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Hybrid DES-Based Vehicular Network Simulator with Multichannel Operations Le Wang

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Hybrid DES-Based Vehicular Network Simulator with Multichannel Operations Le Wang Hybrid DES-based Vehicular Network Simulator with Multichannel Operations Le Wang A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering April 2019 APPROVED: Professor Alexander M. Wyglinski Primary Advisor Worcester Polytechnic Institute Professor Andrew Clark Committee Member Worcester Polytechnic Institute Professor Kaushik Chowdhury Committee Member Northeastern University i Abstract Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is considered to be a viable technology for inter- vehicle communications for the purpose of improving road safety and efficiency. The En- hanced Distribution Channel Access (EDCA) mechanism and multichannel operations are introduced to ensure the Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, it is necessary to create an accurate vehicular network simulator that guarantees the vehicular communications will work as described in the protocols. A comprehensive vehicular network simulator should consider the interaction between mobility models and network protocols. In this dissertation, a novel vehicular network simulation environment, VANET Toolbox, designed using discrete-event system (DES) is presented. The APP layer DES Module of the proposed simulator integrates vehicular mo- bility operations with message generation functions. The MAC layer DES module supports single channel and multichannel EDCA operations. The PHY layer DES module supports bit-level processing. Compared with packet-based simulator such as NS-3, the proposed PHY layer is more realistic and accurate. The EDCA scheme is evaluated and compared with the traditional Carrier-Sensing Mul- tiple Access (CSMA) scheme, with the simulations proving that data with different priorities can coexist in the same channel. The multichannel operation for the EDCA scheme is also analyzed in this dissertation. The multichannel switching operation and coordination may cause packet dropping or increased latency to the communication. The simulations show that with heavy network traffic, multichannel communication performs better than single channel communication. From the perspective of safety-related messages, the multichannel operation is able to isolate the interference from the non-safety messages in order to achieve a better packet delivery rate and latency. On the other hand, the non-safety messages can achieve high throughput with reasonable latency from multichannel communication under heavy load traffic scenario. ii Acknowledgements This research is supported by generous contributions of the MathWork Inc. I want to thank Wei Li from MathWorks, who has spent tremendous of time teaching me on MATLAB DES voluntarily. I would also like to thank my committee members, Professor Clark and Professor Chowdhury. Their comments and guidance of my work help me become a better researcher. Personally, I would specifically like to thank my advisor, Professor Alexander Wyglinski, who provides me this opportunity to do academic research on vehicular network area. I would never succeed without his excellent guidance and support. I will be forever grateful to him. Over the past few year, Wireless Innovation Lab is an enthusiastic place to share research ideas. Supports from my colleagues, Renato, Paulo, Travis, Kuldeep, Kyle, Nivetha is always something I could rely on. Specifically, I want to thank Renato Iida, who designed the wireless channel of VANET Toolbox and provides huge help on debugging the simulator. As always, my parents have supported me during the course of this degree and through- out my life. I am deeply indebted to them for their unconditional love and encouragement. I also want to express my appreciation to my best friend, Zoe, for her kindly generous encouragement during my eight years of life in U.S.. Finally, I am fortunate enough to meet my wife Yuqing Yang, who always supports me during my graduate studies. This is a stepping stone for our life together and was only possible because of her. iii Contents List of Figuresv List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations xii 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation....................................1 1.2 State-of-the-Art..................................3 1.3 Research Contributions.............................6 1.4 Dissertation Outline...............................8 1.5 Resulting Peer-Reviewed Publications and Software Projects........9 2 Fundamentals of DES Simulation and Vehicular Network 10 2.1 Discrete Event Systems............................. 10 2.1.1 Discrete Event System Concept..................... 11 2.1.2 Discrete Event Simulation........................ 14 2.2 MATLAB Discrete Event System (DES).................... 23 2.2.1 Features of MATLAB DES....................... 23 2.2.2 MATLAB DES Modeling........................ 26 2.3 Protocols of Vehicular Network......................... 44 2.3.1 Overview of WAVE/DSRC Standards................. 44 2.3.2 Details of Vehicular Network Stack................... 46 2.3.3 Concepts of Multichannel Operations................. 51 2.4 Chapter Summary................................ 54 3 Design Vehicular Network Simulator based on Hybrid DES 55 3.1 Design of Vehicular Network Simulator..................... 55 3.1.1 PHY Layer Design............................ 58 3.1.2 MAC Layer Design............................ 61 3.1.3 APP Layer Design............................ 66 3.2 Implementation of Vehicular Network Simulator................ 69 3.2.1 Modeling the PHY Link in MATLAB DES.............. 72 3.2.2 Modeling the MAC Layer using MATLAB DES............ 73 iv 3.2.3 Modeling the APP Layer using MATLAB DES............ 75 3.2.4 Peripheral Function Implementations.................. 77 3.3 Run Simulations using VANET Toolbox.................... 88 3.3.1 Run from Simulink............................ 88 3.3.2 Run from VANET UI Panel....................... 91 3.3.3 Run from MATLAB Code........................ 93 3.4 Chapter Summary................................ 95 4 Performance Analysis of Vehicular Network Simulations on V2V 97 4.1 Evaluation of VANET Toolbox......................... 97 4.1.1 Computational Costs in terms of Events................ 98 4.1.2 SimEvents Code Generation....................... 100 4.2 Evaluation of Vehicular Network........................ 103 4.2.1 Performance of the PHY Layer Activity................ 104 4.2.2 Performance of the EDCA MAC Layer Activity............ 107 4.2.3 Performance of the APP Layer Activity................ 114 4.2.4 Comparisons between Proposed Simulator and NS-3......... 123 4.3 Chapter Summary................................ 125 5 Vehicular Network Simulation with Multichannel Operations 127 5.1 Background of Multichannel Vehicular Network................ 127 5.1.1 Multichannel PHY Layer........................ 129 5.1.2 Multichannel MAC Layer........................ 130 5.1.3 Multichannel Coordination via WSA.................. 135 5.2 Implementation of Multichannel Operation.................. 136 5.2.1 Interaction between APP layer and WME in DES.......... 141 5.2.2 Multichannel MAC/PHY Layer DES Module............. 143 5.2.3 Test Case: Multichannel Lane Changing Activity........... 149 5.3 Evaluation of Multichannel Vehicular Network................ 151 5.3.1 Performance of Multichannel Operations with Mixed Services.... 152 5.3.2 Performance of Safety-related Services................. 157 5.3.3 Performance of Non-Safety Services.................. 163 5.3.4 Proposed SCH Reservation Scheme................... 167 5.4 Chapter Summary................................ 172 6 Research Achievement and Future Work 174 6.1 Research Achievements.............................. 174 6.2 Future Works................................... 176 A Classifications of Systems 178 B An Example of MATLAB DES Model 185 C Two-Ray Gound Reflection Model 196 Bibliography 198 v List of Figures 1.1 Interoperability on VANET/DSRC: V2I and V2V. The figure shows examples of BSMs via V2V and left turn signal via V2I. A simplified Finite State Machine (FSM) of EDCA in VANET/DSRC is also shown..........2 1.2 Interaction in Joint Network and Traffic Simulator. Vehicular traffic flows are created by vehicular traffic simulator and passed to the network simulator via the 3rd party communication interface. The network simulator then performs network simulation based on the traces information and returns the results through the communication interface. The vehicular traffic simulator alters the vehicles' movement according to the network communication result...4 1.3 Interaction in Integrated Network and Traffic Simulator. The vehicular trace information is passed to the network simulator directly, where the latter performs network simulation and returns the results. Then the vehicular traffic simulator alters the vehicles' movements in real time..........5 1.4 Overview of VANET Toolbox Library and Simulation Panel. The left section is the VANET Library containing Simulink blocks of VANET Toolbox. The right section shows examples of running simulation via Simulink model or VANET UI Panel.................................6 2.1 Systems overview and Discrete Event Systems. Discrete Event System is classified as a discrete-state event-trigger system. A hybrid system including both time-driven and event-driven DES is suitable for network PHY layer simulation..................................... 11 2.2 A simple automaton with state transition. States x, y, z may transit to another state via state transition functions caused by events......... 13 2.3 Clock Structure of
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