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Proceedings of the United States National Museum PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM by the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol.85 Washington: 1938 No. 3039 THE CUBAN OPERCULATE LAND SHELLS OF THE SUBFAMILY CHONDROPOMINAE By Carlos de la Torre and Paul Bartsch INTRODUCTION In all tlie world there i.s no place of equivalent area that has a o-reater number of si)ecies and races of land shells than the Island of Cuba. It is a veritable paradise for the lover of mollusks, for we find not only a numerical preponderance but also beauty of outline and coloration rivaling the faunas of the Philippine and Hawaiian Islands. The interesting features presented by this fauna are not restricted in appeal to the systematic zoologists—taxonomists—for here the student of genetics and heredity also will find a veritable laboratory teeming with an endless number of problems inviting solution. In Pinar del Rio Province, in western Cuba, the Organ Mountains, because they are broken up into isolated blocks and by the even greater cutting up of the lateral folds to the north and south, now^ largely represented by the series of mogotes—hills—of varying size into which the teeth of time have cut them, show splendidly in their faunas the effects of isolation and inbreeding, resulting in an almost endless array of races, each confined to a limestone cliff, which may vary in size from a barn door to miles in extent. To such restricted habitats most of the members of the subfamily Chondropominae are more firmly wedded today than they would bo if they occupied equally distant islands, from which they might be carried by currents or waves to neighboring shores, for gi'assy inter- vals present a greater barrier to these calciphil dwellers than would the open sea. As we see it, there are only two agencies at present liiat might serve as carriers from place to place, wind and birds, 66879—38 1 103 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 85 neither of wliicli would seem to be effective in the transportation of members of tlie groups under discussion, which we believe are largely segregation i)roducts of a once continuous widely spread fauna. Western Cuba Avas subjected to many vicissitudes during Tertiary times and even during the yesterdays of the Pleistocene, for vacillating ocean levels from time to time changed this end of the island from a continuous land mass to an arcliipelago of islands, eliminating the lowland faunas and confining the survivors to the influence of their restricted island habitats. All of which presents a fascinating his- tory that our studies are slowly revealing. We shall have occasion to call attention to some of these problems under the diverse groups here presented and discussed. These Cuban mollusks have received the attention of many of the naturalists who have visited the "Pearl of the Antilles," or discussed its faunas from the days of Humboldt and Bonpland to date. Their listing displays such names as Sagra. d'Orbigny. Pfeiffer, Gundlach, Otto, Wright, Poey, Gould, Arango, Morelet, Sagebien, Henderson, Simpson, Clapp, Pilsbry, Barbour, Miner, Welch, Lowe, Allen, Clench, Rehder, Hermano Leon, Father Roca, and de la Torre and his students, among them especially Rodriguez, Aguayo, Ramsden, Bermudez, Por- tuondo, Moreno, and Jaume. To these should also be added a host of de la Torre's friends, too numerous to mention, who have lent a hand in this enterprise, as well as many field men commissioned from time to time by him to explore specific regions in need of investigation. Looking over the field as a whole we may say that the major discover- ies in our field fall to the credit of de la Torre, Gundlach, Pfeiffer, Sagra, Poey, Henderson, and Bartsch, the efforts of Torre, Henderson^ and Bartsch being directed toward the specific exploration and eluci- dation of the island fauna. The present paper is a resumption of the studies by Henderson and Bartsch published in 1920, "A Classification of the American Opercu- late Land Mollusks of the Family Annulariidae," ^ Mr. Henderson's untimely death interrupted this effort, which is now resumed by his devoted friends. Subfamily Chondropominae Henderson and Bartsch 1920. Chondropominae Henderson and Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 59. Annularid mollusks whose shell ranges in form from turbinate to elongate-conic. The axial sculpture may consist of strong ribs or range from these to slender, almost lamellar riblets, or it may be re- 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, pp. 49-82, 1920. CUBAN^ SUBFAMILY CHONDROPOMIXAE—TORRE AND BARTSCH 195 duced to iiicrenieiital lines. There is also a wide range of strength in the development of the spiral sculpture, which may be confined to the umbilicus or may cover the entire shell. Breathing devices are present in some groups and absent in others. The chief character of the sub- family, however, is found in the operculum, which consists of a thin, simple chondroid basal plate of several whorls, the outer edge of which may be faintly upturned to form a very fragile, low, slender lamella, suggesting the starting point of the subfamily Adamsiellinae. This is, however, usually soon brushed away, leaving the operculum as a plain plate. The operculum has a deposit of fine calcareous granules which may be very slight or fairly strong, depending upon the species in question. Tyfe genius.—Chondropoma Pfeiffer. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF SUBFAMILY CHONDROPOMINAE Breathing device absent. Shell turbinate Chondropometes (p. 196) Shell not turbinate. Shell turreted Turripoma (p. 251) Shell not turreted. Shell elongate-conic Hendersonida (p. 234) Shell not elongate-conic. Shell very broadly ovate Orientipoma (p. 390) Shell not very broadly ovate. Shell ovate. Junctions of axial ribs and spiral threads forming short cusps. Axial ribs gathered into tufts at the summit. Scobinapoma (p. 237) Axial ribs not gathered into tufts at the summit. Outer peristome broadly expanded- Chondropomartes (p. 383) Outer peristome not broadly ex- panded Chondropomisca (p. 375) Junctions of axial ribs and spiral threads not forming short cusps. Axial ribs gathered into tufts at the summit. Axial ribs threadlike; sculpture re- ticulated Chondropom.orus (p. 363) Axial ribs sublamellar; sculpture vertebrated Chondropomodes (p. 361) Axial ribs not gathered into tufts at the summit Chondropoma (p. 322) Breathing device present. Breathing device a slit in the parietal wall Chondrothyrium (p. 395) Breathing device not a slit but a puncture. Shell turbinate Chondrothyroma (p. 212) Shell not turbinate. Shell turreted. Umbilicus open. Shell brightly colored Hendersonina (p. 233) Shell not brightly colored Turrithyra (p. 240) Umbilicus closed Turrithyretes (p. 240) 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 85 Breathing device present—Continued. Breathing device not a slit but a puncture—Continued. Shell not turbinate—Continued. Shell not turreted. Shell ovate. Unabilicus open. Last whorl solute Hendersonoma (p. 252) Last whorl not solute. Inner lip of outer peristome with a plication. Plicathyra (p. 263) Inner lip of outer peristome without a plication Chondrothyra (p. 252) Umbilicus closed. Inner Hp of outer peristome cut Chondrothyretes (p. 269) Inner lip of outer peristome not cut but v.ith a deep pit Foveothyra (p. 265) Shell not ovate. Shell subglobose. Umbilicus open Plicathyrella (p. 306) Umbilicus closed Chondrothyrella (p. 306) Genus CHONDROPOMETES Henderson and Bartsch 1920. CJwndropoiuctes Hendkrsox and Bartsch, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 60. Shell of turbinate form, openly lunbilicatecl, marked by axial and spiral threads. Lip simple or double. Breathing pore present or absent. Opercnlnm subcircular, multispiral with the inner part of the whorls covered with a heavy calcareous calliislike deposit. Type: Chondropometes {Chondropometes) vign/jJense (Wright) Pfeiffer. In 1920 - Henderson and Bartsch created the subgenus Chondropo- metes, making it a subdivision of Chondropoma. They likewise founded the subgenus Chondrofhyroma,- placing this under their genus Chondrothyra. The finding of specimens of Chondropometes {Ghondrothyroma) scopulorum perplexum and C. (C.) magnum magnum without breathing pore, leads us to make the following re- alignment, Avhich we believe to be phylogenetically and zoogeographi- cally more sound. KEY TO THE SUBGENERA OF GENUS CHONDROPOMETES Breathing pore pre.seut . Ghondrothyroma (p. 212) Breathing pore absent Chondropometes (p. 196) Subgenus Chondropometes Henderson and Bartsch 1920. Chondropometes HE^'DKRS0N and Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 60. Chondropometes without breathing pore. Type: Chondrojyometes {Chondropometes) vignaJense ("Wright) Pfeiffer. - Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 63, 1920. CUBAN SUBFAMILY CHONDROPOMIXAE—TORRE AND BARTSCH 197 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SUBGENUS CHONDROPOMETES Peristome broadly expanded , — latilabre Peristome not broadly expanded. Peristome only moderately expanded torrei Peristome not moderately expanded. Peristome only very slightly expanded vignalense CHONDROPOMETES (CHONDROPOMETES) LATILABRE (Oibigny) Plate 8, Fig. 1 1845. CycJostoiiia latikihri.'i Oebigny, in Sagra's Ilistoire physique, politique et naturelle de I' ile de Cuba, vol. 1, pp. 255-2;jG, pi. 21, fig. 12. Shell turbinate, flesh-colored, pale horn colored, pale brown, or sometimes rather dark pur[)lish brown; in the dark phase the color becomes intensified on the last whorl behind the peristome. Nuclear whorls 2, forming a somewhat truncated apex, the early portions minutely microscopically granulose, the last portion of the last turn with indications of closely approximated feeble axial threads. Post- nuclear whorls inflated, strongly rounded, marked by slender sublamellar, decidedly retractively curved axial riblets; those on the last Avhorl being a little more distantly spaced than the rest. In addition to this, the early whorls show slender spiral threads, which become enfeebled on the later turns but are present even on the last portion of the last turn. The junction of these spiral threads with the axial riblets renders these somewhat sinuous and somewhat thickened at their junction. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded.
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