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O Cão Na Segurança E No Contraterrorismo

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O Cão Na Segurança E No Contraterrorismo INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS POLICIAIS E SEGURANÇA INTERNA O Cão na Segurança e no Contraterrorismo Aluno: Nuno Gonçalo Paixão Amaral Santos Almeida Orientador: Professor Doutor Luís Manuel André Elias Dissertação de Mestrado VIII Mestrado em Ciências Policiais - Gestão da Segurança Lisboa, 29 de Julho de 2019 i Resumo Esta dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Policiais tem como objectivo enquadrar e conceptualizar o uso do Cão como elemento das Forças e Serviços de Segurança, e o Cão como elemento integrante da nossa sociedade e família, na Segurança do dia-a- dia, na função Policial, e no Contraterrorismo. As potencialidades do uso do cão ainda não se conseguiram delimitar. Não sabemos até onde podemos ir com capacidades tão extraordinárias como o seu olfacto, a sua visão, a sua capacidade de decifrar linguagem corporal. Nunca a Humanidade recorreu tanto ao uso do cão para seu auxílio como hoje em dia. Da busca de explosivos, ao uso de cães robot de comando à distância, até aos cães de terapia emocional, as aplicações e a simbiose com os cães estão no seu ponto mais alto; no entanto, muitos processos, muito do que se faz, ainda não está compreendido nem devidamente enquadrado. Pretendemos contribuir para esse enquadramento e mostrar de uma forma geral as aplicações possíveis da ajuda do cão na nossa segurança do dia-a-dia e no combate ao terrorismo, ameaça premente e actual à nossa segurança, mas também ao nosso modo de vida, do qual o cão faz parte integrante. Abstract This Master's thesis in Police Sciences aims to frame and conceptualize the use of the Dog as an element of the Military and Law Enforcement Units, as well as an integral element of our society and family, in day-to-day Security, Police work and Counterterrorism. The potentialities of dog use have yet to be determined. We do not know how far we can go with such extraordinary abilities as sense of smell, vision, and ability to decipher body language. Humanity has never resorted to the use of the dog as much as its aid as nowadays. From the search for explosives, to the use of robot remote control dogs, to emotional therapy dogs, applications and symbiosis with dogs is at its highest point; however, many processes, much of what is done, not yet is understood nor properly framed. We intend to contribute to this framework and to show in a general way the possible applications of dog help in our day-to-day security, and in the fight against terrorism, a pressing and current threat to our security, but also to our way of life, of which the dog is an integral part. ii Lista de siglas e abreviaturas ANPC – Autoridade Nacional de Protecção Civil ARD – Assistente de Recinto Desportivo ASAE – Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CINC – Commander-in-chief CPP – Código Penal Português CRP – Constituição da República Portuguesa DAE – Dispositivo De Armazenamento Electrónico DGAV – Direcção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária DN – Director Nacional DNT – 2,4-dinitrotolueno – 1-methyl-2,4-dinitro benzene DOD – Department of Defense Dr. – Doutor ENCT – Estratégia Nacional de Combate ao Terrorismo ERG – Extremist Risk Guidlines EU – União Europeia EUA – Estados Unidos da América EUROJUST – Agência da UE EUROPOL – Serviço Europeu de Polícia FAA – Federal Aviation Agency FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation FSS – Forças e Serviços de Segurança GIC – Grupo de Intervenção Cinotécnico GIPS – Grupo de Intervenção de Protecção e Socorro GNR – Guarda Nacional Republicana HMTD – Hexametileno-triperóxido-diamina – 3,4,8,9,12,13-Hexaoxa-1,6- diazabicyclo[4.4.4]tetradecane ITP – Incidentes Táctico-Policiais K9 – Cão de trabalho. Do Inglês “k-nine” KKK – Ku Klux Klan LSI – Lei de Segurança Interna LTTE – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – Tigres de Liberação do Tamil Eelam MLG – Multi-Level Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Group-Based Violence MOP – Manutenção da Ordem Pública NBQR – Nuclear Biológica Química e Radiológica NEP – Normas de Execução Permanente NRBQ – Nucleares, Radiológicas, Biológicas, ou Químicas OG – Ordem à Guarda ONG – Organização Não-Governamental OP – Ordem Pública OPC – Orgão de Polícia Criminal PCCCOFSS – Plano de Coordenação, Controlo e Comando Operacional das Forças e Serviços de Segurança PD – Pergunta Derivada PETN – Tetranitrato de pentaeritritol – 2,2-Bis[(nitrooxy)methyl]propane-1,3-diyl dinitrate PGR – Procuradoria-Geral da República PIP – Policiamento Integrado de Proximidade PMC – Empresa Militar Privada PMU – Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Units PSP – Polícia de Segurança Pública RDX – Ciclotrimetilenotrinitramina – 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane SEPNA – Serviço de Protecção da Natureza e do Ambiente SIS II – Schengen Information System SSI – Sistema de Segurança interna SWAT – Special Weapons Armour and Tactics TATP – Triperóxido de triacetona – 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane TNT – Trinitrotolueno – 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene TSA – Transportation Security Administration iii UI – Unidade de Intervenção URSS – União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas VERA – Violent Extremist Risk Assessment VIS – Visa Information Systems ZA – Zona de Acção iv Índice Agradecimentos...................................................................................... Erro! Marcador não definido. Resumo ................................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ ii Lista de siglas e abreviaturas ............................................................................................................... iii 1. Introdução ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Enquadramento ...................................................................................................................... 2 Problema de investigação e formulação de hipóteses ........................................................... 7 Objectivos da investigação ..................................................................................................... 7 Método ................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Capítulo I – O Cão na Segurança ..................................................................................................... 15 Segurança ............................................................................................................................. 15 O Cão e o policiamento de proximidade .............................................................................. 17 O Cão como meio coercivo ................................................................................................... 22 Protecção e defesa do elemento policial.............................................................................. 31 O Cão como companheiro e fonte de bem estar para o polícia ........................................... 33 Manutenção da Ordem Pública ............................................................................................ 35 Operações especiais e incidentes táctico policiais ............................................................... 38 Cães de detecção .................................................................................................................. 42 2.8.1. Cães de pistagem ............................................................................................................. 44 2.8.2. Pistagem táctica ............................................................................................................... 47 2.8.3. Detecção de narcóticos e estupefacientes ....................................................................... 47 2.8.4. Detecção de armas ........................................................................................................... 49 2.8.5. Detecção de explosivos, minas e armadilhas ................................................................... 50 2.8.6. Detecção de túneis ........................................................................................................... 52 2.8.7. Detecção de acelerantes e combustíveis de incêndios .................................................... 53 2.8.8. Detecção de cadáver e vestígios biológicos ..................................................................... 53 2.8.9. Detecção de meios electrónicos ...................................................................................... 54 Osmologia ou odorologia em investigação criminal ............................................................. 57 2.9.1. O uso do cão na investigação criminal ............................................................................. 59 Reinserção e serviços prisionais ........................................................................................... 64 O Cão no combate ao crime ambiental e proteção de espécies protegidas ........................ 67 O uso do cão perante ameaças NBQR .................................................................................. 68 Cinotecnia na Protecção Civil ............................................................................................... 69 3. Capítulo II - O Cão no Terrorismo e Contraterrorismo ................................................................... 72 Terrorismo ...........................................................................................................................
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