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Alien Fish Species in Reservoir Systems in Turkey: a Review

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Alien Fish Species in Reservoir Systems in Turkey: a Review Management of Biological Invasions (2012) Volume 3, Issue 2: 115–119 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2012.3.2.06 Open Access © 2012 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2012 REABIC Short Communication Alien fish species in reservoir systems in Turkey: a review Deniz Innal Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Department of Biology, Hydrobiology, 15100, Burdur, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author Received: 26 December 2011 / Accepted: 16 July 2012 / Published online: 24 December 2012 Handling editor: Elias Dana, University of Almeria, Spain Abstract Turkey’s natural river systems have been anthropogenically altered in the past century. Native fish communities of river systems have come under increasing pressure from water engineering projects, pollution, overfishing and the movements of alien fish species. Introduction of alien fishes is one of the main threats to the survival and genetic integrity of native fishes around the world. In Turkey, alien freshwater fish are continuing to increase in number of species, abundance, and distribution. The present paper reviews fish stocking studies in Turkey’s reservoirs. Key words: alien fish; native translocated fish; distribution; Turkey hybridisation, alteration of habitat quality and/or Introduction ecosystem function, host of pests or parasites (Westman and Tuunainen 1984; Copp et al. The introduction of alien fishes is a major cause 2005; Roll et al. 2007; Britton et al. 2010; Pino of biodiversity decline in freshwater ecosystems Del Carpio et al. 2010). (Rowe et al. 2008). Certain freshwater fish The Turkish Rivers contain a distinctive fish species used for recreational angling have been fauna characterized by endemic species and transported around the globe to rivers, dams and species of biogeographic significance (Geldiay lakes, frequently without environmental impact and Balik 1999). Turkey’s natural river systems assessments or monitoring (Cambray 2003). The have been anthropogenically altered in the past abundance of introduced fish has apparently century and some alien fish species are now increased in recent years and the diversity of considered a threat factor for endemic species. freshwater species has changed in Turkey The purpose of the present study is to investigate (Cetinkaya 2006; Innal and Erk’akan 2006; Unlü the alien fish species of reservoir systems in et al. 2011). Turkey. Aquatic species have been introduced for several reasons, namely to establish fisheries (commercial and sport) and for aquaculture, as Materials and methods forage for other important species, control of unwanted organisms (aquatic vegetation, This report examines reviews of published mosquitos, snails, blooms of phytoplankton, literature, reports and working papers about other fish) and accidental (Welcomme 1988; distribution and biology of alien fish species in Coad 1996; Cowx 1999). the natural and altered aquatic systems of The impacts associated with the introduction Turkey. For each species, introduced systems of alien fishes are many, including; competition, (including reservoir, river, lake and closed habitat alteration, parasitism, predation, systems) and reason for introduction 115 D. Innal (aquaculture, research, improvement of wild 12 species have established self reproducing stocks, recreational or commercial fishing, populations. Five species, gibel carp (C. gibelio), biocontrol, biotheraphy and accidental) are topmouth gudgeon (P. parva), rainbow trout assessed. (O. mykiss) and mosquito fishes (G. affinis and G. hoolbroki), are currently the most widely Results and discussion distributed alien fishes in Turkey’s reservoirs. The introduction of alien fishes into inland The number of reservoir systems in Turkey has waters of Turkey has a long history beginning apparently increased in recent years. Fish with the stocking of exotic Poeciliidae (G. introduction is widely applied in these affinis, G. holbrooki) to control mosquito larvae reservoirs. This practice is primarily financed by (Innal & Erk’akan 2006). Introduction and the State and other agencies, e.g., hydroelectric translocations of exotic and indigenous species power companies, universities, fishermen or have been carried out mostly in the last 60 years fisheries organizations. The main reason for the in Turkey. At the end of 1960s DSI (State Water introduction of fish species is for the purpose of Works) began to stock common carp, C. carpio, food production. Other reasons include fisheries zander Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758), wels improvement, aquaculture, ornamental fish catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 and bleak, production and plant and animal control. Some Alburnus spp. in reservoirs (Anonymous 1988; introductions have been recorded as accidental. Geldiay and Balik 1999). Currently, rainbow Alien and native translocated fish species of trout O. mykiss, wels catfish S. glanis, zander Turkey are given in Appendix 1. Introduced fish S. lucioperca, common carp C. carpio, grass carp species of some reservoir systems are given in C. idella, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys Appendix 2. molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844), European perch Alien and native translocated fish species of Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 and barb Barbus Turkey are reported as 54 (listed in Appendix 1) grypus Heckel, 1843 are the species produced in in this paper. Fish species are distributed hatcheries for stocking inland waters. Common amongst 22 families, with Cyprinidae repre- carp, mirror carp (C. carpio Linnaeus, 1758) and senting the greatest number of species, followed rainbow trout are the most common species used by Salmonidae and Cichlidae. for stocking reservoirs. Common carp and mirror Translocations of native fish species have carp account for the major production in been one of the major reasons for the reservoir freshwater fisheries. enhancement of inland water bodies in Turkey. Many introductions into reservoirs are Translocated native freshwater fish are reported associated with aquaculture. Some species have as 24. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, succesfully maintains populations from escapes 1758) and European tench [Tinca tinca and releases. Cichlids Oreochromis spp. and (Linnaeus, 1758)] are currently the most widely Tilapia spp., and hybrid striped-bass Morone distributed translocated fish in Turkey’s chrysops x Morone saxatilis were introduced to reservoirs. open waters as aquaculture experiments (Dikel Overall alien fish species in Turkey are and Celik 1998; Gökce at al. 2003; Celik and reported as 30. with 15 species specifically Gökce 2003; Güner et al. 2007). introduced into reservoirs namely, Lepomis The ornamental fish trade is also a source of gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Oncorhynchus accidental introductions of non-native fish mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oreochromis aureus species into open water systems. A few (Steindachner, 1864), Oreochromis mossambicus introductions of exotic fish into open freshwater (Peters, 1852), Oreochromis niloticus niloticus systems of Turkey have involved the accidental (Linnaeus, 1758), Sarotherodon galilaeus or deliberate release of aquarium species, mainly galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), Tilapia rendalli piranha Characidae [Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, (Boulenger, 1897), Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848), 1858] and catfish Loricariidae [Pterygoplichthys Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), Carassius disjunctivus (Weber 1991)]. These species were gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Ctenopharyngodon idella reported from natural lakes and streams of (Valenciennes, 1844), Pseudorasbora parva Turkey (Yalçın Ozdilek 2007; Innal 2008). (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846), Hybrid of Three species of Carassius carp were Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis, Gambusia introduced to numerous inland waters throughout affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853) and Gambusia Turkey. These species were physically similar to holbrooki Girard, 1859. the native carp and through early mis- 116 Alien fish species in reservoir systems in Turkey identification their expansion was originally future introductions. An increasing number of unnoticed. Currently they compete with native alien fish introductions in the river basin of carp for food and space in several systems Turkey will inevitably alter natural fish species (Mumcular Dam Lake, Nazik Lake) (Yılmaz diversity. 2004; Cetinkaya et al. 1999). Economic losses of C. carpio stocking practices have been conti- Acknowledgements nuing for many years. There are no monitoring or evaluation programs in place regarding fish Many thanks are due to Prof. Fusun Erk`akan (Hacettepe stock assessments. University-Turkey) who encouraged me to study alien species. Fish species have been introduced into aquatic systems to control unwanted organisms e.g. References aquatic vegetation, phytoplankton blooms and mosquitos. Gambusia spp. used in the biological Alaş A, Yilmaz F, Solak K (1998) Adaptation and competition of control of mosquito species, has been introduced tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758) implanted to the Kayaboğazı Dam Lake (Tavşanlı- Kütahya. In: Celikkale MS, Duzgunes into Turkey’s reservoirs; stocking research was E, Okumus I, Mutlu C (eds), Proceedings of First carried out by local fisherman, pest control International Symposium on Fisheries and Ecology, 2–4 corporations and the Ministry of Health and September, 1998, Trabzon, Turkey, pp 466–468 Malaria Control Department. Grass carp, Alp A, Büyükçapar HM, Eren A (2003) Commercially fish species and their fisheries in Menzelet Dam Lake C. idella, has been introduced into reservoirs to (Kahramanmaraş) (In Turkish with English
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