Informe Global De La Corrupción 2007

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Informe Global De La Corrupción 2007 INFORME GLOBAL DE LAINFORME GLOBAL CORRUPCXIÓN the global coalition against corruption “La serie del Informe Global contra la Corrupción de Transparency International es una lectura obligatoria para aquellos interesados en desarrollo y gobernabilidad. En particular, la comunidad que lucha por la defensa de los derechos humanos se beneficiará con la publicación de este año sobre corrupción en el ámbito judicial”. Mary Robinson, ex Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, ex Pre- sidenta de Irlanda y Presidenta de Realizing Rights: The Ethical Global Iniciative. “La corrupción judicial es insidiosa y destruye completamente los parámetros de buen gobierno, lo Informe que en última instancia tiende a generar o mantener conflictos. El Informe Global contra la Corrup- ción de TI ofrece un nuevo foco de atención sobre el problema y rebosa de recomendaciones prác- ticas sobre cómo combatir la corrupción en todas sus manifestaciones”. Gareth Evans, Presidente del Internacional Crisis Group. “Resulta refrescante el poder leer discusiones sobre este tema –a menudo cargado de connotacio- Global de la nes emocionales– que arrojan luz al asunto en lugar de polémica”. Charles Caruso, Consejo para Iniciativas Jurídicas en América Latina y el Caribe del Colegio Ame- ricano de Abogados. El Informe Global de la Corrupción 2007 (IGC) de Transparency International (TI) reúne a acadé- micos, profesionales en el ámbito legal y sociedad civil alrededor del mundo con el fin de examinar cómo, por qué y en qué etapa la corrupción puede dañar a los procesos judiciales. Asimismo trata Corrupción de reflejar posibles formas de remediar aquellos sistemas corruptos. El IGC 2007 está enfocado en jueces y cortes, situándolos dentro de un sistema de justicia amplio y explorando el impacto que la corrupción judicial tiene sobre los derechos humanos, el desarrollo económico y la gobernabilidad. 2007 Se analizan dos problemas: la interferencia política que pone presión sobre los jueces para que éstos acaten a favor de sus intereses políticos y económicos, incluyendo interferencia política en casos de corrupción; y pequeña corrupción que involucra a personal de la corte. El resultado es un análisis TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL TRANSPARENCY 2007 de cómo la independencia y rendición de cuentas del poder judicial, dos conceptos clave para la pro- moción de la integridad de este sector, pueden ser abordadas para combatir la corrupción en el sis- tema judicial. La versión en español del Informe incluye estudios específicos de 8 países de América Latina y de España; recomendaciones para jueces, poderes políticos, procuradores, abogados y sociedad civil; Corrupción en y 12 estudios empíricos de corrupción en varios sectores, incluyendo el sector judicial. TI es la organización de la sociedad civil que lidera el combate global contra la corrupción. A tra- vés de más de noventa capítulos alrededor del mundo y la Secretaría Internacional situada en Berlín, Alemania, TI genera conciencia sobre las consecuencias negativas de la corrupción, y tra- sistemas judiciales baja en asociación con el gobierno, empresas privadas y sociedad civil para desarrollar e implemen- tar medidas efectivas para combatir este problema. Para más información, visitar www.transparency.org. the global coalition against corruption Editores del Puerto Primera edición 2007 publicada por Cambridge University Press Dirección electrónica: www.cambridge.org En asociación con Transparency International Alt Moabit 96, 10559 Berlín, Alemania www.globalcorruptionreport.org © Transparency International 2007 © De esta edición, 2007, Editores del Puerto s.r.l. Corrientes 1515 P. 10 - Of. A (1042) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Telefax (54-11) 4372-8969 / 4375-4209 www.editoresdelpuerto.com [email protected] Transparency International Informe global de la corrupción 2007 : corrupción en los sistemas judiciales / Huguette Labelle ; Kamal Hossain ; Baltasar Garzón Real [et al.]- 1a ed. - Ciudad Autóno- ma de Buenos Aires : Del Puerto, 2007. 368 p. ; 24x17 cm. ISBN 978-987-1397-13-6 1. Jueces. 2. Corrupción Judicial. I. Hos- sain, Kamal II. Garzón Real, Baltasar III. Título CDD 347.014 Fecha de catalogación: 05/11/2007 El derecho de Transparency International a ser identificado como autor de la presente obra ha sido esta- blecido de conformidad con la Ley del derecho de autor, diseño y patentes de 1998. La edición en inglés del Informe Global de la Corrupción se encuentra en el catálogo de la Biblioteca Británica. Ninguna parte de este libro ha de ser republicada, reproducida ni utilizada en modo alguno, en ningún medio electrónico, mecánico o de otra índole, conocido en la actualidad o a futuro, incluidos la fotocopia y el registro, ni en ningún sistema de almacenamiento o extracción de datos, sin el consentimiento previo y por escrito de los autores. Editado por Diana Rodríguez y Linda Ehrichs Editores colaboradores: Marta Erquicia, Robin Hodess, Victoria Jennett y Diane Mak Manuscrito corregido por Michael Griffin Coordinacion de la edición en español: Marta Erquicia y Diana Rodríguez Traducción: Jennifer Baez y Ariadna Estevez López Imagen de tapa: Stefan Klein / iStockphoto.com No se escatimaron esfuerzos para confirmar la veracidad de la información contenida en este informe, incluidos los alegatos. Toda la información era considerada correcta al mes de agosto de 2006. No obstan- te, Transparency International no puede garantizar la exactitud y la integridad del contenido. Tampoco puede asumir la responsabilidad por las consecuencias de su uso para otros fines o en otros foros. Los apor- tes al Informe Global de la Corrupción 2007 por parte de autores externos a Transparency International no reflejan necesariamente los puntos de vista de Transparency International ni de sus capítulos nacionales. Informe Global de la Corrupción 2007 Transparency International Editores del Puerto El Informe Global de la Corrupción 2007 (IGC) de Transparency International (TI) reúne a académicos, juristas y sociedad civil alrededor del mundo con el fin de examinar cómo, por qué y en qué etapa la corrupción puede dañar a los pro- cesos judiciales. Asimismo trata de reflejar posibles formas de remediar aque- llos sistemas corruptos. El IGC 2007 está enfocado en jueces y cortes, situándo- los dentro de un sistema de justicia amplio y explorando el impacto que la corrupción judicial tiene sobre los derechos humanos, el desarrollo económico y la gobernabilidad. Se analizan dos problemas: la interferencia política que pone presión sobre los jueces para que éstos acaten a favor de sus intereses políticos y económi- cos, y la corrupción administrativa que involucra a personal de la corte. El resultado es un análisis de cómo la independencia y la rendición de cuentas del poder judicial pueden ser abordadas para combatir la corrupción en el sis- tema judicial. La versión en español del Informe incluye estudios de España y de 8 países de América Latina; recomendaciones para jueces, políticos, procuradores, aboga- dos y sociedad civil; y 13 estudios empíricos de corrupción en varios sectores. TI es la organización de la sociedad civil que lidera la lucha global contra la corrupción. A través de más de noventa capítulos alrededor del mundo y la Secretaría Internacional en Berlín, Alemania, TI genera conciencia sobre las consecuencias negativas de la corrupción, y trabaja con el gobierno, empresas privadas y sociedad civil para desarrollar e implementar medidas efectivas para combatir este problema. Para más información, visitar www.transparency.org. Índice Contribuidores . I Reconocimientos . III Mensaje de la presidenta de Transparency International Huguette Labelle . V Prólogo Baltasar Garzón Real . VII Prefacio Kamal Hossain . IX Resumen ejecutivo: problemas clave de corrupción judicial Transparency International . XIII Parte Uno Análisis comparativo de corrupción judicial 1. Introducción al problema Corrupción en el poder judicial: causas y soluciones Mary Noel Pepys . 3 ¿Qué tan común es el soborno en el sector judicial? Transparency International. 13 2. Independencia, interferencia política y corrupción La independencia judicial y la corrupción Susan Rose-Ackerman . 17 Crecimiento económico, seguridad jurídica e independencia judicial Stefan Voigt . 29 Elecciones judiciales en Estados Unidos: ¿constituye la corrupción un problema? Roy A. Schotland. 31 Combatir la corrupción y la influencia política en el sistema judicial de Rusia Tom Blass . 39 Jueces corruptos y el derecho agrario en Zimbabwe Gugulethu Moyo . 44 3. Rendición de cuentas y competencia de los jueces Integridad judicial: la brecha en la rendición de cuentas y los Principios de Bangalore Greg Mayne . 51 Corrupción, rendición de cuentas y la disciplina de los jueces en América Latina Emilio J. Cárdenas y Héctor M. Chayer . 56 La profesionalización de los jueces: educación, sueldos y trayectoria profesional en Asia Vincent Yang y Linda Ehrichs. 61 Requisitos profesionales de la judicatura en Italia, Francia y Alemania Carlo Guarnieri . 71 La dimensión internacional de la rendición de cuentas judicial Zora Ledergerber, Gretta Fenner y Mark Pieth . 79 4. El sistema de justicia general La corrupción judicial y el sistema de justicia general Edgardo Buscaglia . 85 México: los jueces de los traficantes Jorge Fernández Menéndez . 97 La corrupción judicial desde la perspectiva del fiscal Nicholas Cowdery AM QC . 99 La pérdida de influencia de los jueces de instrucción en Francia y el impacto en la lucha contra la corrupción Eva Joly . 106
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