Sustainable Arehiteeture and Urban Development 373

Sustainable Living Community in Urban Kampung . Case Study: Kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede, Bandung, Indonesia.

Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto1 IDepartment 0/Architecture, Indonesian Computer University (UNIKOM), Indonesia

Abstract Developing Ssustainable human settlements rests on three pillars: environmental, eeonomie and socia!. In addition to use environmental resourees to develop Iiveable eities, towns and villages that do not eompromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, new settlements must also be eeonomieally produetive and soeially inclusive. New developments should have a positive effeet on inereasing urban employment and redueing poverty. So the majority of households eould enjoy some measure of the welfare whieh aeerues from produetive employment. Sustainable urban development is also Iikely to remain an illusion if the urban poor, who are the majority of the urban population in most developing eountries, are exeluded from deeision-making and from being full urban eitizens. Urban poor settlements or Kampungs as spontaneous human settlements should be seen as assets rather than liabilities. The goals ofthis research are to identifY and to map interweaving relationship ofplace and production system ofurban, education and cultural commodities in Kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede. Also to leam how the community endure and accomodate the development, so sustainable pattern could lead to balancing ofeconomic, social, and ecological factors resulting in a sustainability in achanging environment.

Keywords: kampungs, urban educational & cultural commodities, sustainable living 374 Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto

1 Theoretical Framework

Tjuk Kuswartojo (1998) states that sustainable development as a concept does not seem to cause crucial differences, meaning it is acceptable by all parties. But differences would rise on how to form and create the sustainable development itself. Opinions and ideas on sustainable development as a concept are rooted in three disciplines of science: social, economics and ecology (lsmail Serageldin, 1994). The question is whether the more antropocentric aspect of socioeconomics and the more ecocentric aspect of ecology, could embrace one another. This clarifies that sustainable development emphasizes not only on increasing the human quality but also the environment quality and sustainability oftheresources as a life support system to improve human welfare as weil. Eventually, social, economic and ecological problem is achanging process which occurs continually in a long term. It shows that sustainable development is adynamie concept. Poverty plays an important role in this sustainability. Realization of the importance in eliminating poverty to succesful development lead the government to establish pro grams to eliminate poverty, which in turn will increase awareness of environmental preservation. To balance both economic progress and environmental awareness is a prime challenge to sustainable development. The economy growth by using natural resources does not improve welfare only it also may reduce environmental quality. But in fact most rich countries are much better in managing good quality environment compared to developing and poor countries., though sometimes even rich countries could not fully solve environmental issues. (J. Kozlowski and G. Hili ), However it generally strengthened the opinion that economic approach is best and more realistic to sustainable development.

2 Kampungs in Bandung and Their Creativity

Kampung in Indonesian means village or country. In earlier times, an administrative unit of village was called 'desa " while kampung is a more generally used term in present times. It is one unique feature of Indonesia that urban settlements are also called kampungs. It is often said that human settlements in developing regions continue to preserve the characteristics of rural village, and such a concept applies to kampungs. Poor physically and economically, but are not necessarily poor socially. It should be emphasized that kampung is not a slum. Kampung shows a different appearance from the urban settlements in western cities. Destruction of social structure and crimes are rarely seen in the kampung. It is also not a discriminated settlement but a community that has its own social system and values. Kampung as an urban settlement has its special characteristics as an autonomous community model. Funo (1987, 2002) discusses the characteristics of kampungs and points out what we can learn from kampung communities. Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 375

Bandung is far from ideal cities that creative-base industries could grow weil. Landry in Franke 2005 mention that being creative as individual or organisation is relatively easy, yet to be creative as a city is a different proposition given the amalgam of cultures and interests involved. The characteristics tend to include: taking measured risks, widespread leadership, a sense of going somewhere, being determined but not deterministic, having the strength to go beyond the political eycle , and - crueially- being strategically principled and taetically flexible. The problem is how we can ereate a good environment in Bandung. Creative milieu is a plaee that eontains the necessary requirements in terms of hard and soft infrastrueture to generate a flow of ideas and inventions. A milieu can be a building, astreet or an area. Florida (2003) states that there are several things that creative people aetually value in loeations, for example; lifestyle, a place gives a distinctive lifestyle. Social interactions, places give the user an opportunity to interact with others. Diversity, it means 'exeitement' and 'energy'. Creative minded people enjoy a mix of influences. Authenticity it comes from several aspects of community- historical building, established neighbourhood, a unique music scene or specific cultural attributes. An authentie place also offers unique and original experienees. ldentity, place provides an inereasingly important dimension of our identity. Many ereative class people also express adesire to be involve in their communities. The quality 0/place, related to local hornes industries. Firman (1997) stated the eriteria of local economy as : the usage of local resources, moved by local citizens, the usage of human resources that are dominated by locals, small service seale, the presence of economic activity's organization/group that organizes and transform local potential, they have multiplier effect for other activities and the emergences of new enterprises/entrepreneurs. Definition of loeal economic development stated by Blake (1989) as a process by which loeal govemment and lor community-based groups manage their existing resources and enter into partnership arrangements with the private sector to create new jobs and stimulate economic activity in a well-defined area. Florida, in Franke, 2005 stated the creative age is not going to solve our problems. It's not going to make our segregation. In fact, it may indeed compound may of those problems. But in the other side produet designed or produced by creative soeiety is valued much more increasingly for the creative portion of value added than for the physical or the material. Creativity is the motor force of our economic growth.

3 Development of Kelurahan Lebakgede, Kampung Sekeloa

3.1 Kelurahan Lebakgede as Thc Pocket Area of Jalan Dipati Ukur

Reeents years, Dipati Ukur Street is developed as an Edueation Area, although there is not a formal classifieation as such. Several Universities stand in this area. State University: Padjajaran University and Private Universities such as Indonesian Computer University (UNIKOM) and Institute Technology of Harapan Bangsa( ITHB) grew very rapidly. In the past years, Dipati Ukur Street was a housing area, which northen area was dominated by low income housing, 376 Dhini Tantarto and southem area by a high class society. Sekeloa area was occupied by low income dwellers. Before, majority of the community worked as temporary laborer, unskilled laborer or textile laborer and some of them were even jobless. Since The Faculty of Dentistry ofPadjajaran University was built here, many of them changed their professions. They worked at horne to do business such as computer rental, eanteen or boarding house (boarding room). Around year 2000 when the govennent poliey drew up a policy to the regulate edueation autonomy, some of educational institution aeeepted many students in order to raise fund. Many faeulties were opened, and some were over populated. Thus, Dipati Ukur beeame a booming area as a student district. Many of newly rich households eame from this area. Although they live in inner urban area in a small unit houses, but they own many units of houses in this kampung. They became a different community. From working outside the area , they now are able to generate income within the Kampung. While the govemment wants to resettle them somewhere else in order to develop the area (since the area was rent from the govemment), many dweIlers hold out in this area. They believe that their fortune is in this area, so they do not want to move out.

Figure 1: Observed Kampung Location in Bandung City Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 377

BANDUNG INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2: Neighborhood administrative unit ofKelurahan Lebakgede Kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede, which borders with Dipati Ukur street, situated in Coblong District. Kelurahan consists of a few RW's ( RT: Rukun Tetangga is a neighborhood administrative unit. A group of RTs makes up one RW: Rukun Warga).The observed kampung is located in RW 0 (consists of 7 RT's), RT 03 and Rt 04 are the ones which are connected and have more acces to campus area, as shown in Fig.2. The composition of local population in these two RT's are shown in following table 1:

350 300 250 200 .RT03 150 IIRT04 100 50 0 origin newcomer unregistered

Table I: Population in RT 03 dan RT 04 378 Dhini Tantarto

Table 2: Mata Pencaharian Penduduk

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Bussines Student Pension Work outside area

Table 2 shows the population in Sekeloa area, dominated by business owners, those who used to be workers.

3.2 Development of Kampung Sekeloa

Since Bandung is known as a fashion city and Sekeloa area is domina ted by young occupants, thus many fashion shops are buHt here. Young people manage to run bussinesses such as T shirt or moslem wear and becames the founder of distro (distribution store) which is now famous in Bandung. Many dwelJers become parking land lords , laundry bussinesmen, a stationary and copy center bussiness owners and thesis production service owners. The others seil a variation of food: an everyday homemade cooking, a western or eastern food and coffee shop. There are stalls or vendors providing light meals to heavy meals, that opened in various hours. From formal restaurant to non permanen food stalls which opened only at night when the stores are closed. No wonder if this area is running for 24 hours. Some of households changed parts of their living areas to into boarding rooms, monthly renting housing or such. The living spaces are developed into a mix of production, commercial and living spaces. They reconstruct their Iiving space for economic purposes. Every household in this area made some effort to change their home.The successfull one even have more than one unit ofbusinesses. Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 379

Grown as the commerciaJ area: I. Cantinl waroong! food station 2. Fotocopy center! stationary 3. Y oung distribution center (d!stro) 4. Rental washing machine (selfservice) and laundry 5. Computer Rental, DVD, games

Grown as the production area: I. Meatball home industry 2. Clothing! tailor 3. Thesis paper production 4. Another food supply production

Grown as the accomodation area: I. Dormitory, rental housing, boarding room 2. Parking Lot Area

. Campus

Commercial arca (Foto copy)

• Comercial arca (Cantin)

Production area

• Rental housing

...

• Figure 3: The Development ofSekeloa Area 380 Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto

.. Commercial area Grown as the production area _ Grown as the accomodation area Figure 4: Bird's eye view ofSekeloa Area

3.2.1 Zoning Area based on Activities Kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede is the spontaneous settlement area as shown in Figure 3 and 4. The majority of the buildings here are built by the residents themselves without proffesional held. So the density is unbelievable high. Correspondingly, the production space here is pretty complicated, with the following eharaeteristics: Firstly, the produetion, commercial and dwelJing spaees are highly mixed spontaneously in the urban space. The mixed up is social and physicaL Generally speaking, the commercial and the production spaces are almost located along the main lanes, because those parts are more open and convenient to people. On the contrary, the dwelling areas are more private, they often occupy the quieter places inside the lanes. Secondly, different workshops are relatively spread in different areas. Figure 2 shows that the production areas take different spaces based on product characteristic. But, still the production houses are not far from the main street. As a matter of fact, workshops which need smaller spaces are mostly located upstairs or in the basement (since the area were in the high levelling contour). Tbe first floors are usually used to display items and function as an entrance of the shops. At night, these spaces also used as sleeping areas for the workers and families. Tbirdly, living and business areas are vertically segmented in accordance with different functions in Kampung Area. Together, the distribution of the production space in the city is a comprehensive subject for us to study. It shows elose relationships with traffie, housing, and so on. In other word, it is influeneed by the soeiety direetly or indirectly, resulting in the physieal nature ofthe Sekeloa spaees. Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 381

3.2.2 The Interior Space of Different Activities Figures 5 to NO.I3 show illustrations and photos of different mixed use spacea (actually there are more model variations). lt is obvious that the quality of the spaces are quite low, the living spaces are generally smalI, basically without good ventilation and lighting. Most of them are alterations or additions to the houses made by residents here. The shape and the size of the houses are varied, without a unified direction. Furthermore, the use of indoor spaces differ from one another other based on different procedures or functions. At the same time, the function is highly mixed and the space is compressed. For example, though a house might seem Iike a single working room without a kitchen or a bedroom, but all the needs of everyday life could be self-solved welJ by cooking beside the front door and sleeping on the mezzanine floor. lt is incredible and rather efficient. Sometimes the plan is very small so they build vertically because they cannot expand horizontally. The number of people living in the house sometimes is very high, since they still have good family kinship. They invite their relatives !Tom village side to hel their businesses.

living

r-___-=-,,=..::.....::..:..:.==--=:::.:....~='_a:.::r...:e;::a...:a:.::n=-d c~~r rental-maintenance

kitchen living

canteen cantee

PLAN SErTiON

living

livin -'-_..l-t.iiIJlteen SECTION Figure 7: Another Model ofMix-use living area and canteen. 382 Dhini 'PU,,,,,"''' Tantarto

Boarding

Living and

room

Design r+ pro uction 1+ living r-­ display display

Living living

center.

Living Board ng room t---­ phone kiosk Mixed se area

SECTION

Living Boarding Room Living Boardin Room

PLAN SECTTON

Figure 12: Another model of Mix-use of living and boarding room, Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 383

Moming: I. Sport (older community) 2. Breakfast food selling Noon: I. Private car repair workshop 2. Wood-made workshop Aftemoon: 1. Children Playground 2. W oman area for hang-out Night: I. Badminton! volley 2. Midnight food selling 3. Parkin area Figure 13: Mix-use of community open area.

3.3 Sustainable Living Cbaracteristics in Kampung Sekeloa

Obsevations on physical changes in the buidings caused by economic growth as results from creativity in economic activities, supported by possible social condition shown by Table 3. Not an changes bring good quality in improvement. Table 3: Relation between Economic changes, Environment and Social to Sustainable ..

Business owner

URBAN Need transportation No need to go out /'rom TRANSPORTAnON to work outside the area, lesser urban LOAD area load

detini1tejob for DEFINITE JOB Occasionally labor

CREATIVITY IN BUSINESS Worker

EST AB LI SHED IN Having no ECONOMIC established.

LEVEL OF WELFARE Do not own vehicle 384 Dhini Dewiyanti Tantarto

Have an order, flowing SIDEWALK pedestrians, and clear. CONCEPT Also used by motorcycles ;J Having no cross Become healthy horne with ventilation, dark better air circulation and room sunshine Become 5% of the area. Some of the habitant gave Only J% ofthe area away their land to build

Used for social

The circulation become clear, building facade is . ORIENTATION Disorder according to the pedestrian lane. Have an order, double loaded circulation across the pedestrian lanes. Ideal ;J standard of dimension is FORMAND applied based on human CONFIGCRAnON Disorder Those who only think of profit, not considering optimum space for

Have an order, I floor FACADE Disorder ;J become 2 floor.

CONSTRUCTION AND MATERiAL Not permanent ;J

TROPICAL CLIMA TE CONSIDERA TION Not considered Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 385

. . . Start to consider the IsUILDING UTILITY I system ofelectricity , SYSTEMS INo system ..J I I I plumbing and septic tank. , But not in e water. I RT hanya only R T 04 every households • have 2 public , has toilets. RT 03 only ..J i DRAINAGE AND I ~oiIets: ladies and 180% has. SANITATION ents ._-~. Central area septic I Not resolved yet. I tank ..J ._-~~-- Not resolved yet (trash disposal stilI a big problem TRASH , No solution in most cities in ..J

E-· I 1 Indonesia). CLEAN WATER IWeil I PDAM (State Waterworks) : ..J --~--- c.LANDSCAPE Space esthetics taking into I VEGETATION considered by planting I : trees Used according to needs: OPEN SPACES social and bussiness activities Beginning to care the RIVER MANAGEMENT system by the clean

SELFHELP I stand alone Still have these atmosfer, so that makes feel at horne Selfhelp for all habitants. Since they ..J SELFBUILD community come from countryside, so they still have these

SELF SUFF/CIENT 386 Dhini Tantarto

,­ ICommunity selfhelp ! Still have these atmosfer, COMMlJN1TY -,j SELFHELP . to build their house so that makes feel at home I ~ or doing activities for all habitants. Still have these atmosfere, RESPECT ELDERS I Respect the elders. so these feeling make -,j kam~un$ secure High tolerance in differences: Still have, and make TOLERANCE -,j I religion, race, kampung stay in peace I ethnic I I , ! Origin habitant Not registered new comer I SECURITY i know one another make crime-infested in ! ! weil kampung 1 J

Figure 14: Before: Figure 15: Become Figure 16: Figure 17: healthy non permanent permanent and have Before: no cross building with air building 2 stories ventilation, dark circulation and room

Figure 18: Before: Figure 19: now Figure 20: Figure 21: Now Public Toilet almost every Before: poor awaring to river households have river management by toilets management cleaning and

Figure 22: Space Figure 23: Before: Figure 24: Figure 25: esthetics taking have flat roof Condering minimum I m into considered by tropical climate wide canopy with planting trees in building, 1:3 height which needs oblique roof Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development 387

,',w ""~,~' " '- , cJI: if '.

Figure 26: Before: Figure 27: although Figure 28: Still Figure 29: Not Trash is put not resolved yet throw away the registered new everywhere they begin to collect grey water to corner make the trash and put river crime-infested in into District kampung, so they Collection start to build a fence

4 Conclusion Remarks

Description ofUrban Kampung Illustration showed conc1ude that: As the main lane grows, urban kampung which is located c10se to it could also grow accordingly, and thus, does not fall into poverty, Sustainable development is still an illusion in developing countries. It cannot be reached without a good economic growth. As an example, kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede showed that even without proffesional intervention as it grows, the awareness of preserving environment emerges when they reach beUer economic level or welfare. A good economic level could be achieved through a creative way of thinking in the midst of the sUITounding growth. Creativity would occur if it is supported by these social factors: feel of togertherness, share another's trials and tribulations, high tolerance in differences, cooperation, kinship values and secured feeling. Sustainable development could only be achieved by the understanding of residents and neighborhood awareness of all paries. Strategies such as seI[ help, seI[ build dan seI[ sufficient that happens spontaneously in a small economic community has been proven to have bigger potential leading to sustainable development. Eventhough the awareness to preserve environment emerges when a certain economic level is reached. Still, the improving kampung such as kampung Sekeloa, Kelurahan Lebakgede needs proffesional guidance and cooperation between decision makers and implementations officers to reach a more organized planning and development.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all ofthe participants in this project. 388 Dhini Tantarto

References

Firman, T (1997), Dampak Pengembangan Sumberdaya Alam pada Perekonomian Lokal di Kawasan Timur Indonesia. ITB. Prisma Florida, R. (2002), The Rise ofthe Creative Class: And how it's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books, ch.12,p.223-232 Franke, S; et all. (2005), Landry: Creativity and The City, How Creative Economy Changes The City. NAi Publishers, 33-45. Funo, Shuji (2002), Typology of Kampung Houses and Their Transformation Process--A Study on Urban Tissues of an Indonesian City, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, November 200212003, p. 193 Ismail Serageldin (ed) (1994), Making Development Sustainable: From Concept to Action, ESD The Worl Bank Washington. J. Kozlowski and G. Hili (eds) (1993), Towards Planning for Sustainable Development, Ashgate Publishing Company,78 Tjuk Kuswartojo (1998), Kajian dan Telaah tentang : Kebijakan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Pembangunan dengan kasus Jawa Barat, Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan -Hidup, Institut Teknologi Bandung (PPLH­ ITB), p.5.