The Habenular Nuclei: a Conserved Asymmetric Relay Station in the Vertebrate Brain
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Anatomical Specificity of Septal Projections in Active and Passive Avoidance Behavior in Rats
MATOMICAL SPECIFICITY OF SEPTAL PROJECTIONS IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN RATS by GARY W. VAN HOESEN B. A., Humboldt State College 1965 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Psychology KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1968 Approved by: Ma/or Professor 7'/ 'VS^^^ 1'^^^ 0^ CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii INTRODUCTION 1 METHOD 2 Subjects 2 Apparatus 2 Surgery and Histology 3 Procedure Passive Avoidance I4 Active Avoidance 5 Retention 5 Massed Extinction 5 RESULTS 5 Histology 5 Passive Avoidance 20 Active Avoidance Retention Massed Extinction 28 DISCUSSION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 Ill ACraOVJLEDGEMNTS This research was conducted while the author was a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pre-Doctorate Trainee. Additional support was pro- vided by an NIGMS Training Grant, GM I362 awarded to the Kansas State Univer- sity Departments of Psychology, Zoology, and Physiology. I thank Dr. James C. Mitchell for his generous contributions of his time and guidance in the preparation of this work, and Dr. Charles P. Thompson and Dr. Robert C. Haygood for their interest and helpful criticisms. Additionally I would like to thank Mr. Jim MacDougall for his aid in the execution and prepara- tion of this research. The beha.vicral effects of septal lesions have been intensely investigated in recent years. Experiments encompassing wide ranges of test conditions and laboratory species have implicated the septum in a broad spectrum of psycho- logical and physiological phenomena. The lesion induced effects, as reviewed by KcCleary (1966), incl.ude hyperirritabllity or hypersensitivity, enhanced performance on active avoidance, and decrements on passive avoidance, timdng, alternation, and position reversal. -
Lmmunohistochemical Localization of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors in the Rodent Central Nervous System
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1987, 7(10): 3334-3342 lmmunohistochemical Localization of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors in the Rodent Central Nervous System L. W. Swanson,1v2 D. M. Simmons, I12 P. J. Whiting,’ and J. Lindstrom’ ‘The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 The distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are structurally unrelated (Kubo et al., 1986a, b) to nicotinic in the rat and mouse central nervous system has been ACh receptors (AChR, Noda et al., 1983a, b), which act by mapped in detail using monoclonal antibodies to receptors regulating directly the opening of a cation channel that is an purified from chicken and rat brain. Initial studies in the intrinsic component of the molecule. Furthermore, subtypes of chicken brain indicate that different neuronal AChRs are con- neuronal AChRs have been identified on the basis of pharma- tained in axonal projections to the optic lobe in the midbrain cological and structural properties (Whiting et al., 1987a). To from neurons in the lateral spiriform nucleus and from retinal understand the functional significanceof ACh in a particular ganglion cells. Monoclonal antibodies to the chicken and rat neural system, it is therefore necessaryto establishthe cellular brain AChRs also label apparently identical regions in all localization of ACh, and the cellular localization and type of major subdivisions of the central nervous system of rats and cholinergic receptor with which it interacts. Immunohistochem- mice, and this pattern is very similar to previous reports of istry provides a sensitive method for localizing cholinergic neu- 3H-nicotine binding, but quite different from that of a-bun- rons with antibodies to the synthetic enzyme choline acetyl- garotoxin binding. -
Agmatine Modulates Spontaneous Activity in Neurons of the Rat Medial
Weiss et al. Translational Psychiatry (2018) 8:201 DOI 10.1038/s41398-018-0254-z Translational Psychiatry ARTICLE Open Access Agmatine modulates spontaneous activity in neurons of the rat medial habenular complex—a relevant mechanism in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression? Torsten Weiss1,RenéBernard2, Hans-Gert Bernstein3,RüdigerW.Veh1 and Gregor Laube1 Abstract The dorsal diencephalic conduction system connects limbic forebrain structures to monaminergic mesencephalic nuclei via a distinct relay station, the habenular complexes. Both habenular nuclei, the lateral as well as the medial nucleus, are considered to play a prominent role in mental disorders like major depression. Herein, we investigate the effect of the polyamine agmatine on the electrical activity of neurons within the medial habenula in rat. We present evidence that agmatine strongly decreases spontaneous action potential firing of medial habenular neurons by activating I1-type imidazoline receptors. Additionally, we compare the expression patterns of agmatinase, an enzyme capable of inactivating agmatine, in rat and human habenula. In the medial habenula of both species, agmatinase is similarly distributed and observed in neurons and, in particular, in distinct neuropil areas. The putative relevance of 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; these findings in the context of depression is discussed. It is concluded that increased activity of the agmatinergic system in the medial habenula may strengthen midbrain dopaminergic activity. Consequently, -
Retrograde Inhibition by a Specific Subset of Interpeduncular Α5 Nicotinic Neurons Regulates Nicotine Preference
Retrograde inhibition by a specific subset of interpeduncular α5 nicotinic neurons regulates nicotine preference Jessica L. Ablesa,b,c, Andreas Görlicha,1, Beatriz Antolin-Fontesa,2,CuidongWanga, Sylvia M. Lipforda, Michael H. Riada, Jing Rend,e,3,FeiHud,e,4,MinminLuod,e,PaulJ.Kennyc, Nathaniel Heintza,f,5, and Ines Ibañez-Tallona,5 aLaboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065; bDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; cDepartment of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; dNational Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; eSchool of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and fHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Contributed by Nathaniel Heintz, October 23, 2017 (sent for review October 5, 2017; reviewed by Jean-Pierre Changeux and Lorna W. Role) Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse can produce adaptive changes nicotine withdrawal, and optical activation of IPN GABAergic cells that lead to the establishment of dependence. It has been shown that is sufficient to produce a withdrawal syndrome, while blockade of allelic variation in the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) gene GABAergic cells in the IPN reduced symptoms of withdrawal (17). CHRNA5 is associated with higher risk of tobacco dependence. In the Taken together these studies highlight the critical role of α5in brain, α5-containing nAChRs are expressed at very high levels in the regulating behavioral responses to nicotine. Here we characterize two subpopulations of GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Here we identified two nonoverlapping Amigo1 Epyc α + α Amigo1 α Epyc neurons in the IPN that express α5: α5- and α5- neu- 5 cell populations ( 5- and 5- ) in mouse IPN that respond α Amigo1 α Epyc differentially to nicotine. -
The Effects of Habenular and Medial Forebrain Bundle Lesions on Sexual Behavior in Female Rats'
The effects of habenular and medial forebrain bundle lesions on sexual behavior in female rats' CHARLES H. RODGERS:?, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY, STANFORD UNIVERSITY O. THOMAS LAW, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, CLAREMONT GRADUATE SCHOOL A comparison was made of the effects of habenular and subsequent to the experiencing trials, the preoperative medial forebrain bundle lesions on female rat sexual behavior tests were initiated. Each S received one 15 min. trial as measured by the lordosis-to-mount ratio, and by the fe while nonreceptive and one 15 min. trial while receptive. male's avoidance of sexual contact. Results show that Receptivity was induced as described above. destruction of the habenulae causes a decreased lordosis Lesions were produced by monopolar stainless steel response, and a greater avoidance of male sexual contacts. electrodes, insulated except for .008 in. at the tip, under Medial forebrain bundle lesions had a less pronounced effect the following conditions: (1) Habenula (Hab)-2 rnA on the female's behavior. anodal current for 10 sec.; (2) Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)-2 rnA anodal current for 15 sec. Coordinates Few studies have reported the effects of subcortical for the target areas were obtained fromdeGroot(1959). destruction on copulatory behavior in the female rat. Copulatory tests were conducted in a cylindrical It is accepted that circumscribed destruction of the mating arena made of clear Plexiglas 18 in. high x anterior hypothalamus causes female rats to become 20 in. in diameter, supported on a table surfaced with anovulatory and behaviorally nonreceptive (Flerko, 1/2-in. hardware cloth. A mirror, fixed at an angle 1963). -
Nicotine Aversion Is Mediated by Gabaergic Interpeduncular Nucleus Inputs to Laterodorsal Tegmentum
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04654-2 OPEN Nicotine aversion is mediated by GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus inputs to laterodorsal tegmentum Shannon L. Wolfman1, Daniel F. Gill1, Fili Bogdanic2, Katie Long3, Ream Al-Hasani4, Jordan G. McCall4,5,6, Michael R. Bruchas5,6 & Daniel S. McGehee1,2 1234567890():,; Nicotine use can lead to dependence through complex processes that are regulated by both its rewarding and aversive effects. Recent studies show that aversive nicotine doses activate excitatory inputs to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) from the medial habenula (MHb), but the downstream targets of the IPN that mediate aversion are unknown. Here we show that IPN projections to the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDTg) are GABAergic using optoge- netics in tissue slices from mouse brain. Selective stimulation of these IPN axon terminals in LDTg in vivo elicits avoidance behavior, suggesting that these projections contribute to aversion. Nicotine modulates these synapses in a concentration-dependent manner, with strong enhancement only seen at higher concentrations that elicit aversive responses in behavioral tests. Optogenetic inhibition of the IPN–LDTg connection blocks nicotine condi- tioned place aversion, suggesting that the IPN–LDTg connection is a critical part of the circuitry that mediates the aversive effects of nicotine. 1 Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 2 Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 3 Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 4 St. Louis College of Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Division of Basic Research of the Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. -
Chrna5-Expressing Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Mediate Aversion Primed by Prior Stimulation Or Nicotine Exposure
6900 • The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1, 2018 • 38(31):6900–6920 Systems/Circuits Chrna5-Expressing Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Mediate Aversion Primed by Prior Stimulation or Nicotine Exposure X Glenn Morton,1 Nailyam Nasirova,1 Daniel W. Sparks,3 Matthew Brodsky,1 Sanghavy Sivakumaran,3 X Evelyn K. Lambe,3,4,5 and XEric E. Turner1,2 1Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, 3Department of Physiology, 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Genetic studies have shown an association between smoking and variation at the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene locus encoding the ␣5, ␣3, and 4 nicotinic receptor subunits. The ␣5 receptor has been specifically implicated because smoking-associated haplotypes contain a coding variant in the CHRNA5 gene. The Chrna5/a3/b4 locus is conserved in rodents and the restricted expression of these subunits suggests neural pathways through which the reinforcing and aversive properties of nicotine may be mediated. Here, we show that, in the interpe- duncular nucleus (IP), the site of the highest Chrna5 mRNA expression in rodents, electrophysiological responses to nicotinic acetylcho- line receptor stimulation are markedly reduced in ␣5-null mice. IP neurons differ markedly from their upstream ventral medial habenula cholinergic partners, which appear unaltered by loss of ␣5. To probe the functional role of ␣5-containing IP neurons, we used BAC recombineering to generate transgenic mice expressing Cre-recombinase from the Chrna5 locus. Reporter expression driven by Chrna5 Cre demonstrates that transcription of Chrna5 is regulated independently from the Chrna3/b4 genes transcribed on the opposite strand. -
Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 1, 2003 • 23(9):3855–3868 • 3855 Neural Correlates of Competing Fear Behaviors Evoked by an Innately Aversive Stimulus Raymond Mongeau,1 Gabriel A. Miller,1 Elizabeth Chiang,1 and David J. Anderson1,2 1Division of Biology and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Environment and experience influence defensive behaviors, but the neural circuits mediating such effects are not well understood. We describe a new experimental model in which either flight or freezing reactions can be elicited from mice by innately aversive ultrasound. Flight and freezing are negatively correlated, suggesting a competition between fear motor systems. An unfamiliar environment or a previous aversive event, moreover, can alter the balance between these behaviors. To identify potential circuits controlling this compe- tition, global activity patterns in the whole brain were surveyed in an unbiased manner by c-fos in situ hybridization, using novel experimental and analytical methods. Mice predominantly displaying freezing behavior had preferential neural activity in the lateral septum ventral and several medial and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, whereas mice predominantly displaying flight had more activity in cortical, amygdalar, and striatal motor areas, the dorsolateral posterior zone of the hypothalamus, and the vertical limb of the diagonal band. These complementary patterns of c-fos induction, taken together with known connections between these structures, suggest ways in which the brain may mediate the balance between these opponent defensive behaviors. Key words: defense behaviors; ultrasound; C56Bl6 mice; anxiety; flight behavior; freezing behavior; septum; hypothalamus; pedunculo- pontine tegmentum; diagonal band; cingulate cortex; motor cortex; retrosplenial cortex; accumbens; caudate putamen; amygdala Introduction iors can, moreover, be altered in a predictable manner by simple Studies of defensive behaviors in rodents provide useful para- environmental manipulations. -
Cholesterol Synthetic Enzymein Rabbit Nervous System By
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 9821-9825, December 1988 Neurobiology Localization of mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor and a cholesterol synthetic enzyme in rabbit nervous system by in situ hybridization (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase/apoprotein E/myelination/Watanabe heritable-hyperlipidemic rabbit) LARRY W. SWANSON*, DONNA M. SIMMONS*, SANDRA L. HOFMANNt, JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEINt, AND MICHAEL S. BROWNt *The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and tDepartments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235 Contributed by Joseph L. Goldstein, September 15, 1988 ABSTRACT The low density lipoprotein receptor and one macrophages. Thus, apoE and the LDL receptor play a role of its ligands, apoprotein E, are known to be synthesized in the in the healing of peripheral nerves. central nervous system. In the current study, we used in situ A role for apoE in the central nervous system (CNS) was hybridization to localize the receptor mRNA in selected neu- demonstrated by Boyles et al. (5), who showed by immuno- rons and glia throughout the nervous system of 9-day-old cytochemistry that astrocytes produce apoE. This finding rabbits. Particularly high levels were found in sensory ganglia, stimulated a search for LDL receptors in the brain. Hofmann sensory nuclei, and motor-related nuclei. The same regions et al. (7), using RNA blotting to measure LDL receptor contained high levels of mRNA for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglu- mRNA, and Pitas et al. (8), using immunocytochemistry, taryl-coenzyme A synthase, a regulated enzyme in cholesterol identified LDL receptors in rabbit, bovine, rat, and monkey biosynthesis. -
Effect of Bilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions of the Medial Forebrain Bundle on Reaction Time A.D
Effect of Bilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions of the Medial Forebrain Bundle on Reaction Time A.D. Smith, Ph.D., M. Amalric, Ph.D., G.F. Koob, Ph.D., and M.J. Zigmond, Ph.D. Overt symptoms of Parkinson’s disease do not manifest week testing period and akinetic deficits expressed by an themselves until there is a substantial loss of the increase in delayed responding. In addition, larger DA dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection. However, as depletions (у95%) profoundly altered motor control with neuroprotective strategies are developed, it will be essential decreases in percent correct responses, increases in delayed to detect the disease in its preclinical phase. Performance on responses and increases in reaction time. These results conditioned reaction time tasks is known to be impaired by suggest that reaction time may be a relatively sensitive extensive 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the measure of preclinical or subtle deficits, although it might nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. However, the effect of be even more useful in quantitating the severity of depletion smaller lesions on a reaction time task has not been once overt deficits or symptoms appear and has the systematically assessed. We, therefore, used this test to advantage of measuring such deficits over time to follow examine behavioral deficits as a function of striatal recovery of function. Furthermore since reaction time dopamine loss. When injected at doses that produced deficits required extensive loss of dopamine, these results striatal DA depletion Ͻ50%, 6-hydroxydopamine infused are consistent with a predominant role of extrasynaptic in the medial forebrain bundle produced no reliable dopamine in the mediation of relatively skilled motor tasks. -
Afferent Connections to the Striatum and the Nucleus Accumbens
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 378:16–49 (1997) Basal Ganglia Organization in Amphibians: Afferent Connections to the Striatum and the Nucleus Accumbens OSCAR MARI´N,1 AGUSTI´N GONZA´ LEZ,1* AND WILHELMUS J.A.J. SMEETS2 1Departamento de Biologı´a Celular, Facultad de Biologı´a, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 2 Graduate School of Neurosciences of Amsterdam, Research Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ABSTRACT As part of a research program to determine if the organization of basal ganglia (BG) of amphibians is homologous to that of amniotes, the afferent connections of the BG in the anurans Xenopus laevis and Rana perezi and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl were investigated with sensitive tract-tracing techniques. Hodological evidence is presented that supports a division of the amphibian BG into a nucleus accumbens and a striatum. Both structures have inputs in common from the olfactory bulb, medial pallium, striatopallial transition area, preoptic area, ventral thalamus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior tubercle, several mesencephalic and rhombencephalic reticular nuclei, locus coeruleus, raphe, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Several nuclei that project to both subdivisions of the BG, however, show a clear preference for either the striatum (lateral amygdala, parabrachial nucleus) or the nucleus accumbens (medial amygdala, ventral midbrain tegmentum). In addition, the anterior entopeduncular nucleus, central thalamic nucleus, anterior and posteroventral divisions of the lateral thalamic nucleus, and torus semicircularis project exclusively to the striatum, whereas the anterior thalamic nucleus, anteroventral, and anterodorsal tegmental nuclei provide inputs solely to the nucleus accumbens. Apart from this subdivision of the basal forebrain, the results of the present study have revealed more elaborate patterns of afferent projections to the BG of amphibians than previously thought.