical technique s originally planned to limit Gaia’s observati s. Despite the advantages of Hipparcos astr ons to stars fainter than magnitude 5.7, tests ometry, the uncertainty in its Polaris data has carried out during the commissioning phase been pointed out and some researchers have indicated that Gaia could autonomously ident questioned the accuracy of Hipparcose when ify stars as bright as magnitude 3. When Gaia measuring binary Cepheids like Polaris. The entered regular scientific operations in July 2 Hipparcos reduction specifically for Polaris h 014, it was configured to routinely process s as been re-examined and reaffirmed but th tars in the magnitude range 3–20. BOOK & BOOK ITALIC 11PT Ursa Minor, also known as the Little Bear, is a c the night sky, ranging from an apparent magnit onstellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great ude of 1.97 to 2.00. Beta Ursae Minoris, also kn Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen own as Kochab, is an aging star that has swollen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North Ameri and cooled to become an orange giant with an can name, Little Dipper—seven stars with four apparent magnitude of 2.08—only slightly fa in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was inter than Polaris. Kochab and magnitude 3 Ga one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd mma Ursae Minoris have been called the “gua century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one rdians of the pole star.” Planets have been dete VILLAGE of the eighty-eight modern constellations. Ursa cted orbiting four of the stars, including Kocha Minor has traditionally been important for navig b. The constellation also contains an isolated n ation, particularly by mariners, because of Pola eutron star—Calvera—and H1504+65, the h ris being the North Star. Polaris, the brightest s ottest white dwarf yet discovered, with a surfac tar in the constellation, is a yellow-white super ace temperature of 200,000 K. In the Babyloni giant and the brightest Cepheid variable star in ian star catalogues, Ursa Minor was known. LIGHT & LIGHT ITALIC 11PT The tradition of naming the northern constellati e Minoris (or Polaris) as the north star, even thoug ons “bears” appears to be genuinely Greek, althou h it was still several degrees away from the celes ough Homer refers to just a single “bear.” The orig stial pole. Its New Latin name of stella polaris w inal “bear” is thus Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor was as coined only in the early modern period. The an admitted as second, or Phoenician Bear (Ursa Ph cient name of the constellation is Cynosura. The o oenicia, hence, Phoenice) only later, according to S rigin of this name is unclear (Ursa Minor being a d trabo (I.1.6, C3) due to a suggestion by Thales, who og’s tail would imply that another constellation ne suggested it as a navigation aid to the Greeks, w arby is the dog, but no such constellation is know ho had been navigating by Ursa Major. In classica n). Instead, the mythographic tradition of Cataste l antiquity, the celestial pole was somewhat closer ismi makes Cynosura the name of an Oread nymp to Beta Ursae Minoris than to Alpha Ursae Minor h described as a nurse of Zeus, honoured by the g is, and the entire constellation was taken to indic od with a place in the sky. There are various propo ate the northern direction. Since the medieval per sed explanations for the name Cynosura. One sugg iod, it has become convenient to use Alpha Ursa estion connects it to the myth of Callisto. WWW.VLLG.COM 7 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED HEAVY & HEAVY ITALIC 64PT ANDROMEDA 32PT One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, Andromeda still remains one of the 88 modern constellations. 24PT ANDROMEDA IS MOST PROMINENT DURING VILLAGE AUTUMN EVENINGS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, ALONG WITH SEVERAL OTHER CONSTELLATIONS NAMED FOR CHARACTERS IN THE PERSEUS MYTH. 18PT Its brightest star, Alpha Andromedae, is a binary star that has also been counted as a part of Pegasus, while Gamma Andromedae is a colorful binary and a popular target for amateur astronomers. Only marginally dimmer than Alpha, Beta Andromedae is a red giant, its color visible to the naked eye. The constellation’s most obvious deep-sky object is the naked-eye Andromeda Galaxy, the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way and one of the brightest Messier objects. WWW.VLLG.COM 8 CONSTELLATION / GALAXIE POLARIS CONDENSED BOLD & BOLD ITALIC 64PT COMA BERENICES 32PT This constellation is an ancient asterism in the northern sky. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant, between Leo and Boötes, and is visible in both hemispheres.

Load more

  25

Copy Link