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Relevance of Social Capital in Kampung Relevance of Social Capital in Kampung Arragement in Kampug Pisang, Makassar, Indonesia Ranreng, Wiranegara, Supriatna p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 1, Number 1, page 37 - 52, October 2017 RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN KAMPUNG ARRANGEMENT IN KAMPUNG PISANG, MAKASSAR, INDONESIA Risma Ranreng, Hanny Wahidin Wiranegara*, Yayat Supriatna Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT MANUSCRIPT HISTORY Improving poor conditions of the kampung in urban areas can be solved Received without evictions. Eviction is not a good strategy as it will eliminate the August 2017 uniqueness of kampung characteristics. Aims: This study was aimed to find Revised out the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement and also to October 2017 understand the most influential element of the social capital and its role Accepted on the arrangement of kampung in Kampung Pisang. Methodology and November 2017 results: The study investigated the elements of social capital that affect Available online the activities in every phase in kampung arrangement process. This was December 2017 done through the analysis of data resulted from the questionnaire and interview surveys on the residents of Kampung Pisang. The result showed KEYWORDS the most influential element of social capital is the social network in participation variable. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Elements of social Participation as an element of social capital plays a major role in kampung capital arrangement in Kampung Pisang, Makassar city in Indonesia. By Kampung arrangement participation, the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement is Kampung kota developing people’s knowledge about the environmental quality and using Kampung Pisang it in the improvement of physical environmental condition. This paper showed that kampung arrangement could be done by using social capital Social capital to hinder evictions. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i1.2403 37 Relevance of Social Capital in Kampung Arragement in Kampug Pisang, Makassar, Indonesia Ranreng, Wiranegara, Supriatna p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 1, Number 1, page 37 - 52, October 2017 1. INTRODUCTION A kampung in an urban area is an ambiguous settlement which still exists in cities due to a rapid increase in the urban population and a scarcity of planned housing and land supply. Initially, the kampung inhabitants were the migrants from the same origin area but later came from another. Over the years, they form a strong bond in view of their shared living circumstances. There is the unique way in their ability to sustain the kampung morphology, function, and values that make kampung important to preserve (Wahjoerini, 2014). Spatial constraints on development normally lead to removing barriers, especially kampung or slum areas, as they are deemed as environmentally unsuitable of urban character. Thus it leads to an eviction of the kampung. But, it is not the only solution. Silas (2002) in Silas and Ernawati (2013) propose a local government to build community by helping with financing to enable them in doing their activities, managing their financing by cooperation, building facilities, and building kampung economic activities. As an example in Kampung Baru Jagir Wonokromo in Surabaya, their using of social capital could keep existing environmental condition. Also in Kampung Nelayan Belawan, Medan involving of the whole kampung inhabitants in kampung arrangement could keep their kampung condition. Kampung Pisang, Kelurahan Maccini Sombala, Kecamatan Tamalate, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia has 3.7 hectare of the total area. There are 45 households and the average of household size is 5-7. The majority is from Makassar ethnic with closely-knit kinship and has a habit of mutual cooperation in every activity. Their main livelihood is informal workers. Their land is owned by a private developer who offered them to relocate to Gowa near the fringe city area. They refused to relocate there. After achieving an agreement among local government, the land-owner, and kampung inhabitants, the taken solution was the land-sharing. Through land-sharing, all parties gain: the landowner can obtain the most desired land and the occupants can continue living in the area. The inhabitants moved from the center to the fringe area of the kampung. Since they were moving, an arrangement of kampung began which included composing the plan to build their houses, infrastructure, common facilities, and the financing needed. What is the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement and what kind of the element of social capital which has the most effect on kampung arrangement were the questions to be answered. The aim was to identify the role of the elements of social capital in kampung arrangement in Kampung Pisang. The objectives of this study were to identify the DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i1.2403 38 Relevance of Social Capital in Kampung Arragement in Kampug Pisang, Makassar, Indonesia Ranreng, Wiranegara, Supriatna p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 1, Number 1, page 37 - 52, October 2017 elements of social capital; to identify the phases in kampung arrangement; to identify the role of those elements of social capital in kampung arrangement; as well as to identify the most influential element of social capital in Kampung Pisang arrangement. 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A quantitative method was used in this study to identify the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement. First, it was needed to identify the variables of social capital and identify the steps in an arrangement of the kampung. Second, formulate the tools to collect data on variables identified. The survey of questionnaire and interview were used. The survey was conducted on 27 April- 20 July 2017. The number of respondents in questionnaire survey was 70. Respondents were the inhabitants included all households. The interviewee was the local leader, the leader of formal and informal organizations, as well as the Figures. For variables related to quantitative analysis in a questionnaire was used a Likert’s scale. Descriptive analysis was used. 2.1 Social Capital Social capital is a concept which explains that human as an individual basically can’t live alone and will always need others. Social capital consists of social network, trust, as well as values and norms (Putnam, 1992). World Bank (1999, in Baliana, 2010) stated “social capital refers to institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society - it is the glue that holds them together”. Social capital consists of trust, their sight, and exchange of value and behavior that establishing a relation of cooperation between an individual and the community which permits mutually beneficial cooperation. Social capital is considered referring to institutional dimensions, social relationship, and norms that formed the quality and quantity of social interaction in the community. Social capital was basically needed in attaining common interest taken from community relations and a social interaction. Decker and Uslaner (2001, in Claridge, 2004) stated that social capital is about the value of a social network, bonding similar people and bridging between similar people and bridging between diverse people with norms of reciprocity. From this definition, social capital is a concept about values of the social network, individual bond with DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i1.2403 39 Relevance of Social Capital in Kampung Arragement in Kampug Pisang, Makassar, Indonesia Ranreng, Wiranegara, Supriatna p-ISSN 2579-9150; e-ISSN 2579-9207, Volume 1, Number 1, page 37 - 52, October 2017 others come from the same or different area, as well as having social norm exchange. Social capital is the result of a long-time process of interaction in a society which creates the values, sense, and a strong bond. Putnam (1992, in Rustiadi et.al, 2011) defined social capital is as features of social organization, such as networks, norm, and trust, that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. Furthermore, he stated that social capital enhances the benefit of investment in physical and human capital. Based on this definition social capital is an aspect in a social institution which consists of several elements such as social networks, norms, and trust which can fix the community efficiency by coordinated actions. Table 1 shows the elements and variables in the concept of social capital which is used in this study. Table 1 Elements and variables of social capital No Elements Variables Sub-variables (community) (Individual) 1. Social Participation Desire to carry activities together Network A feeling of having and owned Reciprocal The form of an attitude toward others Think of getting advantage 2. Trust Prejudice The level of confidence in a fellow member The level of tolerance fellow The level of kinship Happiness The level of a sense of anxiety (satisfaction in A feeling of depression life) Of the scoring in their lives and life A sense of pride in self and group 3. Values and Hope Objectives wanted to achieve Norms A sense to form a change Belief system Desire in fulfilling the joint needs Attitude in maintaining trust regulations Putnam (1992, in Rustiadi, et al., 2011) 2.2 Kampung Kota Basically, Kampung Kota is the traditional settlement in Indonesian cities before the entry of a planned settlement. According to Sullivian (1980, in Yudohusodo, 1991), there are three types of settlement that could be found in Indonesian cities. The first type is a well-planned settlement with the arrangement of the infrastructure and completed facilities and within reach of motor vehicles. The second type is kampung with the housing located in the area that could not be reached by motor vehicles. This type is an old settlement or an original settlement in cities in Indonesia.
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