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The Australian Football League and the Closet

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The Australian Football League and the Closet Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2014 The Australian Football League and the closet Andrew Douglas Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Douglas, A. (2014). The Australian Football League and the closet. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1399 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1399 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. The Australian Football League and the Closet Andrew Douglas Bachelor of Arts (Hon), Bachelor of Social Work (Hon) Master of Arts by Research School of Communication and Arts Faculty of Education and Arts Edith Cowan University September 2014 Abstract This thesis examines the complete absence of openly gay males from the ranks of the professional players in the Australian Football League (AFL). It seeks to explain this absence in the context of the modern gay rights movement. in contemporary Australian society. It compares and contrasts the effects of this movement on both the AFL and other mainstream Australian social institutions. Over more than four decades, the gay rights movement has effected a number of social changes. These changes include both specific legal reforms and more general trends such as the increasing social visibility of gay men across a range of mainstream institutions including politics and the military. However, this trend is not consistent across all major institutions. It is far less evident in professional team sports, especially the major football codes of this country. This research shows that the same trend is evident in the major football codes of countries such as Britain and the United States (US). However, what is unique to the AFL is that none of its current or former players has ever publicly declared his homosexuality in a biographical text or media interview. Despite the absence of openly gay AFL players, this thesis accesses other significant sources such as the coming-out narratives of professional players in other football codes and of other athletes in Australia, Britain and the US. Furthermore, relevant research into homophobia among athletes is also presented. Given the absence of primary sources as well as the inability to access relevant subjects directly, this research is qualitative rather than quantitative. It is also speculative in that it seeks to explain a specific trend in professional sport in general and in the AFL in particular by outlining common trends. A primary focus is the pattern of masculinity that prevails in men’s sport, both amateur and professional. This pattern is examined in other exclusively or predominantly male institutions such as the military. Until the advent of gay liberation, this pattern of masculinity was depicted purely in heterosexual terms. This thesis explores the evolution of this dominant masculinity within the context of ii modern Western society, specifically in terms of the Industrial Revolution and its effects on the sexual division of labour. This predominant masculinity is also examined in relation to the mainstream media in various contexts. These include the reporting on both the public personas and the private lives of high-profile footballers in general and of AFL players in particular. A further context is how this reporting consolidates the elite status of high- profile, professional footballers and how a range of sexual indiscretions are portrayed in the mainstream media. The thesis also examines how the homoerotic aspect of AFL is portrayed within the media. Since some of this media coverage has been analysed by academic research, further insights are provided into aspects of misogyny and homophobia within the AFL. Both this media coverage and academic analysis allude to a culture within the AFL that tends to preclude a gay player from coming out. This thesis explains the relationship among the factors— both within the sporting context and within broader society— that converge within the professional AFL to promote a particular pattern of masculinity. This pattern of masculinity continues to preclude the openly gay man among its ranks of professional players. iii Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: i. incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; ii. contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of this thesis; or iii. contain any defamatory material. Andrew Douglas iv Acknowledgements I acknowledge the great help and support given by my supervisors, especially Dr Lyndall Adams and Dr Debbie Rodan and the assistance of writing consultant Dr Jo McFarlane. In addition, I am grateful for the constant support and practical assistance of Sarah Kearn (Co-ordinator of Research Support for Higher Degrees in the Faculty of Education and Arts). I also wish to thank the helpful staff of ECU Library, Mt Lawley: Haydn Pickersgill, Amanda Myers, Gillian Willmer, Sean Curran, Graham Connell and Lutie Sheridan. My close friends have also been very supportive during this entire process and I thank them for their patience, encouragement, interest and support over the past four years: Wayne Ryder, Tamara Rouen, Dr Maitland Bowen, Dr Simon Corcoran of University College London and Associate Professor Mark Sachmann of the University of Western Australia. I acknowledge the support of my fellow post-graduate student Eileen Whitehead who is the driving force behind the Mature Age Student Network (MASN) at ECU. Finally, I acknowledge the support of my devoted mother Katina who taught me, among many other things, the value of education. Mere words are inadequate to describe her positive and enduring contribution to my life. v Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Declaration .................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... v Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Lack of Positive Gay Role Models in Professional Team Sport ...................... 1 1.3 Genesis of the Current Research ...................................................................... 2 1.4 Aim ................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Significance of this Study ................................................................................ 6 1.7 Background to the Study .................................................................................. 6 1.7.1 Homosexuality as deviance and pathology. ............................................ 7 1.7.2 Homosexuality and Sport in Modern Society. ........................................ 8 1.8 Theoretical Perspective: Hegemonic Masculinity ........................................... 9 1.9 Methodology .................................................................................................. 10 1.9.1 Case studies. .......................................................................................... 11 1.9.2 Textual analysis. .................................................................................... 12 1.9.3 Coming-out narratives. .......................................................................... 13 1.9.4 Media analysis. .....................................................................................
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