An Urgent Appeal from Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Android

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Please read: An urgent appeal from Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales Android (operating system) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Android Android 2.3 Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance Programmed in C (core),[1] C++ (some third party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current Source model Free and open source software Initial release 21 October 2008 (20081021) Latest stable release 2.3 (Gingerbread) Build: GRH47B / 16 December 2010; 5 days ago (20101216)[2] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, Power Architecture, x86[citation needed] Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linux kernel) Default user interface Graphical License Apache 2.0 (some code are under the GPL v2[3]) Official website android.com Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was purchased by Google in 2005.[4] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collabo rated to develop and release Android to the world.[5][6] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Androi d.[7] Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010,[8][9][10] w ith a third quarter market share of 43.6%.[11] Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps" ) that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 100,000 apps available for Android.[12][13] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third party sites (except on AT&T, which disallows this). Developers write in the Java language, controlling the d evice via Googledeveloped Java libraries.[14] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software , and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[ 15][16] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a fre e software and open source license.[17] The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications runnin g on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libr aries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries w ritten in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[18] media framework, SQLite re lational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layou t engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating syste m consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 mil lion lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[19] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Acquisition by Google 1.2 Open Handset Alliance 1.3 Licensing 1.4 Update history 2 Features 3 Hardware running Android 3.1 Google's flagship smartphones 4 Software development 4.1 Software development kit 4.2 Android Market 4.3 App Inventor for Android 4.4 Android Developer Challenge 4.5 Google applications 4.6 Third party applications 4.7 Native code 4.8 Communitybased firmware 5 Marketing 5.1 Logos 5.2 Typeface 5.3 Market share 5.4 Usage share 6 Restrictions and issues 6.1 Linux compatibility 6.2 Networking issues 6.3 Issues concerning application development 6.4 Other issues 6.5 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links

[edit] History [edit] Acquisition by Google In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in Pal o Alto, California, USA.[20] Android's cofounders who went to work at Google in cluded Andy Rubin (cofounder of Danger),[21] Rich Miner (cofounder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[22] Nick Sears (once VP at TMobile),[23] and Chris Whit e (headed design and interface development at WebTV).[24] At the time, little wa s known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that they made software for mobile phones.[20] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the m obile phone market. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by t he Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premis e of providing a flexible, upgradable system. It was reported that Google had al ready lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[2 5][26][27] More speculation that Google's Android would be entering the mobilep hone market came in December 2006.[28] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones an d it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon repor ted rumors that Google was developing a Googlebranded handset.[29] More specula tion followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that G oogle had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[30] [31] [edit] Open Handset Alliance Main article: Open Handset Alliance "Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone model s." Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[5]On the 5th of November 2007. the Open Handse t Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, B roadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and TMobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[5] Along with the fo rmation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[5] On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the An droid Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asus tek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafon e Group Plc.[32][33] [edit] Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a f ree software / open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the e ntire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[34] under an Apache L icense.[35] [edit] Update history Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates t o the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally e ach update to the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. 1.0 Released 23 September 2008[36] 1.1 Released 9 February 2009[37] 1.5 (Cupcake) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.27 On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.[38][39] There were several new features and UI update s included in the 1.5 update:[40] Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone A new softkeyboard with textprediction Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distanc e New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens Animated screen transitions

1.6 (Donut) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[41] On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was r eleased.[42][43] Included in the update were:[41] An improved Android Market experience An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native ap plications, including the ability to dial contacts Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and t he web from the home screen Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a texttospeech eng ine Support for WVGA screen resolutions Speed improvements in searching and camera applications Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool Google free turnbyturn navigation

2.0 / 2.1 (Eclair) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[44] On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was re leased.[45] Changes include:[46] Optimized hardware speed Support for more screen sizes and resolutions Revamped UI New Browser UI and HTML5 support New contact lists Better contrast ratio for backgrounds Improved Google Maps 3.1.2 Microsoft Exchange support Built in flash support for Camera Digital Zoom MotionEvent class enhanced to track multitouch events[47] Improved virtual keyboard Bluetooth 2.1 Live Wallpapers The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[48] The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[49]

2.2 (Froyo)[50] Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.32[51] On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was release d.[50] Changes included:[51] General Android OS speed, memory, and performance optimizations[52] Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation[53] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, autodiscovery, GAL loo kup, calendar synchronization, remote wipe) Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications USB tethering and WiFi hotspot functionality Added an option to disable data access over mobile network Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features[52] Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[54] Support for installing applications to the expandable memory Adobe Flash 10.1 support[55] Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p[56]

2.3 (Gingerbread)[57] Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.35.7[58] On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released.[57] Changes included:[58] Updated user interface design Support for extralarge screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher)[56] Native support for SIP VoIP telephony Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and ba ss boost Support for Near Field Communication Systemwide copypaste functionalities Redesigned multitouch software keyboard Enhanced support for native code development Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers) A download manager for long running downloads Improved power management and application control Native support for multiple cameras Switched from YAFFS to the ext4 filesystem[59]

Honeycomb[60] Scheduled for 2011 launch. Tablet support [61]

Ice Cream[62] Supposed mid2011 launch.[62] Kutsinta[62] Late 2011.[62] [edit] Features Current features and specifications:[63][64][65]

The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5). Architecture DiagramHandset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, an d traditional smartphone layouts. Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purp oses Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN , CDMA, EVDO, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiFi, LTE, and WiMAX. Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a p art of Android Push Messaging service. Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the opensource Web Kit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser score s a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test. Java support While Android applications are written in Java, there's no Java Vir tual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes ge t recompiled into Dalvik executable and run on Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized f or batterypowered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via thirdpartyapplication such as the J2ME MIDP Runner.[66] Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: We bM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG4 SP, AMR, AMRWB (in 3GP conta iner), AAC, HEAAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[65] Streaming media support RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive do wnload (HTML5

Early Android device.The early feedback on developing applications for the Andro id platform was mixed.[79] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, ina dequate QA infrastructure, and no public issuetracking system. (Google announce d an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[80] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile st artup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly docume nted or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[81] Despite this, Androidtargeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[82] [83] The Android Dev Phone is a SIMunlocked and hardwareunlocked device that i s designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer de vices purchased at retail to test and use their applications, some developers ma y choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or nocontract devic e. [edit] Software development kit The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of devel opment tools.[84] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported develo pment platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distri bution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4 or 3.5) usin g the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android application s as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, instal ling software package(s) remotely).[85] A preview release of the Android SDK was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 Jul y 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all e ntrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winne rs of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Go ogle was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keepi ng this arrangement private) led to widely reported frustration within the Andro id developer community at the time.[86] On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided a n updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those alr eady working with an earlier release.[87] On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 S DK (Release 1) was released.[88] According to the release notes, it included "ma inly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included sev eral API changes from the 0.9 version. Multiple versions have been released sinc e.[89] Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in cas e developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Development too ls are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version a nd platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing.[90] Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app fold er on the Android OS (the folder is accessible to root user only for security re asons). APK package contains .dex files[91] (compiled byte code files called Dal vik executable), resource files, etc. [edit] Android Market Main article: Android Market On 28 August 2008 Google announced the Android Market which was available to use rs on 22 October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13 Febru ary 2009 for US and UK developers,[92] with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.[93] The Android Market is the official download location for applications and games for Android powered devices, in mobile phone the Mark et application is built in and integrated with each version of the OS to allow u ser's quick access to a range of applications and games that will be usable on t heir individual device.[94] There are a huge amount of games, applications and w idgets available on the Android Market with the number of applications being cit ed in November 2010 at 160,000.[95] [edit] App Inventor for Android Main article: Google App Inventor On 12 July 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Webbased visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelero meter and orientation data, phone functions, text messaging, speechtotext conv ersion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[96] "We could only have done this because Androids architectu re is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[97] Under developm ent for over a year,[98] the blockediting tool has been taught to nonmajors in computer science at Harvard, MIT, Wellsley, and the University of San Francisco , where Professor David Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for noncomputer science students based on App Inventor for A ndroid.[99][100] [edit] Android Developer Challenge Main article: Android Developer Challenge The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative applic ation for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distrib uted between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 A pril 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each receive d a $25,000 award to fund further development.[101][102] It ended in early Septe mber with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten tea ms that received $100,000 each.[103] ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.[104] T he first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[105] The firstround winn ers of ADC II comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2 009. Voting for the second round also opened on the same day and ended on Novemb er 25. Google announced the top winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDrea ms, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[106][107] [edit] Google applications Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applicati ons for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voi ce service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopp er, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",[108] which allows u sers to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice. [edit] Third party applications With the growing number of Android handsets, there has also been an increased in terest by third party developers to port their applications to the Android opera ting system. Notable applications that have been converted to the Android operat ing system include Shazam, Doodle Jump, and WeatherBug. The Android operating system has grown significantly, and a lot of the most popu lar internet sites and services have created native applications. These include MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter. As of 15 July 2010, the Android Marketplace had over 70,000 applications, with o ver 1 billion downloads.[109][110] [edit] Native code Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code an d installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be call ed from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[111][112] Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional developmen t tools.[113] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator whi ch allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[113] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a nonstandard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlyi ng graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[114] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this devic e is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an o pen source license.[115] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of crossplatform applications, and it is the graphics engine under lying the Google Chrome web browser.[116] [edit] Communitybased firmware There is a community of opensource enthusiasts that build and share Androidbas ed firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLA C lossless audio support and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[117] This usually involves rooting the device. Rooting allows use rs root access to the operating system, giving more control over their environme nt variables. In order to use custom firmwares the devices bootloader must be un locked. Rooting alone does not allow the flashing of custom firmware. Modified f irmwares allow users of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[118] Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carriersanctio ned firmware, and tend to have fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware. On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[119] to the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the redistribution of Google's closedsource appl ications[120] within the custom firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closedsource Google applications for functio nality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted tha t these applications can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is con tinuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install proce ss and restore them when it is complete.[121] [edit] Marketing

Android robot logo.[edit] Logos The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corpor ation.[122] Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android oper ating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[123] [edit] Typeface The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[124] [edit] Market share Research company Canalys estimates that by Q2 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of the worldwide smartphone market.[125] By the following quarter (Q3 2009), Androi d's market share had grown to 3.5%.[126] In February 2010 ComScore ranked the Android platform as obtaining a 9.0% of the smartphone platform marketshare. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% stated in November 2009.[127] In July 2010 ComScore revised Android's shar e for 3 months March/April/May 2010 to 13.0%, an increase of 4 percentage points , 0.2 percentage points behind Microsoft whose share had dropped 1.9%.[128] Analytics firm Flurry estimates that 250,000 Motorola Droid phones were sold in the United States during the phone's first week in stores.[129] In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPho ne platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 28% smartp hone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quar ter, Apple's iOS was up by 1%, indicating that Android is taking market share ma inly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new compe titor offerings.[8] Furthermore, analysts point to advantages that Android has a s multichannel, multicarrier OS, which has allowed it to duplicate the quick s uccess of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[130] According to an interview with Eric Schmidt in The Guardian, Android is getting 160,000 new users per day (end June 2010) up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[1 31] As of 4 August 2010 Google is now activating 200,000 new phones to the Android p latform per day according to Eric Schmidt.[132] In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitt ers. By midOctober, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countrie s.[133] Market research firm Gartner reported that at the end of the Q3 2010, Android ha d a worldwide market share of 25.5%.[134] ComScore reported at the end of the Q3 2010, U.S. owned Android smartphones duri ng the three months ending in September, up 15 percent from the preceding three month period. Google continues to gain ground in the market, rising 6.5 percenta ge points to capture 21.4 percent of (US) smartphone subscribers.[135] On December 8th, 2010, Andy Rubin announced on Twitter that there are 300,000 An droid phones activated daily. [136] For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market. [edit] Usage share

Data collected during two weeks ending on December 1, 2010 Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions[137]Data collected during two w eeks ending on December 1, 2010 Platform API Level Distribution Android 2.2 (Froyo) 8 43.4% Android 2.1 (Eclair) 7 39.6% Android 1.6 (Donut) 4 10.6% Android 1.5 (Cupcake) 3 6.3%

[edit] Restrictions and issues Google tracks issues and feature requests publicly at Google Code's site.[138] [edit] Linux compatibility Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside t he main Linux kernel tree.[139] Android does not have a native X Window System n or does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it dif ficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[140] How ever, support for the X Window System is possible.[141] Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux ker nel as part of their Android effort, effectively branching kernel code in their own tree, separating their code from Linux.[142][143] This was due to a disagree ment about new features Google felt were necessary (some related to security of mobile applications).[144]The code which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[145] However, Google announced in April 20 10 that they will employ staff to work with the Linux kernel community.[146] [edit] Networking issues Support for setting up a network proxy configuration for WiFi connections is not available.[147] Support for setting up a network proxy configuration for APN (i.e. GSM/EDGE) con nections is not available.[148] Android doesn't natively support EAP extensions configuration.[149] Android does not support Cisco virtual private network servers requiring XAUTH e xtensions for IPsec (L2TP/IPsec and PPTP are supported).[150] [edit] Issues concerning application development Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This preve nts compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the fullclass libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[151] However, there are multiple tools in the market that provide J2ME to Android con version services, which enable the developer to convert Java into Android. Compa nies like Myriad Group and UpOnTek provide these services.[152][153][154] Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multip le versions of Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1 .6,[155][156] especially the different resolution ratios in use among various An droid phones.[157] Such problems were pointedly brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[158] The rapid growth in the number of Androidbased phone models with differing hard ware capabilities also makes it difficult to develop applications that work on a ll Androidbased phones.[159][160][161][162] As of August 2010, 83% of Android p hones run the 2.x versions, and 17% still run the 1.5 and 1.6 versions[163] [edit] Other issues Older versions of Android do not readily support Bluetooth file exchange,[164] a lthough it may still be achieved with some hacking.[165] Bluetooth is supported by more recent phones.[166] In version 2.2, the rSAP protocol, which many vehicles use for handsfree, is mis sing.[167] Using the native Google Calendar functionality for Android phones, an Android de vice user runs into the same limitations that exist in the Calendar application. The most noticeable defect is the lack of proper time zone support: it is not p ossible to set the time zone for start/end times of events.[168][169][170] Becau se of this issue, some users experience difficulty while traveling with Android devices.[171] As of the 2.3 release, Android does not have full Unicode support.[172] Develope rs are reporting rendering issues, support for conjunct consonants, etc.[173] Android supports all the file systems supported by the linux kernel, with its ow n limitations. For read/write access to other popular filesystems, Tuxera launch ed Tuxera File System Suite, which combines NTFS, exFAT and HFS+ for Android.[17 4] Android doesn't support the "Require Device Encryption" policy in Microsoft's Ex change ActiveSync (EAS) service.[175] [edit] Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents See also: Java applet#2010 Oracle Google lawsuit On the 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Javarelated intellectual property."[176] Oracle h as named Boies, Schiller & Flexner as part of its legal team.[177] Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including Un ited States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessi ng And Packaging Class Files", and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instruc tions".[178] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, ("the '104 pa tent") entitled Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated C ode authored by James Gosling, best known as the father of the Java programming l anguage.[179] According to Gartner analyst Ken Dulaney, Android is based on a clean room rever seengineered version of Java, called Dalvik. Oracle says Dalvik is a competitor to Java and infringes several of its patents, which are listed in the complaint , and its Java copyright.[176][180] While officially claiming that "Android is n ot Java", Google at the same time calls the suit an "attack on Java community",[ 181] making a distinction between "official Java" and "Java in general". The Free Software Foundation has said that Google could have avoided this suit b y building Android on top of IcedTea whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache Licen se. It has also called the suit a "clear attack against someone's freedom to use , share, modify, and redistribute software".[182] However, the FSF also criticiz ed Google, writing that "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those pr otections in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android.", and remarking that Google had not taken any clear position or action against so ftware patents. [edit] See also Android Market BlackBerry OS Dalvik virtual machine Chromium OS Google Chrome OS Google TV iOS (Apple) LiMo Foundation Linux Phone Standards Forum List of Android devices List of Android OSrelated topics List of open source Android applications MeeGo Linux Samsung's Bada OS OPhone Open Mobile Alliance Palm, Inc.'s webOS Symbian Foundation Windows Phone 7 [edit] References 1.^ Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html. 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Companies with Androidspecific platform and drivers cannot contribute upstream, which causes these companies a much larger maintenance and development cycle." 145.^ "Android versus Linux?". www.honline.com. 9 February 2010. http://www.ho nline.com/open/features/AndroidversusLinux924563.html. Retrieved 20100228. 146.^ "DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org". www .zdnet.com. 15 April 2010. http://blogs.zdnet.com/opensource/?p=6274. Retrieved 20100429. 147.^ Issue 1273, first reported 12 November 2008, unreviewed as of June 2010. 148.^ [1], listed as released but not resolved 149.^ Issue 1386, first reported 28 November 2008, unreviewed as of June 2010. 150.^ Issue 3902, first reported 15 September 2009, unreviewed as of August 2010 . 151.^ van Gurp, Jilles (13 November 2007). "Google Android: Initial Impressions and Criticism". Javalobby. http://www.javalobby.org/nl/archive/jlnews_20071113o. html. Retrieved 20090307. "Frankly, I don't understand why Google intends to i gnore the vast amount of existing implementation out there. It seems like a bad case of "not invented here" to me. Ultimately, this will slow adoption. There ar e already too many Java platforms for the mobile world and this is yet another o ne" 152.^ "Myriad's New J2Android Converter Fuels Android Applications Gold Rush". 1 9 March 2010. http://www.myriadgroup.com/MediaCentre/News/MyriadNewJ2Android ConverterFuelsAndroidApplicationsGoldRush.aspx. 153.^ "J2Android hopes you don't know that Android is Javabased". 23 March 2010 . http://www.javaworld.com/community/node/4170. "On the other hand, you might th ink this is kind of a scam aimed at developers who don't really understand the n ature of the platform they're targeting. My biggest complaint is that you'd thin k that Mikael Ricknäs, the IDG News Service reporter who wrote the first story lin ked to above (who toils for the same company that publishes JavaWorld), would ha ve at least mentioned the relationship between Java and Android to make the oddn ess of this announcement clear." 154.^ "Myriad CTO: J2Android moves MIDlets to "beautiful" Android framework". 31 March 2010. http://www.javaworld.com/community/?q=node/4210. "We will have to w ait and see exactly how much pickup J2Android actually sees. The tool isn't actu ally available on the open market just yet; while Schillings spoke optimisticall y about "converting 1,000 MIDlets in an afternoon," at the moment they're workin g with a few providers to transform their back catalogs. So those of you out the re hoping to avoid learning how to write Android code may have to wait a while."

155.^ "HTC Developer center: Android Dev Phone 1". HTC Corporation. http://devel oper.htc.com/adp.html. Retrieved 20100115. "For development, you should select the lowest possible Android platform version that meets the needs of your appli cations. For example, if you are working in the Android 1.1 SDK and your applica tion is using APIs introduced in Android 1.1, then you should download the Andro id 1.1 system image. If you are using the Android 1.1 SDK but your application d oes not use Android 1.1 APIs, then using Android 1.0 image is sufficient. For te sting, consider downloading all platform versions with which your application is compatible, then running your applications on those platform versions to ensure that they work as designed." 156.^ "Android's Weakest Link". ZDNet. 20091011. http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenf ield/?p=481. Retrieved 20100115. 157.^ "Complications looming for Android developers". androidandme.com. 200911 06. http://androidandme.com/2009/11/news/complicationsloomingforandroiddevel opers/. Retrieved 20100115. 158.^ "A Chink In Android's Armor". TechCrunch. 20091011. http://www.techcrunc h.com/2009/10/11/achinkinandroidsarmor/. Retrieved 20091011. "And now they 're faced with a landslide of new handsets, some running v.1.6 and some courageo us souls even running android v.2.0. All those manufacturers/carriers are racing to release their phones by the 2009 holiday season, and want to ensure the hot applications will work on their phones. And here's the problem in almost every c ase, we hear, there are bugs and more serious problems with the apps.[...]First of all, the compatibility between versions issue may be overblown. The reported problems have been limited to an Android developer contest[...]We havent heard of any major app developers complaining of backwards or forward compatibility prob lems. Also, Ive now upgraded my phone from 1.5 to 1.6, and every application cont inues to work fine." 159.^ "Androids Rapid Growth Has Some Developers Worried". Wired News. 20091116 . http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/11/androidfragmentation/. Retrieved 2010 0226. "Fagans concerns about the fragmentation of Android is being echoed by oth er developers, says Sean Galligan, vice president of business development at Flu rry, an mobile app analytics company(...)"You may build an app that works perfec tly with all three firmwares, but then when you run it on carriers ROMs it comple tely blows up," says Fagan. "So we find ourselves having to create apps that are compatible with multiple firmwares, multiple ROMs and multiple devices with dif ferent hardware." 160.^ "Android just reproducing Java ME's problems, now". JavaWorld. 20091117. http://www.javaworld.com/community/node/3704. Retrieved 20100226. 161.^ "Android's Spread Could Become a Problem". BusinessWeek. 20091015. http: //www.businessweek.com/technology/content/oct2009/tc20091015_626136.htm. Retriev ed 20100228. 162.^ "Google Android's selfdestruction derby begins". InfoWorld. 20100222. h ttp://infoworld.com/d/mobilize/googleandroidsselfdestructionderbybegins863 . Retrieved 20100228. 163.^ "Platform Versions". developer.android.com. 20100503. http://developer.a ndroid.com/resources/dashboard/platformversions.html. Retrieved 20100807. 164.^ "Issue 719: enhanced lowlevel Bluetooth support". Google Code. http://cod e.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=719. Retrieved 20101103. 165.^ Yueh, Erin (February 1, 2010). "New Bluetooth Object Push Profile in Andro id 2.0 (Eclair)". http://imisserin.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.html. Retri eved 20101103. 166.^ "Transferring files to the HTC Desire and HTC Legend via Bluetooth". http: //blog.brightpointuk.co.uk/transferringfileshtcdesireandhtclegendbluetoot h. Retrieved 20101103. 167.^ "Issue 4402: rSAP / Sim access bluetooth profile". Google.com. http://code .google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=4402. Retrieved 20101103. 168.^ "Google Calendar needs per event timezone support". Get Satisfaction Inc. http://getsatisfaction.com/google/topics/google_calendar_needs_per_event_timezon e_support. Retrieved 20101103. 169.^ "FixIt!: Google Calendar and time zones". AndroidGuys. January 21, 2010. h ttp://www.androidguys.com/2010/01/21/fixitgooglecalendartimezones/. Retrieve d 20101103. 170.^ "Help File: Google Calendar's timezone weakness". The Washington Post. Ap ril 4, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/04/03/AR2 010040304956.html. Retrieved 20101103. 171.^ "Issue 5892: Calendar: Don't change times when moving across time zones". google.com. http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=5892. Retrieved 20 101103. 172.^ "Issue 4230: Armenian character support". google.com. http://code.google.c om/p/android/issues/detail?id=4230. Retrieved 20101103. 173.^ "Issue 5925: Support full Unicode for all languages and scripts". google.c om. http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=5925. Retrieved 20101103 . 174.^ "Tuxera Launches Tuxera File System Suite, First to Combine NTFS, exFAT an d HFS+ for Android". marketwire. October 28, 2010. http://www.marketwire.com/pre ssrelease/TuxeraLaunchesTuxeraFileSystemSuiteFirstCombineNTFSexFATHFS Android1342807.htm. Retrieved 20101103. 175.^ "Issue 8686: Add support for ActiveSync Device Encryption Policy Requireme nt". google.com. http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=8686. Retriev ed 20101203. 176.^ a b James Niccolai (20100812). "Oracle sues Google over Java use in Andr oid". http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9180678/Update_Oracle_sues_Google_o ver_Java_use_in_Android?taxonomyId=13. Retrieved 20100820. 177.^ Mark Hachman. "Oracle Sues Google Over Android Java Use". pcmag.com. http: //www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2367761,00.asp. Retrieved 20100824. 178.^ "Oracle's complaint against Google for Java patent infringement". scribd.c om. http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811761/OraclescomplaintagainstGoogleforJav apatentinfringement. Retrieved 20100813. 179.^ Ed Burnette (August 12, 2010). "Oracle uses James Gosling patent to attack Google and Android developers". ZD Net. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/burnette/orac leusesjamesgoslingpatenttoattackgoogleandandroiddevelopers/2035?tag=ma ntle_skin;content. Retrieved 20101103. 180.^ "Android and Java comparison". Java.net. http://weblogs.java.net/blog/opin ali/archive/2010/08/17/androidjava. Retrieved 20101103. 181.^ Cade Metz (August 16, 2010). "Google dubs Oracle suit 'attack on Java comm unity'". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/16/google_oracle_and roid_lawsuit/. Retrieved 20101103. 182.^ Brett Smith (September 8, 2010). "FSF responds to Oracle v. Google and the threat of software patents". Free Software Foundation. http://www.fsf.org/news/ oraclevgoogle/?searchterm=Oracle. Retrieved 20101103. [edit] Bibliography Ed, Burnette (November 10, 2009). Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile De velopment Platform (2nd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN 1934356492. http://pragp rog.com/titles/eband2/helloandroid. Rogers, Rick; Lombardo, John; Mednieks, Zigurd; Meike, Blake (May 1, 2009). Andr oid Application Development: Programming with the Google SDK (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0596521472. http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521509. Ableson, Frank; Collins, Charlie; Sen, Robi (May 1, 2009). Unlocking Android: A Developer's Guide (1st ed.). Manning. ISBN 1933988673. http://www.manning.com/ab leson/. Conder, Shane; Darcey, Lauren (September 7, 2009). Android Wireless Application Development (1st ed.). AddisonWesley Professional. ISBN 0321627091. http://www. informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321627091. Murphy, Mark (June 26, 2009). Beginning Android (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 14302241 93. http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430224193. Hashimi, Sayed Y.; Komatineni, Satya; MacLean, Dave (February 26, 2010). Pro And roid 2 (2nd ed.). Apress. ISBN 1430226595. http://www.apress.com/book/view/14302 26595. Meier, Reto (November 24, 2008). Professional Android Application Development (1 st ed.). Wrox Press. ISBN 0470344717. http://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/WroxTitle/Pro fessionalAndroidApplicationDevelopment.productCd0470344717.html. DiMarzio, Jerome (July 30, 2008). Android a programmers guide (1st ed.). McGraw Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 0071599886. http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?i sbn=0071599886&cat=112. Haseman, Chris (July 21, 2008). Android Essentials (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 14302 10648. http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430210648. [edit] External links Wikinews has related news: Google Android smartphone sales triple in the UK thi s year Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Android (operating system) Official Android page Android Open Source Project Android Market Android Developers Android Developers Blog Android Brand Guidelines Google Projects for Android from Google Code Android Wiki Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform at YouTube Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry lecture given by Goog le Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at Stanford University (video archive ). Android (operating system) at the Open Directory Project [show]v d eAndroid (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)

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