Choson Kralliği'ndan Dehan

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Choson Kralliği'ndan Dehan Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NDAN DEHAN İMPARATORLUĞU’NA: KORE’NİN DIŞ POLİTİKALARI (1876-1910) Müge Kübra OĞUZ Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NDAN DEHAN İMPARATORLUĞU’NA: KORE’NİN DIŞ POLİTİKALARI (1876-1910) Müge Kübra OĞUZ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2019 v TEŞEKKÜR Doktora tezi uzun ve yorucu bir süreçte maddi ve manevi olarak yanınıza olan insanlarla ilerleyen kolektif bir çalışmanın ürünüdür. Bu sebeple şükranlarımı borçlu olduğum isim ve kurumları anmadan bu tezi tamamlamam mümkün değildir. Bu uzun süreçte jüri üyeleri Kore araştırmaları konusunda Türkiye’nin önde gelen isimlerinden biri olan Sayın Prof. Dr. M. Ertan GÖKMEN, bilimsel araştırma yöntemlerine ağırlık veren sorularıyla tezi olgunlaştıran Sayın Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZDEN’e, değerli vakitlerini ayırarak tezimi okudukları ve yorumlarıyla katkıda bulundukları için Sayın Prof. Dr. Konuralp ERCİLASUN’a, Sayın Doç. Dr. Gürhan KİRİLEN ve her zaman desteğini hissettiğim ve tezimin ortaya çıkmasında büyük emeği olan danışmanım Sayın Doç.Dr. Erkin EKREM’e müteşekkirim. Bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında maddi olarak destek aldığım Türk Tarih Kurumu’na ve Kore’ye gidip araştırmalarımı gerçekleştirmemde ve sahip olduğu zengin kütüphanesiyle araştırmalarımda gerekli kaynaklara ulaşmamda destek olan Güney Kore Büyükelçiliği’ne bağlı Ankara Kore Kültür Merkezi’nin müdürü Güney Kore Ankara Büyükelçiliği Kültür Müsteşarı Sayın Dong Woo CHO ve çalışanlarına teşekkür ederim. Ankara’da Milli Kütüphane’deki Kore Kitaplığı’ndan faydalanabilmem için yardımcı olan çalışanlara ilgilerinden dolayı teşekkür borçluyum. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi çalışanlarına, ihtiyaç duyduğum kaynakları bildirdiğimde, bu kitapları en kısa süre içerisinde kütüphaneye kazandırdıkları için minnettarım. Korece ile ilgili destek duyduğum her anda yanımda olan Ankara Kral Sejong Enstitüsü’nden değerli hocam Eunmi YU’ya teşekkür ederim. Doktora çalışmalarına başladığım andan itibaren Ankara’da bana kalplerini ve evlerini açarak desteklerini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen sevgili arkadaşlarım Büşra GÖDE, Esra KUZYAKA, Ayşe ALTINIŞIK, İrem VEZİROĞLU, Sebil AYRAL, Ezgi PEHLİVAN, Gülcan AKAY’a, ders aşamasından tez aşamasına dek doktora sürecini birlikte yaşadığım ve her zaman büyük bir sabırla beni dinleyen ve desteklerini hissettiren arkadaşlarım Hitit vi Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü Araştırma Görevlileri Fatma AKIN ve Hakan YAZAR’a çok teşekkür ederim. Güney Kore’de Hanguk Yabancı Diller Üniversitesi’nde Uluslararası İlişkiler Yüksek Lisans programında eğitimine devam eden ve gerek duyduğum Korece kaynakların temininde yardımlarını gördüğüm sevgili arkadaşım Hikmet Kadir BOZOK’a, Bilkent Üniversitesi’nde Tarih Bölümü Yüksek Lisans programında eğitimine devam eden ve çalışmalarımı okuyarak her zaman farklı bakış açıları ile çalışmalarımı geliştirmemde desteğini esirgemeyen sevgili Cihad KUBAT’a sonsuz teşekkürler. Doktora sürecinde yaşadığım zorluklarda her zaman yanımda olup beni bu uzun süreçte destekleyen sevgili Sunho CHOİ’ye minnettarım. Son olarak eğitim hayatım boyunca bütün yükümü çeken, yorulduğum anlarda kaldığım yerden devam edebilmem için beni teşvik eden fedakâr aileme şükran borçluyum. Sizlerin varlığı ve desteği olmasa bu tez asla tamamlanamazdı. Müge Kübra OĞUZ Ankara/2019 vii ÖZET OĞUZ, Müge Kübra. Choson Krallığı’ndan Dehan İmparatorluğu’na: Kore’nin Dış Politikaları (1876-1910), Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2019. Bu tez Choson Krallığı’nın 19. yüzyılda modern dış ilişkilere başlamasıyla geçirdiği değişimi ortaya koymaktadır. Tez, Choson Krallığı’nda modern dış ilişkileri başlatan Kanghwa Antlaşması’nın imzalandığı 1876 yılı ile Japonya ile ilhak anlaşmasının imzalandığı 1910 yılları arası olmak üzere Kore tarihinin 34 yılına odaklanmaktadır. Birinci bölüm Kore Yarımadası’nın coğrafî, tarihî, dinî ve geleneksel kültürü hakkında bilgiler içermektedir. İkinci bölümde Choson Krallığı yönetiminin dış ilişkiler politikasında başlayan değişim ve Kore Yarımadası’na Hristiyanlık dininin girişi ve sonrasında yaşanan sorunlar incelenmiştir. Choson Krallığı’nda Kanghwa Antlaşması’nın ardından Amerika ve Avrupalı devletlerle imzalanan antlaşmaların benzer ve farklı yönleri üçüncü bölümü oluştururken, Donghak Köylü Ayaklanması ile başlayan dördüncü bölüm ise Dehan İmparatorluğu’nun ilanından yarımadada Japon sömürge döneminin başlamasına kadarki dönemde iç ve dış politikadaki değişimi içermektedir. Bu tez çalışması aracılığıyla 19. yüzyılda Kore’nin uluslararası alana girişiyle değişen politik sistemi ve modernleşme politikalarının dış ilişkilerle uyum süreci ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler Doğu Asya, Kore, Kore Yarımadası, Choson Krallığı, Dehan İmparatorluğu, Dış İlişkiler viii ABSTRACT OĞUZ, Müge Kübra. From the Kingdom of Choson to Dehan Empire: Korea's Foreign Policies (1876-1910), Ph.D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2019. This thesis shows the change of Kingdom of Choson with the beginning of modern foreign relations in the 19th century. The thesis focuses on the thirty four years of Korean history from the 1876 Kanghwa Treaty to the 1910 Annexation Treaty. The first section contains information on geographical, historical, religious, and traditional culture about the Korean peninsula. In the second chapter, the change which started in the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Choson administration and the problems of the entry of Christianity to the Korean peninsula was examined. The third chapter deals with the similar and different aspects of the treaties signed with the American and European states following the Kanghwa Treaty. The fourth chapter, starting with the Donghak Peasant Revolution, includes the change in domestic and foreign policy from the proclamation of the Dehan Empire to the beginning of the Japanese colonial period on the peninsula. The writer's purpose in preparing this thesis to explain the political system that changed in the 19th century with the entry of Korea into the international stage and the process of adaptation with external relations of modernization policies. Keywords East Asia, Korea, Korean Peninsula, Kingdom of Choson, Dehan Empire, Foreign Affairs ix İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY ......................................................................................................... İ BİLDİRİM ...................................................................................................................... İİ YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI............................... İİİ ETİK BEYAN ............................................................................................................... İV TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................... V ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ Vİİ ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... Vİİİ İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ İX KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .......................................................................................... Xİİ TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................ Xİİİ HARİTALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................................... XİV ÖNSÖZ ......................................................................................................................... XV GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. BÖLÜM ..................................................................................................................... 14 SAKİN SABAHLAR ÜLKESİ: KORE ....................................................................... 14 1.1 KORE YARIMADASI’NIN COĞRAFYASI ....................................................... 14 1.2 KORE YARIMADASI’NDA TARİHSEL SEYİR (19. YÜZYILA DEK) ......... 17 1.3 KORE YARIMADASI’NDA DİN ANLAYIŞI VE GELENEKSEL UNSURLAR .................................................................................................................. 29 1.4 KORE YARIMADASI’NDA DEVLET GELENEĞİ VE TOPLUMSAL YAPI ......................................................................................................................................... 37 1.5 KORE’NİN TARİH ANLAYIŞI VE TARİH ARAŞTIRMALARI ................... 40 2. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................................... 55 19. YÜZYILDA CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NDA YÖNETİM VE DIŞ İLİŞKİLERİN BAŞLANGICI ............................................................................................................... 55 2.1 CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NIN YÖNETİMİNDE MEYDANA GELEN BOZULMALAR ............................................................................................................ 55 2.1.1 Siyasi Gruplaşmaların Başlangıcı ve Hâkimiyet Mücadeleleri .................... 55 2.1.2 Sedo Politikasının Yansımaları ....................................................................... 60 x 2.2 CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NIN ASYA POLİTİKASI: ÇİN VE JAPONYA İLE İLİŞKİLERİ .................................................................................................................. 64 2.2.1 Çin İle İlişkiler
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