Stutt Ágrip Af Kristnisögu

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Stutt Ágrip Af Kristnisögu Stutt ágrip af kristnisögu Eiríkur Magnússon tók saman 2021 Efnisyfirlit 4 Formáli ................................................................................................................. I Inngangur ............................................................................................................ 1 Stofnun kirkjunnar ‒ frumsöfnuðurinn ............................................................... 3 Upphaf kristniboðs meðal heiðingja ................................................................. 13 Fornkirkjan ........................................................................................................ 23 Miðaldir ............................................................................................................. 47 Klaustur og einlífi ............................................................................................. 56 Forsaga siðbótar ................................................................................................ 58 Siðbótin ............................................................................................................. 63 Kirkjan á síðari öldum....................................................................................... 77 Nokkrar vakningar og hreyfingar á 20. öld ....................................................... 96 Kristnisaga Íslands .......................................................................................... 129 Eftirmáli .......................................................................................................... 174 Persónuleg trúarjátning ................................................................................... 176 Viðauki: Gyðingdómur ................................................................................... 177 Viðauki 2: Talnagögn...................................................................................... 181 Formáli Ef talið er nauðsynlegt að hver maður þekki helstu atriðin í sögu þjóðar sinnar, þá er ekki síður nauðsynlegt fyrir hvern kristinn einstakling, að þekkja eitthvað til sögu kristninnar. Þessi lauslega samantekt á sögu kristninnar, er alls ekki hugsuð sem úttekt á efninu. Hér er stiklað á stóru í gegnum langa sögu kristinnar kirkju. Talsvert af efninu kemur frá kennslubók í kristnisögu fyrir framhaldsskóla, eftir Sr. Jónas Gíslason prófessor og vígslubiskup, sem Ríkisútgáfa námsbóka gaf út. Ég hef aukið töluvert miklu við efnið og fellt smávegis burt. Viðbótin fjallar aðallega um kristnar trúarhreyfingar, sem komu fram við siðaskiptin og vakningar á 18., 19. og 20. öld. Einnig er fjallað um nokkrar af þeim kristnu trúarhreyfingum sem spruttu upp í framhaldi af þessum vakningum. Sú saga sem hér er sögð, er ákaflega samanþjöppuð. Það er eftirtektarvert, að sjá hvernig hver vakningarbylgjan eftir aðra kemur fram full af frelsandi krafti heilags anda, en koðnar síðan smám saman niður, festist í ákveðnum kenningum og hefðum og endar sem enn ein kirkjudeildin í viðbót. Mikilvægt er að gera sér grein fyrir því, að sá biblíuskilningur sem við búum við í dag, er að langmestu leyti arfur fortíðarinnar. Guð hefur allar aldir átt fólk sem gekk í því ljósi opinberunar, sem Guð gaf fyrir þann tíma. Við sem lifum í dag njótum góðs af erfiði þeirra sem á undan eru gengnir. Því er nauðsynlegt fyrir kristið fólk, að hafa einhverja hugmynd um rás atburða kirkjualdanna og kynnast þannig upprunanum. Það er köllun hinna kristnu á þessari öld að halda verkinu áfram, með því að taka við og ganga í því ljósi opinberunar sem Guð vill gefa á okkar dögum. Kaflinn um kristnisögu Íslands, hefur verið aukinn og bætt við nokkrum atriðum, varðandi kristnar hreyfingar sem fest hafa rætur hér á landi á 19. og 20. öld, án þess þó að þar sé um tæmandi upptalningu að ræða. Lítið er fjallað um það sem gerst hefur síðustu 15 árin, enda þekkja margir þá sögu. Í viðauka er fjallað stuttlega um gyðingdóm og nokkrar hefðir Gyðinga. Í Hebreabréfinu 13. kafla segir svo: „Verið minnugir leiðtoga yðar, sem Guðs orð hafa til yðar talað. Virðið fyrir yður, hvernig ævi þeirra lauk, og líkið eftir trú þeirra. Jesús Kristur er í gær og í dag hinn sami og um aldir.“ Helstu heimildir: 2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity: Höf. Eddie L. Hyatt 1998 2000 Years of Christ‘s Power Vol. 1 – 4. Höf. Nicholas R. Needham 2016 A History of Christian Doctrine Vol. 1 – 3. Höf. David K Bernard 1995 Ágrip af trúarbragðasögu. Höf. Ólafur Hansson Útg. Ísafoldarprentsmiðja 1955 Ágrip af sögu kristninnar. Höf. Jónas Gíslason 1983–85. Handrit. Biblían, útg. 1981 og 2007. Hið íslenska Biblíufélag Biblíuhandbókin þín. Höf. Herbert Sundemo. Útg. Örn og Örlygur hf. 1974 Encyclopædia Brittanica – Vefútgáfa. Frelsa oss frá illu. Höf. Gunnar Þorsteinsson. Útg. Ax forlag. Helstu trúarbrögð heims. Höf. Dr. Sigurbjörn Einarsson. Útg. Almenna Bókafélagið 1962 Hvers vegna er heimurinn eins og hann er. Friðrik Schram – Vefútgáfa 2013 Íslandssaga 1. og 2. hefti. Höf. Þórleifur Bjarnason Útg. Ríkisútgáfa námsbóka 1968 Íslandssaga til okkar daga. Höf. Björn Þorsteinsson og Bergsteinn Jónsson. Útg. Sögufélag 1991 Keltar á Íslandi. Höf. Hermann Pálsson. Útg. Háskólaútgáfan 1996 Kirkjusaga. Höf. Vald. V. Snævarr. Prestafélag Íslands 1934 Kristnisaga fyrir framhaldsskóla. Höf. Jónas Gíslason. Útg. Ríkisútgáfa námsbóka Með himneskum armi. Höf. Pétur Pétursson. Útg. Skálholtsútgáfan 1995 Orðið – Kristin fræði handa grunnskólum. Sigurður Pálsson. Námsgagnastofnun 1986 Saga Íslands ritstj. Sigurður Líndal. Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag, Sögufélagið 1974 Saga kristinnar kirkju, kennslubók Höf. Magnús Jónsson 1946 Separated Brethren. Höf. William J. Whalen. Útg. Our Sunday Visitor Inc. 1972 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ritstj. E.A. Livingstone (Útg. Oxford University Press 1977) Trúfélagið Krossinn, Höf. Bjarni Randver Sigurvinsson. (Útg.Guðfræðistofnun, Háskólaútgáfan. 1997) Ýmis gögn af Interneti og víðar. Það er ég sem sendi þig. Gídeonfélagið á Íslandi 50 ára. Höf. Sigurður Pálsson 1995 Eiríkur Magnússon Netfang: [email protected] I Inngangur - hjálpræðissagan _ Inngangur Hjálpræðissagan Biblían er safn 66 rita sem fjalla um samskipti Guðs, skapara himna og jarðar við mannfólkið í hinni jarðnesku sköpun. Guð hafði og hefur enn áætlun um eignast fjölskyldu sem elskar hann af fúsum og frjálsum vilja og vill samfélag við hann. „Og hvað heimtar sá hinn eini? Börn sem heyra Guði til.“ Þessi saga hefur verið kölluð hjálpræðissagan og saga endurlausnarinnar. Gamla testamentið, greinir frá fyrri hluta þessarar áætlunar. Þar er sagt frá upphafinu þegar Guð skapaði karl og konu (Adam og Evu). Guð skapaði manninn í sinni mynd með frjálsan vilja. Maðurinn hafði val um að elska Guð og gera það sem rétt er frammi fyrir Guði, eða falla frá Guði og syndga. Í upphafi lifðu Adam og Eva í samfélagi við Guð í fullkominni sköpun. En þegar þau syndguðu gegn Guði rofnaði samband þeirra við Guð (syndafall). Fall mannsins leiddi til þess að hin jarðneska sköpun var undirorpin, þjáningu, dauða og Satan, höfðingja þessa heims. „Syndin kom inn í heiminn fyrir einn mann og dauðinn fyrir syndina, og þannig er dauðinn runninn til allra manna, af því að allir hafa syndgað.“ Þegar tímar liðu, fjölgaði mannfólkinu á jörðinni og það tók að syndga gegn Guði. Þegar syndin var orðin allsráðandi meðal mannanna ákvað Guð að eyða mannfólkinu með vatnsflóði. Guð átti réttlátan spámann er hét Nói. Guð fékk Nóa það verkefni að byggja örk til að bjarga fjölskyldu sinni og dýrategundum sem lifðu á þurrlendi. Þegar flóðið kom bjargaðist Nói og fjölskylda hans ásamt dýrunum í örkinni. Síðar er sagt frá því hvernig Guð útvaldi einn mann, Abram (Abraham) til sérstaks hlutverks. Afkomendur Jakobs sonarsonar Abrahams mynduðu hina útvöldu þjóð Guðs, Ísraelsþjóðina (tólf ættkvíslir), sem Guð notaði til að opinbera vilja sinn á jörðinni og varðveita Orð Guðs. „Ég geri þig að ljósi fyrir þjóðirnar svo að hjálpræði mitt nái allt til endimarka jarðar.“ Guð gaf Ísraelsmönnum löggjöf (lögmál) í gegnum spámann sinn Móse. Samkvæmt lögmálinu þurftu menn stöðugt að úthella blóði dýra, til þess að hylja syndir fólksins. Í Gamla testamentinu er einnig sagt frá því að Guð myndi í fyllingu tímans senda Messías, hinn smurða frelsara í heiminn. Nýja testamentið greinir frá síðari hluta hjálpræðissögunnar. Þar er sagt frá því að Guð sendi (í gegnum ættkvísl Júda) hinn síðari Adam, eingetinn, syndlausan son Guðs, Jesú Krist í þennan heim til þess að fullkomna áætlun Guðs um að sætta mannkynið við Guð, með því að deyja fyrir syndir mannanna og opna leiðina fyrir samfélag Guðs við mannfólkið. Nýja testamentið segir frá lífi og starfi Jesú Krists í mannlegu holdi og að lokum krossdauða hans og upprisu á páskum. Blóð Jesú Krists er hin fullkomna fórn, sem getur afmáð syndir að eilífu og ekki þarf að endurtaka. Eftir upprisu Jesú Krists risu upp helgir menn (sem dáið höfðu í trú á Guð Ísraels og fyrirheitin um Messías) og birtust mörgum. Hjálpræðissagan fjallar síðan um útbreiðslu ríkis Guðs á jörðu. Hún segir frá því hvernig lærisveinar Jesú Krists breiddu út boðskapinn um hinn krossfesta og upprisna Frelsara. Í tæplega 2000 ár hafa kristnir menn haft það hlutverk að gerast lærisveinar Krists og taka þátt í útbreiðslu Guðs ríkisins með því að gera fleiri að lærisveinum. Við lifum í þessum hluta hjálpræðissögunnar. Þetta tímabil, meðan fagnaðarerindið er boðað um alla jörð og menn hafa tækifæri til að taka við Jesú Kristi sem frelsara sínum, hreinsast af syndum og endurfæðast til lifandi samfélags við Guð (verða hluti af fjölskyldu Guðs), er nefnt náðarár Drottins (náðartími). Þeir sem
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