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Persisting Servitude and Gradual Shifts Towards Recognition And A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHIDELHI ANDAND MUMBAIMUMBAI 01 PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND Institute for PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL Human Development SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR A study of employers of domestic workers in Delhi and Mumbai 02 PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR Copyright © International Labour Organization 2017 First published (2017) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN: 978-922-129677-5 (print) 978-922-129678-2 (web pdf) 978-922-129679-9 (epub) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns. All photos: ©ILO Printed in India A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHI AND MUMBAI i PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR A study of employers of domestic workers in Delhi and Mumbai ILO Decent Work Team for South Asia and Country Office for India ii PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHI AND MUMBAI iii Foreword Domestic work has emerged as the fastest growing sector of women’s employment in urban India. It enables first entry to paid work, especially for women from low-income households. As such, it has become a characteristic feature of women in India’s labour market, as in the case of many South Asian countries. Perceptions on the economic value of domestic work tend to be influenced by tradi- tional gendered stereotypes surrounding unpaid work, and further compounded by other intersecting forms of segregation. In recognition of these challenges, the ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189), sets international labour standards for domestic workers. While many studies have been conducted on working and living conditions, limited evidence is available on the demand side of domestic work and in particular about employers’ attitudes on domestic workers. The purpose of this study is to bridge that critical gap. This study explains how domestic workers are hired, how wages are negotiated and how employers perceive workers. It’s an important contribution to the sector as it will enable stakeholders to design and implement more effective strategies to promote decent work for domestic workers. Panudda Boonpala Director ILO Decent Work Team for South Asia and Country Office for India iv PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHI AND MUMBAI v Table of contents Foreword iii List of tables viii Acknowledgements ix Executive summary xi List of Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 1. Literature review 5 1.1. Hiring domestic workers 6 1.2. Factors shaping employers’ demands and perceptions 7 1.2.1. Gender 8 1.2.2. Caste and class 9 1.2.3. Age 10 1.2.4. Religion and region 11 1.2.5. Trust and suspicion 11 1.3. Global context of labour markets for domestic workers 13 1.4. Formalization and informality 14 1.5. Recruitment channels 15 1.6. Mobilization 17 1.7. Do domestic workers have dignity? 18 2. Objectives and methodology 21 2.1. Research questions 22 2.2. Methodology 23 2.3. Area selection/ localities 24 2.4. Stratification of cities into wards/localities 25 2.5. Listing survey 25 2.6. Sampling of employer households 26 2.7. Pilot qualitative case studies 27 vi PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR 2.8. Interviews with other organizations/agencies 27 2.9. Difficulties and shortcomings 27 3. Socio-economic profile of employers 29 3.1. Employers’ perspective on importance of and reason for employing domestic workers 30 3.2. Survey findings 30 3.3. Demand for domestic workers – Who hires? 31 3.3.1. Social composition 31 3.3.2. Income profile of employer households 32 3.3.3. Household size and main earning member 33 3.3.4. Education, assets and income profile 34 3.4. Pattern of demand for domestic workers: Segmentation and segregation 35 3.4.1 Dependence on employers 38 3.5 Profile of domestic workers hired 38 3.6. Nature of work for which domestic workers are demanded 41 3.6.1. Part-time domestic workers 42 3.6.2. Who hires full-time/live-in workers? 42 3.6.3. Employers with multiple workers 43 4. Employers preferences, replacement and recruitment practices 45 4.1 Employers’ preferences 41 4.1.1. Caste and religion 48 4.1.2. Language 49 4.1.3. Space 49 4.1.4. Age and marital status 49 4.1.4. Punctuality and timing 50 4.2 Replacement of domestic workers 50 4.3 Recruitment channels 51 4.4. Verification of domestic workers 53 4.5. Recruitment agents/agencies 55 5. Employers’ attitude towards domestic work, workers and employment conditions 63 5.1 Wages 64 5.2. In kind payments 66 5.3. Basic facilities 67 5.4. Hours of work and rest 68 5.5. Weekly offs and leaves 69 5.6. Employer – employee relationships 69 5.7. Forms of address for workers 70 5.8. Compulsion to trust and employers’ dependence on workers 71 A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHI AND MUMBAI vii 5.9. Employers’ expectations of workers 72 5.10. Problems/complaints 73 5.11. Skill training for domestic workers 87 6. Regulation, workers’ rights and legal provisions 75 6.1. Legal provisions for regulation of domestic work in India 76 6.2. Key features of the draft national policy for domestic workers 77 6.3. Findings of the employers survey 78 6.3.1. Differing norms of formality and informality 79 7. Conclusions and recommendations 83 7.1. Summary of main findings 84 7.2. Recommendations and suggestions 87 7.2.1. Due recognition of domestic work 87 References 92 Annexure 95 Annex I: Research team – Delhi and Mumbai 95 Annex II: List of wards and areas surveyed – Delhi and Mumbai 96 viii PERSISTING SERVITUDE AND GRADUAL SHIFTS TOWARDS RECOGNITION AND DIGNITY OF LABOUR List of tables Table 1 Proportion of domestic worker (DW) employer households in the two cities by social group 31 Table 2 Proportion of DW employer households in the two cities by income categories 32 Table 3 Distribution by household size 33 Table 4 Proportion of DW employer households by main earning member 33 Table 5 Distribution of employers by occupation of main earning member 33 Table 6 Distribution of employers by highest education level in the household 34 Table 7 Distribution of employers by house ownership 34 Table 8 Distribution of asset ownership by sample households 35 Table 9 Distribution of sample employer households by number of rooms 35 Table 10 Distribution of households by type of DWs 38 Table 11 Place of origin of workers 38 Table 12 Distribution of DW by caste 39 Table 13 Distribution of DWs by religion 40 Table 14 Distribution of DWs by education level 40 Table 15 Distribution of DWs by marital status 41 Table 16 Demand for DWs by nature of work 41 Table 17 Hiring by types of domestic workers across income categories 42 Table 18 Hiring of live-ins and full-time live-outs across income categories 43 Table 19 Employers preferences’ for recruitment of DWs 47 Table 20 Proportion of employers who replaced DWs in last three years (%) 50 Table 21 Distribution of DWs by the reason for replacement 51 Table 22 Recruitment channel of DWs (%) 52 Table 23 Monthly wage rates of different tasks – minimum and average (INR) 65 Table 24 Number of part-time DWs in Delhi and Mumbai by range of monthly wages 65 Table 25 Number of full-time/live-in domestic workers in Delhi and Mumbai by range of monthly wages 66 Table 26 Time spent working in a single household by part-time DWs 68 Table 27 Time spent working by full-time/live-in DWs 68 Table 28 Employers who responded positively to questions on awareness of legal provisions 78 A STUDY OF EMPLOYERS OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN DELHI AND MUMBAI ix Acknowledgements This study was possible with the generous support provided by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), as part of the ILO–DFID “Work in Freedom” (WiF) Programme, which offered the opportunity to look more closely into the issues of Indian domestic workers by building understanding on the perspectives of employers of domestic workers.
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