Contemporary Issues in Education
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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN EDUCATION MA [Education] EDCN 1000 C [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Shruti Kant Pandey Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Education, Noida Authors: JC Aggarwal, Units (1.4, 3.2-3.3) © JC Aggarwal, 2017 Ms Manpreet Kaur, Unit (2.2-2.4) © Ms Manpreet Kaur, 2017 Dr S. S. Jaswal, Unit (3.5) © Dr S. S. Jaswal, 2017 Chetna Bajwa & Sonal Chabra, Unit (5.2-5.3) © Chetna Bajwa & Sonal Chabra, 2017 Vikas Publishing House, Units (1.0-1.3, 1.4.1-1.9, 2.0-2.1, 2.5-2.10, 3.0-3.1, 3.4, 3.6-3.10, 4, 5.0-5.1, 5.4-5.10) © Reserved, 2017 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material, protected by this copyright notice may not be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form of by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the DDE, Tripura University & Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Contemporary Issues in Education Syllabi Mapping in Book UNIT - I Early Childhood Education, Gender and Education, Education Unit 1: Issues in Education: for Gifted Children, Equalizing Educational Opportunities. An Introduction (Pages 3-70) UNIT - II Internationalization of Education, Privatization of Education, Unit 2: Education in Liberalization of Education, People-Public-Private Partnership a Global World in Education. (Pages 71-100) UNIT - III Population Education, Environmental Education, Non-formal and Unit 3: Fundamental Adult Education, Human Rights Education. Aspects of Education (Pages 101-146) UNIT - IV UEE, RMSA, RUSA, Quality in Higher Eduction, Expansion of Unit 4: Various Concerns Higher Education, Equity in Higher Education. in Higher Education (Pages 147-170) UNIT - V E-Learning, Uses of Computer in Evaluation, Grading System, Unit 5: E-Learning and CBCS System. Evaluation in Education (Pages 171-192) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 ISSUES IN EDUCATION:AN INTRODUCTION 3-70 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Early Childhood Education 1.2.1 Origin, Definition, Meaning and Principles of Play-way 1.2.2 Founder of the Kindergarten 1.2.3 Montessori Method 1.3 Gender and Education 1.3.1 Measures for Promoting Women’s Education 1.3.2 Education and Women Empowerment 1.4 Education for Gifted Children 1.4.1 Equalizing Educational Opportunities 1.4.2 Significance of Equalization of Educational Opportunities 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading UNIT 2 EDUCATION INA GLOBALWORLD 71-100 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Internationalization of Education 2.3 Privatization of Education 2.4 Liberalization of Education 2.5 People-Public-Private Partnership in Education 2.5.1 Various Dimensions of Public Private Partnership in Schools 2.5.2 Defining PPP for the 12 FYP 2.5.3 Challenges in the School Education Sector 2.5.4 Policy Instrument Grouping for Educational Objectives 2.5.5 Some ways Forward 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Terms 2.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.9 Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Reading UNIT 3 FUNDAMENTALASPECTS OF EDUCATION 101-146 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Population Education 3.3 Environmental Education 3.4 Non-Formal and Adult Education 3.4.1 Adult Education 3.5 Human Rights Education 3.5.1 Sources of Human Rights 3.5.2 Child Rights 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 VARIOUS CONCERNS IN HIGHER EDUCATION 147-170 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 UEE, RMSA, RUSA 4.3 Quality in Higher Education 4.4 Expansion of Higher Education 4.4.1 Eleventh Five-Year Plan and Higher Education 4.5 Equity in Higher Education 4.6 Summary 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 Further Reading UNIT 5 E-LEARNINGAND EVALUATION IN EDUCATION 171-192 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 E-Learning 5.3 Uses of Computer in Evaluation 5.4 Grading System 5.5 CBCS System 5.6 Summary 5.7 Key Terms 5.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.9 Questions and Exercises 5.10 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION The essence of human resource development is education, which plays a significant NOTES and remedial role in balancing the socio-economic fabric of the country. Since citizens of India are its most valuable resource, our billion-strong nation needs the nurture and care in the form of basic education to achieve a better quality of life. This warrants an all-round development of our citizens, which can be achieved by building strong foundations in education. In our national perception education is essentially for all. This is fundamental to our all-round development. Education has an acculturating role. Education develops manpower for different levels of the economy. It is also the substrate on which research and development flourish, being the ultimate guarantee of national self-reliance. This book is written in a self-instructional format and is divided into five units. Each unit begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by an outline of the Unit objectives. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short-answer as well as long-answer questions. The Summary and Key Terms section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Issues in Education: UNIT 1 ISSUES IN EDUCATION: An Introduction AN INTRODUCTION NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Early Childhood Education 1.2.1 Origin, Definition, Meaning and Principles of Play-way 1.2.2 Founder of the Kindergarten 1.2.3 Montessori Method 1.3 Gender and Education 1.3.1 Measures for Promoting Women’s Education 1.3.2 Education and Women Empowerment 1.4 Education for Gifted Children 1.4.1 Equalizing Educational Opportunities 1.4.2 Significance of Equalization of Educational Opportunities 1.5 Summary 1.6 Key Terms 1.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.8 Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION The earliest years of a child’s life are critical. These years determine child’s survival and thriving in life, and lay the foundations for her/ his learning and holistic development. It is during the early years that children develop the cognitive, physical, social and emotional skills that they need to succeed in life. These early experiences are largely determined by supportive family and community care practices, proper nutrition and health care, learning opportunities, which in turn are dependent on enabling policies and investments for young children and families. In India, according to Census 2011 data, there are 164.48 million children of 0-6 years of age. Recognizing the need to provide quality pre-primary programmes, a number of constitutional and policy provisions have been made such as the 86th Constitutional Amendment, which introduced Article 21A on the right to free and compulsory education for 6-14 years old children. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2010 guarantees children their right to quality elementary education. In this unit, you will learn about early childhood education, measures for promoting women’s education, and women empowerment and education. You will also study about education for gifted children and programmes for equalizing educational opportunities. Self-Instructional Material 3 Issues in Education: An Introduction 1.1 UNIT OBJECTIVES After going through this unit, you will be able to: NOTES Explain the importance of early childhood education Discuss the measures for promoting women’s education Explain the relation between education and women empowerment Define gifted children and discuss their characteristics and the importance of providing education to them Describe the significance of equalization of educational opportunities 1.2 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION In this section early childhood education will be discussed. According to UNICEF, early childhood is defined as the period from conception through eight years of age. Child-centred Approach to Teaching Meaning of Child Centred Education A Dictionary of Education (1981) by Derek Rowntree considers child- centred approach/education/teaching as, ‘Rather woolly slogan, but its main point is made by teacher who claims ‘I teach children, not subjects’. This implies care for the child, his personality, needs and learning style and not just for his or her academic process.’ The Concise Dictionary of Education (1982) by G.R.