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Sea Ice Nomenclature

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Sea Ice Nomenclature SEA ICE NOMENCLATURE Version 1.0 prepared by Dr A.V. Bushuyev, Russian Federation Summary and Purpose of Document This document provides a draft of a new version of the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature, which includes a corrected version of the WMO glossary on sea ice cover. The document describes recommendations for future ice chart preparation using the international system of sea ice symbols. ICE TERMS ARRANGED BY SUBJECT 1. Main notions and definitions 1.1 Floating ice Any form of ice floating in water. The principal kinds of floating ice at the sea surface are sea ice which is formed by the freezing of sea water at the surface, lake ice and river ice formed on rivers or lakes and glacier ice (ice of land origin). The concept also includes ice that is grounded. (1. Ed.) 1.1.1 Sea ice Ice, which has originated from the freezing of sea water. It presents the main kind of floating ice encountered at sea. (1.1.Ed.) 1.1.2 Ice of land origin Ice formed on land or in an ice shelf, found floating in water (1.2 Ed.) 1.1.3. River, lake ice Ice formed on a river or on a lake and which may be exported to sea. River ice fields are depicted on radar images as similar to old fields. Fresh water ice differs significantly in its mechanical and electro-magnetic characteristics from sea ice of the same age. 1.2 Ice cover Floating ice covering a water area regardless of its age, concentration, mobility and other characteristics. This is the most general notion, usually requiring further specification. The ice cover boundaries are the ice edge and the coastline. 1.3 Fast ice Consolidated solid ice attached to the shore, to an ice wall or to an ice front. It forms by freezing to the shore of the ice cover forming in the coastal zone or as a result of freezing of drifting ice of any age category to the shore or fast ice. Vertical movement may be observed during tidal oscillations. It can be preserved without fracturing for two or more years transforming from first-year ice to multiyear ice and even shelf ice. The fast ice width can vary from several hundreds of meters to several hundreds of kilometers. That part of fast ice presenting a narrow fringe of ice directly attached to the coast with a shallow bottom and unresponsive to tidal oscillations that remains after the fast ice has moved away is called the Ice foot. Fast ice at the initial stage of formation consisting of nilas and young ice with a width up to 100-200 m is called young coastal ice. When coding and depicting fast ice on ice charts, total concentration is not indicated as this is alw ays equal to 10/10 in accordance with the definition (3.1, 3.1.1, 3.2 Ed.). 1.4 Pack ice Any ice at the sea surface except for fast ice and stamukhas regardless of its age, form, origin and other characteristics that has a possibility of movement (drift) under the action of winds, currents and tides. As a result of the dynamic processes (drift, divergence, convergance), the total and partial concentrations of drifting ice constantly change (1.1.2 Ed.). 1.5 Bergy water A large area of navigable water in which ice of land origin is present or possible at a total concentration less than 1/10. Such zones do not usually have a clearly expressed edge or boundary WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature draft, version 1.0, p.2 with ice-free water. A characterization of ice conditions in such areas can be made both on the basis of data from direct observations, data from previous observations or from climatic data (4.2.7 Ed.). 1.6 Ice-free No ice is present. If ice of any kind is present this term shall not be used (4.2.8. Ed.) 1.7 No observational data Zone where observations were not conducted. 1.8 Zone Part of the water area contoured on an ice chart in the form of a closed polygon within which the ice cover characteristics given for this zone are considered similar. A zone can be sub-divided into a basic zone and additional zones. 1.8.1. Basic zones Basic zones are delineated by mobility, total concentration and age categories. Such additional characteristics as hummock and ridge concentration, rafting of young ice, or stages of melting are usually included in a description of the characteristics of these basic zones. It is assumed that the boundaries of the main and additional characteristics coincide. The basic zones are subdivided into the following types: Fast ice, Drifting Ice, Bergy water, Ice-free water. On large-scale ice charts, giant and sometimes vast ice floes can be contoured and described in the basic zones. 1.8.2. Additional zones Additional zones present separate layers on an ice chart. If it is necessary to show the actual boundaries of zones of discontinuities (leads and fractures), changing hummock and ridge concentration, level ice, zones of different stages of melting or other additional characteristics, they are identified only by one characteristic. 1.9 Ice boundary The demarcation between fast ice and drift ice or between different zones of drift ice. When used as a climatologic term, for describing the position of the boundary of spreading of ice of any concentration or age in any given month or a period based on the observation data for a number of years, the tem should be preceded by a word mean, median, minimum or maximum with indication of the ice cover characteristic after it. For example: ìMedian boundary of multiyear close iceî (4.4.9 Ed.). 1.9.1 Ice edge The demarcation between the open sea and sea ice of any kind, whether fast (fast ice edge) or drifting. The drift ice edge may be termed compacted or diffuse (4.4.8 Ed.). 1.9.1.1 Ice limit Climatological term referring to the mean, median, extreme minimum or extreme maximum extent of the ice edge in any given month or period based on observations over a number of years. Term should be preceded by the word mean, median, minimum or maximum (4.4.8.3, 4.4.8.4 Ed.). 2. Arrangement 2.1 Area of ice cover WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature draft, version 1.0, p.3 The ratio in percent of the ice cover area to the total sea area or some geographical area at a specific moment of time. This local may be global covering an area of the seas of the entire hemisphere or some part of an ocean or a sea, for example such as Baffin Bay or the Barents Sea (4.1 Ed.). 2.2 Concentration The ratio of the area of ice features to the total area of a sea part (zone) delineated on the chart, expressed in tenths. The total concentration includes all stages of development and the partial concentration includes areas of ice of specific age or arrangement which comprise only part of the total concentration. Concentrations within 0-1/10 and 9/10 ñ 10/10 from instrumental observations can be expressed in hundredths (4.2 Ed.). 2.2.1. Compact pack ice Floating ice in which the concentration is 10/10 and no water is visible (4.2.1) 2.2.1.1 Consolidated ice Floating ice in which the concentration is 10/10 and the floes are frozen together. (4.2.1.1) 2.2.2. Very close pack ice Floating ice in which the concentration is 9/10 and more, but less than 10/10 (4.2.2.Ed.) 2.2.3 Close pack ice Floating ice in which the concentration is 7/10 to 8/10, composed of floes mostly in contact (4.2.3). 2.2.4 Open pack ice Floating ice in which the ice concentration is 4/10 to 6/10, with many fractures, and floes that are generally not in contact with one another (4.2.4). 2.2.5 Very open pack ice Floating ice in which the concentration is 1/10 to 3/10 and water preponderates over ice (4.2.5.). 2.2.6 Open water A large area of freely navigable water in which sea ice is present in concentrations less than 1/10 and ice of land origin is absent. (4.2.6) 2.3 Ice massif A variable accumulation of close or very close ice covering hundreds of square kilometers which is found in the same region every summer (4.4.2). 2.4 Ice field An area of floating ice of any size, which is greater than 10 km across. The characteristics, position and sizes of fields are described as separate zones. (4.4.1 Ed.) 2.4.1 Ice patch WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature draft, version 1.0, p.4 An accumulation of floating ice less than 10 km across in ice-free water or among ice in smaller concentration. 2.4.2 Strip A long narrow zone of floating ice, about 1 km or less in width, usually composed of small fragments detached from the main mass of ice, and run together under the influence of wind, swell or current. (4.4.5) 2.4.3 Strip, Patch The term is applied for characterizing irregularities of the total and partial concentration in a delineated zone when it is impossible to depict the position of strips and patches on the ice chart as separate zones. 3. Development 3.1 New ice A general term for recently formed ice which includes frazil ice, grease ice, slush and shuga.
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