The Giant Liver Fluke: a Review, Intermediate Host Habitat, and Infection in a White-Tailed Deer Population in Minnesota
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The Giant Liver Fluke: A Review, Intermediate Host Habitat, and Infection in a White-tailed Deer Population in Minnesota A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Jonathan Trevor Vannatta IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Dr. Ronald A. Moen May 2016 © Jonathan Trevor Vannatta 2016 Acknowledgements I am grateful for the assistance of Dr. Ron Moen in the many readings of this manuscript and support throughout my thesis work. Dr. John Pastor and Dr. Bert Stromberg, for support and advice. The Biology Department of the University of Minnesota – Duluth for graduate teaching assistantship funding and support. The Environmental and Natural Resources Trust Fund; The Clean Water, Land, and Legacy Amendment; and the Minnesota Zoo for financial support. Swenson College of Science and Engineering and the Alces Newcomer’s travel grant for travel funding to present this work. The Arrowhead Bowhunters’ Alliance for providing deer livers. My wife, Heather Vannatta, for reading many papers, proposals, and manuscripts. i Dedication I dedicate this work to my family and friends who have helped make me who I am. I would especially like to mention Heather and Evelyn for being a constant source of support. Also, my grandmothers, Momo and Grandma Halbe. Thank you. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v Chapter 1: Giant Liver Fluke in North American Cervids: Just a fluke? ............................... 1 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 Fascioloides magna ..................................................................................................................... 5 Lymnaeid snails ......................................................................................................................... 10 Aquatic vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 13 The historic and current status of Fascioloides magna in North America ................................. 16 Future directions ........................................................................................................................ 18 Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................... 24 Literature cited ........................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 2: Lymnaeid Snail Distribution and Parasitism in Northeastern Minnesota .......... 52 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 53 Methods...................................................................................................................................... 54 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 58 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 61 Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................... 66 Literature cited ........................................................................................................................... 84 Chapter 3: Giant Liver Fluke from Hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer ............................. 89 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 90 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 90 Methods...................................................................................................................................... 92 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 93 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 96 Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................... 102 Literature cited ......................................................................................................................... 115 Complete Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 120 iii List of Tables Chapter 1 Tables: Giant Liver Fluke in North American Cervids: Just a Fluke? .................... Table 1: Fascioloides magna intermediate hosts ....................................................................... 27 Table 2: Fascioloides magna intermediate host habitat associations ........................................ 29 Table 3: Aquatic vegetation eaten by moose ............................................................................. 30 Table 4: Aquatic vegetation eaten by deer ................................................................................. 31 Chapter 2 Tables: Lymnaeid Snail Distribution and Parasitism in Northeastern Minnesota . Table 1: Multi-response permutation procedure output ............................................................. 71 Table 2: Snail habitat logistic regression models ....................................................................... 74 Table 3: Floristic Quality Index for snail habitat logistic regression models ............................ 75 Table 4: Previous snail sampling efforts near Minnesota .......................................................... 78 Chapter 3 Tables: Giant Liver Fluke from Hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer ..................... Table 1: Deer Hunting Area infection measurements .............................................................. 104 Table 2: Linear regression summaries ..................................................................................... 109 Table 3: Deer Hunting Area cover type proportions ................................................................ 110 iv List of Figures Chapter 1 Figures: Giant Liver Fluke in North American Cervids: Just a Fluke? .................. Figure 1: Fascioloides magna geographic range ....................................................................... 24 Figure 2: Liver capsules within deer and moose ........................................................................ 25 Figure 3: Fascioloides magna life cycle .................................................................................... 26 Figure 4: Lymnaeid snail geographic range ............................................................................... 28 Figure 5: Aquatic foraging by white-tailed deer ........................................................................ 32 Figure 6: Historic prevalence of F. magna in moose, elk and caribou ...................................... 33 Figure 7: Historic prevalence of F. magna in deer .................................................................... 34 Figure 8: Deer pellet infection metrics from deer permit areas in northeastern Minnesota ....... 35 Figure 9: Infection prevalence by age class for deer, moose, elk, and caribou .......................... 36 Figure 10: Prevalence of F. magna in North American moose, caribou, and black-tailed deer. 37 Figure 11: Prevalence of F. magna in North American elk and white-tailed deer .................... 38 Chapter 2 Figures: Lymnaeid Snail Distribution and Parasitism in Northeastern Minnesota Figure 1: Lymnaeid snail sampling locations in northeastern Minnesota .................................. 66 Figure 2: Lymnaeid snail distribution in northeastern Minnesota ............................................. 67 Figure 3: L. megasoma relationship to open water and developed open space cover types ...... 68 Figure 4: L. stagnalis relationship to open water cover types .................................................... 69 Figure 5: Nonmetric multidimensional scaling plot of vegetation quadrats .............................. 70 Figure 6: Indicator species analysis for L. megasoma habitat against L. stagnalis habitat ........ 72 Figure 6 cont.: Abbreviation key for indicator species analysis ................................................ 73 Figure 7: Distribution and images of trematode cercariae in northeastern Minnesota .............. 76 Figure 8: Survival duration of L. megasoma with and without trematode infections ................ 77 Figure 9: Comparison of aerial imagery and land cover data at snail locations ........................ 79 Figure 10: Nonmetric multidimensional scaling with snail groupings indicated ......................