Textos Per Entendre Millor La Guerra Civil

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Textos Per Entendre Millor La Guerra Civil Textos per entendre millor la Guerra Civil No jubilem la memòria (2003–2012) PETRÒ POLIS Editorial Petròpolis www.petropolis.cat ISBN 978-84-616-9667-3 Disseny i edició de la col·lecció: Jaume Llambrich (http://www.basar.cat). Imatge de la coberta Un brigadista fa feines en una vinya per ajudar els pagesos. Fotograma de la pel·lícula realitzada pel brigadista Harry Randall, de la unitat de fotografia de la XV Brigada. Priorat. Primavera del 1938. Este llibre es troba sota una llicència Creative Commons Reconeixement-No comercial-Compartir amb la mateixa llicència http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/es Taula de continguts Introducció / Introduction ..........................................5 I. Els inicis Un intent d’arqueologia de l’odi: Falset 1910–1936 ....................11 Pere Audí Ferrer La singular experiencia de la Guerra Civil y la revolución en el Aragón republicano ...................................................23 José Luis Ledesma Més enllà de tòpics ................................................43 Toni Orensanz II. La Guerra Civil i les Brigades Internacionals La Batalla de l’Ebre, una necessitat per la República. .55 Josep Sànchez Cervelló La unidad fotográfica de la brigada Lincoln ...........................67 Juan Salas La desmobilització de les Brigades Internacionals ......................77 Andreu Mayayo Robert Capa y Les Masies / Robert Capa and Les Masies ...............85 Nil Thraby Imatges per a la història: les Brigades Internacionals en Terres de l’Ebre (juliol-octubre de 1938) .......................................101 Magí Crusells III. Sanitat Más allá del campo de batalla: una cueva hospital en la Guerra Civil española .....................................115 Angela Jackson Les fosses comunes de la Torre de Fontaubella i els Guiamets a la Batalla de l’Ebre ...........................................137 Albert Sabaté Rull 3 IV. Protagonistes Understanding and Misunderstanding Negrín / Comprender y no comprender a Negrín ..........................145 Gabriel Jackson Franco: la venjança del justicier .....................................157 Paul Preston Corresponsals estrangers durant el setge de Madrid i la caiguda de Catalunya .................................................171 Paul Preston Agustí Centelles: un fotoperiodista al front i la rereguarda durant la guerra civil espanyola (1936–1939) ............................189 Teresa Ferré V. Les conseqüències Los niños desarraigados de la Guerra Civil. 207 Shirley Mangini Aftermath of Civil War: the British perspective on the internment camps in France. .215 Angela Jackson Dones i guerra ...................................................235 Coral Cuadrada VI. Recordant la guerra Milton Wolff Returns to Marçà / Milton Wolff regresa a Marçà ........239 Angela Jackson España en mi corazón ............................................247 Heather Bridger Remarks delivered at Return to the Ebro .............................253 Juan A. Alsace Ruta històrica de llocs emblemàtics de la Guerra Civil a Marçà i el seu entorn / Historical Tour of Significant Sites Relating to the Civil War in and around Marçà ..........................................258 Rachel Ritchie i Albert Sabaté Introducció Introduction No Jubilem la Memòria es va No Jubilem la Memòria was formed crear a Marçà l’any 2003 com in Marçà in 2003 by a group of people with an interest in preserving recent una iniciativa sorgida de persones history, especially the events and interessades a conservar la memories of the Second Republic història recent, sobretot els fets and the Spanish civil war (1931-39) històrics i la memòria del període in the region of the Priorat. de la II República i la Guerra Civil The aim was to show that there espanyola (1931-39) a la comarca were many things relating to the del Priorat. civil war that remained unknown and were still awaiting discovery. Volíem demostrar que encara The civil war period is one of great hi ha moltíssimes coses de la complexity, with long silences that Guerra Civil que no sabem i no have lasted until the present day. hem vist. Es tracta d’un període October 2003 was the sixty- d’una gran complexitat i de molts fifth anniversary of the farewell silencis allargassats fins als nostres of the International Brigades to dies. Spain’s civil war. Their departure left Republican Spain even more A l’octubre del 2003 es va isolated but can be seen as the start complir el 65è aniversari del comiat of the creation of a legend that de la Guerra Civil espanyola de les still continues today. Those sixty- Brigades Internacionals. 65 anys five years, the age at which many d’un adéu que va deixar més òrfena people retire (jubilar-se) gave rise encara l’Espanya republicana i to the name of the association, ‘No va representar la creació d’una jubilem la memòria’ which roughly translated from Catalan means, ‘Let llegenda que encara es manté viva. us not retire the memory’. I d’aquests 65 anys, l’edat en què This year (2013) marks ten years tot ho jubilem, ve el nom de No since the formation of the group. Jubilem la Memòria. Throughout these ten years we Textos per entendre millor la Guerra Civil: No jubilem la memòria (2003–2012) 5 Introducció Enguany farà deu anys que vam have been carrying out research and néixer i al llarg d’aquest temps hem organising various activities. intentat fer recerca i organitzar Based on this research we have un seguit d’activitats. Fruit de been able to produce a photographic la recerca, hem pogut elaborar exhibition ‘Prelude to the last battle: The International Brigades in the l’exposició “Preludi de l’última Priorat, 1938’, together with an batalla: les Brigades Internacionals accompanying bilingual book of the al Priorat, 1938” amb el llibre que same name. We have also produced l’acompanya. També hem produït two documentary films, one of un parell de documentals, un which, The International Brigaders dels quals ha estat guardonat Among Us, won the ‘MemoriReus’ amb el premi MemoriReus i prize and received special mention from Memorial Democràtic, the la Menció Especial del Memorial Catalan government department Democràtic. for the recovery of the history of the Hem dut a terme diverses war and post-war periods. activitats, com la inauguració Various events have been del monument —obra de Josep organised by the group, such as Tomàs Tatay— dedicat a la pau the inauguration of the monument i a les Brigades Internacionals a designed by Josep Tomàs Tatay in Marçà and dedicated to peace Marçà, les plaques als cementiris and the International Brigades, de la Torre de Fontaubella i the plaques at the cemeteries of dels Guiamets en record de les La Torre de Fontaubella and Els víctimes de la batalla de l’Ebre Guiamets in memory of those who enterrades a les fosses comunes died in the Battle of the Ebro and d’aquests cementiris, homenatges were buried there in communal a brigadistes i soldats republicans graves, ceremonies recognising the role played by Brigaders and o visites històriques. A més, cada Republican veterans, historical tours any organitzem un seguit de and, every year, a series of lectures conferències dins de les Jornades at the annual events organised No Jubilem la Memòria, durant by No Jubilem la Memòria. For les quals hem pogut comptar la these lectures, we were fortunate presència d’historiadors locals, to be able to call upon local catedràtics d’història i historiadors historians, university lecturers and finternationally famous historians. de gran renom internacional. 6 Textos per entendre millor la Guerra Civil: No jubilem la memòria (2003–2012) Introduction En aquest llibre es recullen les This book collects together the conferències que s’han fet al llarg talks that have been given at nine de les nou Jornades No Jubilem la annual events organised by No Jubilem la Memòria and has been Memòria, per poder celebrar els published to celebrate the tenth deu anys de l’Associació amb la anniversary of the association. presentació d’aquest llibre. Textos per entendre millor la Guerra Civil: No jubilem la memòria (2003–2012) 7 I. ELS INICIS Un intent d’arqueologia de l’odi: Falset 1910–1936 Pere Audí Ferrer Després del fracàs del cop d’estat de juliol del 36 a Barcelona, es desfermà arreu de Catalunya una duríssima repressió, i Falset, el Priorat, no en foren una ex- cepció. Aquesta repressió portà a la presó, a la tàpia del cementiri, a la cuneta de la carretera,... a milers de ciutadans. Sobre els autors, els seus motius,... Tota investigació ha de tenir una pregunta motriu, una pregunta a la qual la investigació ha de respondre. I la nostra pregunta es situava, i es situa, al voltant de la repressió de l’estiu-tardor del 36 a Falset. De fet és una doble pregunta o una pregunta que n’involucra dues. És a dir, per què fou assassinat qui fou assassinat i per a què, en nom de què. De la primera part de la pregunta, el per què, el motiu, us n’intentaré donar resposta jo. A partir d’aquesta pregunta se’ns van plantejar dues hipòtesis. La primera: la repressió fou cega, gratuïta, indiscriminada. La segona hipòtesi. La repressió no fou gratuïta, respongué a un pla que tenia un objectiu que passava per la liquidació física d’un determinat tipus de persones. Ens vam decidir per intentar provar la segona. A mesura que anàvem avan- çant en la investigació, se’ns anaven fent paleses tres qüestions. Primera, si vo- líem entendre bé alguna cosa, havíem d’anar més lluny, com digué el poeta, i així ho vam fer, remontant-nos més o menys a inicis del segle xx Va ser quan vam començar a entendre moltes coses i quan va sorgir l’expressió arqueologia de l’odi, entenent per arqueologia de l’odi la recerca dels factors que podien ex- plicar, que podien fer-nos entendre el per què d’aquells assassinats. I fixeu-vos que he dit entendre, no justificar ja que creiem que no és aquesta la nostra tasca, com no ho és fer valoracions ètiques, morals, sobre aquest tema. Aquesta qüestió implicava les altres dues.
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