Family: Taxon: Satakentia liukiuensis

Synonym: Gulubia liukiuensis Hatus. Common Name: satake palm

Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1

103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1

201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n

204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y

205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y

301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n

402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0

403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n

404 Unpalatable to grazing y=1, n=-1

405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n

406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n

409 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y

410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y

501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n

502 Grass y=1, n=0 n

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n

504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n

601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n

602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y

603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n

604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1

605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n

607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n

705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n

706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n

708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1

802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1

803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1

805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1

Designation: L WRA Score -2

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, : Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA

103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA

201 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Ryukyu Islands" [At genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering approximately 26⁰ latitude, sub-tropical] plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 202 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Quality of climate match data 2-High] genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 203 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Satake Palm - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness: USDA Zone Satakentia liukiuensis. 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" … "VERY mariginal http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67269/ in zone 10a! Does much better in the tropics." [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] 204 2012. PACSOA. Palms: Satakentia liukiuensis. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Open Palm and Cycad Society of Australia, forest on Ryukyu Islands, Japan." [Sub-tropical] http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Satakentia/liukiu ensis.html [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] 205 2001. Ellison, D./Ellison, A.. Cultivated palms of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural the world. UNSW Press, Sydney. range? Yes] "…is now a popular landscaping palm." 205 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Satake Palm - [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Satakentia liukiuensis. range? Florida] "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Big http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67269/ Pine Key, Florida Boca Del Mar, Florida Boca Raton, Florida Cape Coral, Florida [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] Cutler Ridge, Florida Kendall, Florida Lake Worth, Florida" 301 2009. Chong, K.Y./Tan, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A [Naturalized beyond native range? Not Singapore] "Satakentia liukiuensis Checklist of the Total Flora of (Hatus.) H.E. Moore; tree; exotic; cultivated only" Singapore: Native, Naturalized and Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 301 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 301 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 302 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 305 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Congeneric weed? No] "Only one sp., S. liukiuensis…" genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 7 401 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No evidence] "Moderate, solitary, unarmed, Palmarum: The evolution and classification of pleonanthic, monoecious palm." palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Allelopathic? Unknown]

403 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Parasitic? No] Arecaceae genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? Unknown]

405 2000. Lewis, C.E./Zona, S.. A survey of [Toxic to animals? No evidence] cyanogenesis in palms (Arecaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 28: 219-228. 405 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. International poisonous [Toxic to animals? No evidence] plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 406 2010. Takasu, K./Takano, S.-I./Konishi, [Host for recognized pests and pathogens? Potentially Yes] "Although B. K./Nakamura, S.. An invasive Brontispa longissima infested leaves of the young trees in most nurseries or roadsides on longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Ishigaki, Iriomote and Kohama islands, no serious damage was observed on wild attacks an endemic palm in the Yaeyama mature trees of the S. liukiuensis communities, which are protected as national Islands, Japan. Applied Entomology and natural monuments. All the developmental stages of B. longissima were found in Zoology. 45 (1): 137–144. November 2008 and May 2009. The present study first shows that B. longissima is common and attacks the endemic palm S. liukiuensis as a main host in the Yaeyama Islands where C. nucifera is very rare." 406 2012. Takano, S.-i./Takasu, K./Fushimi, T./Ichiki, [Host for recognized pests and pathogens? Potentially] "The hispine R.T./Nakamura, S.. Life history traits and Brontispa longissima has been causing serious damage to the coconut damage potential of an invasive pest Brontispa palm Cocos nucifera in the Pacific, and Southeast and East Asia. This beetle longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on also attacks Satakentia liukiuensis, an endemic palm on Ishigaki and Iriomote Satakentia liukiuensis. Entomological Science. Islands, Japan. To assess the potential impact of B. longissima on S. liukiuensis, 15: 238-245. we examined the development period, survival rate, egg production and body size of B. longissima on S. liukiuensis at 22–31°C and consumption of S. liukiuensis leaf at 28°C. We also examined these life history traits on C. nucifera at 28°C to compare with those on S. liukiuensis. Brontispa longissima completed their development and reproduced on S. liukiuensis at 22–30°C. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effective cumulative temperature (k) as 891.2 degree days, and the lower developmental threshold as 13.3°C. On the basis of these values and monthly average temperatures on Ishigaki Island, it was estimated that B. longissima has four generations per year on the island. Satakentia liukiuensis was less suitable for B. longissima than C. nucifera in terms of immature survival, development time, resultant adult size and reproduction. The low quality of S. liukiuensis as a host-plant may prevent the outbreak of B. longissima, which has not occurred yet on Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands." 407 2000. Lewis, C.E./Zona, S.. A survey of [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence of cyanogensis in cyanogenesis in palms (Arecaceae). Biochemical S. liukiuensis] "We surveyed leaf material of 545 individual palms representing Systematics and Ecology. 28: 219-228. 108 genera and 155 species for cyanogenesis using the Feigl Anger test. We detected HCN production in only two species of one genus, Drymophloeus. Additional smaller surveys of shoot meristems and roots revealed cyanogenesis only in the shoot meristem of one species of Dypsis. Our results indicate that cyanogenesis is rather rare in the family." 407 2006. Wong, M.. Edible Plants for Hawai‘i [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence] "The following Landscapes. Landscape. L-14: .College of palms with edible hearts can be found in Hawai‘i landscapes:" [List includes Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, UH Satakentia liukiuensis] Manoa, Honolulu, HI 407 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence] "The ‘cabbage’ Palmarum: The evolution and classification of is said to have been eaten during World War II." palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK 407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. International poisonous [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence] plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 407 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence] "The fruits are Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ eaten."

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 4 of 7 408 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An Encyclopedia of [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? No] "…endemic to the islands of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Ishigaki and Iriomote in the Ryukyu archipelago, where it grows on hills and near sea level in moist forests." [Probably Not. Occurs in moist forests] 409 2001. Ellison, D./Ellison, A.. Cultivated palms of [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Possibly no as adult] the world. UNSW Press, Sydney. "Preferring an open, sunny situation with rich soil in a warm-temperate to tropical climate, it tolerates some wind and is now a popular landscaping palm." 409 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An Encyclopedia of [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Yes as juvenile] "It also Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. wants regular and adequate moisture, a humus-laden soil, and full sun when past the juvenile stage." 409 2012. Beck, C.. Growing Satakentia liukiuens in [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Possibly Yes] "Most Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Palm & Cycad experts recommend planting in a shady location so as the palm ages it grows into Society, the sun. I have had good luck planting three gallon size plants in the full sun." http://www.palmbeachpalmcycadsociety.com/pal ms/documents/SatakentiaLiukiuensis.pdf [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] 410 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An Encyclopedia of [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. volcanic island)?] "It also wants regular and adequate moisture, a humus-laden soil, and full sun when past the juvenile stage." 410 2012. Beck, C.. Growing Satakentia liukiuens in [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Palm & Cycad volcanic island)?] "S. liukiuensis grows equally well in sandy soil or on limestone Society, rock." http://www.palmbeachpalmcycadsociety.com/pal ms/documents/SatakentiaLiukiuensis.pdf [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] 411 1969. Moore, H.E., Jr.. Satakentia. A new genus [Climbing or smothering growth habit? No] "Trunk to 15 or 20 m. high, ca. 20-30 of Palmae-Arecoideae. Principes. 13(1): 3-12. cm. in diam. at base, light brown to gray-brown, irregularly and closely ringed." 411 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Climbing or smothering growth habit? No] "Solitary. Erect" genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 412 1999. Pintaud, J.C./Setoguchi, H.. Satakentia [Forms dense thickets? Yes] "Moreover, Satakentia presents a gregarious Revisited. Palms. 43(4): 194-199. syndrome similar to that described by Pintaud and Hodel (1998) for Kentiopsis species growing in natural conditions in New Caledonia: a dense population of mature trees of similar size (and probably age) with little juvenile establishment beneath due to continuous fall of dead leaves and synchronous phenology of all individuals with production of massive amounts of small fruits with readily germinating seeds." 412 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Forms dense thickets? Yes] "A single species on Ishigaki Island (Yonehara) and Palmarum: The evolution and classification of Iriomote Island (Hoshitate, Nakam River, Sonai, and Yoeyama Group of the palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK Ryukyus), growing on hill slopes or more rarely near the sea; often growing in dense more-or-less even-aged stands." 412 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Forms dense thickets? Yes] "Often occurring in large, even-sized populations." Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 501 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 502 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Grass? No] Arecaceae genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 503 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Nitrogen fixing woody plant? No] Arecaceae genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 504 2001. Ellison, D./Ellison, A.. Cultivated palms of [Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or the world. UNSW Press, Sydney. tubers)? No] "…this tall, elegant, solitary-trunk palm has a large crown or arching leaves and a purplish crownshaft."

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 5 of 7 601 1998. Johnson, D.. Satakentia liukiuensis. In: [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No] "A reserve has IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened been set up to protect the subpopulations on Ishigaki Island." Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org [27 December 2012] 601 1999. Pintaud, J.C./Setoguchi, H.. Satakentia [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No] "In conclusion, Revisited. Palms. 43(4): 194-199. we can assess the conservation status of this palm as Low Risk but Conservation Dependant (LRcd) according to the new IUCN Red List categories (1994)." 601 2010. Witono J.R./Kondo, K.. A comparative [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No] "In our opinion, genetic diversity in natural population and the existence of S. liukiuensis will be sustainable, since the natural populations of cultivated individuals in Satakentia liukiuensis the species in Ishigaki Island was established as protected areas and managed (Hatus.) H. E. Moore inferred by RAPD markers. by Satake Corporation…" Chromosome Botany. 5(2): 27-31. 602 2001. Ellison, D./Ellison, A.. Cultivated palms of [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Ripe fruit is black and seed germinates in 3 to 4 the world. UNSW Press, Sydney. months." 603 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Hybridizes naturally? No evidence] "Only one sp., S. liukiuensis…" genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 604 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Unknown] "Flowers are unisexual and are Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ arranged in threes of a central female and two lateral male flowers." 605 1994. Zomlefer, W.B.. Guide to [Requires specialist pollinators? No] "Although early monographers assumed that Families. The University of North Carolina Press, many palms were anemophilous, the flowers actually are predominantly Chapel Hill & London entomophilous. Common vectors include , Hymenoptera, and flies; bats and hummingbirds also have been noted (Henderson 1986)." 605 2006. Abe, T.. Threatened Pollination Systems in [Requires specialist pollinators? No evidence] "Bird visitation was observed in Native Flora of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. Calophyllum inophyllum, Freycinetia boninensis, Metrosideros boninensis, Annals of Botany. 98: 317–334. Morinda citrifolia, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, Satakentia liukiuensis, and Scaevola frutescens." 605 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Requires specialist pollinators?] "Staminate flowers nearly symmetrical; sepals Palmarum: The evolution and classification of 3, distinct, imbricate, ± rounded; petals 3, distinct, valvate, more than twice as palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK long as the sepals; stamens 6, filaments distinct, awl-shaped, inflexed at the apex in bud, anthers oblong in outline, latrorse; pistillode as long as the stamens, cylindrical, with obliquely subcapitate apex. Pollen grains ellipsoidal asymmetric; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, perforate, aperture margin similar; infratectum columellate; longest axis 43–45 μm [1/1]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, with shortly valvate apices; staminodes 3, tooth-like, on one side of the gynoecium; gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3, recurved at anthesis, ovule pendulous, anatropous." 606 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No] "Solitary, erect." [No evidence of genera of vascular plants. Volume IV. Flowering suckering or other means of vegetative spread] plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 607 2012. PACSOA. Palms: Satakentia liukiuensis. [Minimum generative time (years)?] "Slow growing." Palm and Cycad Society of Australia, http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Satakentia/liukiu ensis.html [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] 701 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ trafficked areas)? No] "fruits ovoid-ellipsoid, to 1.3 cm long and 0.7 cm diameter, black." [Unlikely. No evidence, and fruit and seeds lack means of external attachment] 702 2001. Ellison, D./Ellison, A.. Cultivated palms of [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "...now a popular the world. UNSW Press, Sydney. landscaping palm." 702 2006. Wong, M.. Palms for Hawai‘i Landscapes. [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] Ornamental Landscape Nov. 2006 L-19. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI 703 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant No] "fruits ovoid- Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ ellipsoid, to 1.3 cm long and 0.7 cm diameter, black." [Fruits and seeds unlikely to become a contaminant of produce] 704 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An Encyclopedia of [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? No] "The 0.5-inch-long, oblong fruits are Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. black when mature."

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 6 of 7 705 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Propagules water dispersed? No] "...growing on hill slopes or more rarely near Palmarum: The evolution and classification of the sea; often growing in dense more-or-less even-aged stands." [Distribution and palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK fruit morphology suggest not] 706 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An Encyclopedia of [Propagules bird dispersed? Presumably Yes] "The 0.5-inch-long, oblong fruits Cultivated Palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. are black when mature." [Fleshy-fruited and assumed to be adapted for dispersal by birds or other frugivorous animals] 707 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? No evidence] "Fruit ovoid Palmarum: The evolution and classification of ellipsoidal with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth but drying palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK longitudinally lines, mesocarp with numerous flat longitudinal fibres in thin flesh and some red-brown stone cells near the apex, endocarp thin, fragile, operculate at the base of the elongate hilar seam, not adherent to the seed. Seed ellipsoidal, hilum elongate, raphe branches anastomosing, endosperm homogeneous; embryo basal." [Possible, but unlikely. Fruits and seeds lack means of external attachment. Presumably adapted for consumption and internal dispersal] 708 2008. Dransfield, J./Uhl, N.W. et al.. Genera [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumably Yes. Fleshy-fruited] Palmarum: The evolution and classification of "Fruit ovoid ellipsoidal with eccentrically apical stigmatic remains; epicarp smooth palms. Kew Publishing, Richmond, UK but drying longitudinally lines, mesocarp with numerous flat longitudinal fibres in thin flesh and some red-brown stone cells near the apex, endocarp thin, fragile, operculate at the base of the elongate hilar seam, not adherent to the seed." 801 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)? Probably No] "Fruits are small, ovoid or Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ ellipsoid, black, and one-seeded." 802 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Satake Palm - [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)? Probably No] "The Satakentia liukiuensis. seeds must be collected from the palm (do not wait until they drop off), cleaned http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67269/ immediately and placed in water until planting. The seeds must not dry out, [Accessed 27 Dec 2012] otherwise viability is lost." 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Well controlled by herbicides? Unknown] No information on herbicide efficacy or chemical control of this species 804 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Unknown]

805 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)? Unknown]

Print Date: 12/27/2012 Satakentia liukiuensis (Arecaceae) Page 7 of 7 Summary of Risk Traits

High Risk / Undesirable Traits  Thrives in sub-tropical climates  Alternate host of the coconut hispine beetle, a pest of coconut palms  Shade-tolerant as a juvenile (potential to establish in forest understory)  Forms dense stands  Fleshy-fruits presumably adapted for dispersal by birds and other frugivorous animals

Low Risk / Desirable Traits  No records of naturalization or invasiveness elsewhere  Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)  Non-toxic  Landscaping and ornamental value  Seeds may be recalcitrant and limit the ability of forming a soil seed bank