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An Urgent Appeal from Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Android Please read: An urgent appeal from Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales Android (operating system) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Android Android 2.3 Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance Programmed in C (core),[1] C++ (some third party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current Source model Free and open source software Initial release 21 October 2008 (20081021) Latest stable release 2.3 (Gingerbread) Build: GRH47B / 16 December 2010; 5 days ago (20101216)[2] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, Power Architecture, x86[citation needed] Kernel type Monolithic (modified Linux kernel) Default user interface Graphical License Apache 2.0 (some code are under the GPL v2[3]) Official website android.com Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was purchased by Google in 2005.[4] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collabo rated to develop and release Android to the world.[5][6] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Androi d.[7] Unit sales for Android OS smartphones ranked first among all smartphone OS handsets sold in the U.S. in the second and third quarters of 2010,[8][9][10] w ith a third quarter market share of 43.6%.[11] Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps" ) that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 100,000 apps available for Android.[12][13] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from third party sites (except on AT&T, which disallows this). Developers write in the Java language, controlling the d evice via Googledeveloped Java libraries.[14] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software , and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[ 15][16] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a fre e software and open source license.[17] The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications runnin g on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libr aries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries w ritten in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[18] media framework, SQLite re lational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layou t engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating syste m consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 mil lion lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[19] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Acquisition by Google 1.2 Open Handset Alliance 1.3 Licensing 1.4 Update history 2 Features 3 Hardware running Android 3.1 Google's flagship smartphones 4 Software development 4.1 Software development kit 4.2 Android Market 4.3 App Inventor for Android 4.4 Android Developer Challenge 4.5 Google applications 4.6 Third party applications 4.7 Native code 4.8 Communitybased firmware 5 Marketing 5.1 Logos 5.2 Typeface 5.3 Market share 5.4 Usage share 6 Restrictions and issues 6.1 Linux compatibility 6.2 Networking issues 6.3 Issues concerning application development 6.4 Other issues 6.5 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links [edit] History [edit] Acquisition by Google In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in Pal o Alto, California, USA.[20] Android's cofounders who went to work at Google in cluded Andy Rubin (cofounder of Danger),[21] Rich Miner (cofounder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[22] Nick Sears (once VP at TMobile),[23] and Chris Whit e (headed design and interface development at WebTV).[24] At the time, little wa s known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that they made software for mobile phones.[20] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the m obile phone market. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by t he Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premis e of providing a flexible, upgradable system. It was reported that Google had al ready lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[2 5][26][27] More speculation that Google's Android would be entering the mobilep hone market came in December 2006.[28] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones an d it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon repor ted rumors that Google was developing a Googlebranded handset.[29] More specula tion followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that G oogle had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[30] [31] [edit] Open Handset Alliance Main article: Open Handset Alliance "Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone model s." Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[5]On the 5th of November 2007. the Open Handse t Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, B roadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and TMobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[5] Along with the fo rmation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[5] On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the An droid Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asus tek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafon e Group Plc.[32][33] [edit] Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a f ree software / open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the e ntire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[34] under an Apache L icense.[35] [edit] Update history Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates t o the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally e ach update to the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. 1.0 Released 23 September 2008[36] 1.1 Released 9 February 2009[37] 1.5 (Cupcake) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.27 On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.[38][39] There were several new features and UI update s included in the 1.5 update:[40] Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone A new softkeyboard with textprediction Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a certain distanc e New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens Animated screen transitions 1.6 (Donut) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[41] On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was r eleased.[42][43] Included in the update were:[41] An improved Android Market experience An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration with native ap plications, including the ability to dial contacts Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history, contacts, and t he web from the home screen Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a texttospeech eng ine Support for WVGA screen resolutions Speed improvements in searching and camera applications Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool Google free turnbyturn navigation 2.0 / 2.1 (Eclair) Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.29[44] On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was re leased.[45] Changes include:[46] Optimized hardware speed Support for more screen sizes and resolutions Revamped UI New Browser UI and HTML5 support New contact lists Better contrast ratio for backgrounds Improved Google Maps 3.1.2 Microsoft Exchange support Built in flash support for Camera Digital Zoom MotionEvent class enhanced to track multitouch events[47] Improved virtual keyboard Bluetooth 2.1 Live Wallpapers The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[48] The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[49] 2.2 (Froyo)[50] Based on Linux Kernel 2.6.32[51] On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was release d.[50] Changes included:[51] General Android OS speed, memory, and performance optimizations[52] Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation[53] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, autodiscovery, GAL loo kup, calendar synchronization, remote wipe) Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications
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