Coalitions of the Well-Being: How Electoral Rules and Ethnic Politics Shape Health Policy in Developing Countries Joel Sawat Selway Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10304-7 - Coalitions of the Well-being: How Electoral Rules and Ethnic Politics Shape Health Policy in Developing Countries Joel Sawat Selway Index More information

Index

accuracy, 20, 21, 112 Bantu, 69, 70, 139, 238 Aceh(nese), 225, 227, 228, 229, 238, 252 Batak, 227, 228, 229 ACT New Zealand, 147 bed-doctor ratio, 129 advanced industrial, 14, 22, 29, 31, 46, 56, 74, bed-occupancy rate, 111 78, 108, 243, 250 Belgium, 7, 39, 49, 52, 82, 89, 194, 250, affirmative action, 34, 203, 206 251, 252 AFPFL, 54, 214, 217, 218–223 Bérenger, Paul, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177 Africa(n), 3, 5–8, 14, 25, 31, 36, 37, 43, 44, Best Loser System, 193 47, 69, 71, 78, 88, 138, 140, 143, 155, Betawi, 227, 228, 229 156, 181, 190, 211, 237 bipolarized/bipolarization, 32, 49 All Burma Karen Organization, 222 Blau, Peter, 11, 26 All Mauritius Hindu Congress, 167 Block Vote, 93, 95, 97, 161 All Shan State Organization, 221 Boodhoo, Harish, 172 Alliance de L’Avenir, 179 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 39, 70, 71, 87, 250, Alliance of Arch Enemies, 60–64, 66, 162, 252, 253 166, 173, 174, 179, 186, 200, 202–205, Botswana, viii, 6, 8, 22, 40, 46, 78, 87, 92, 220, 222. See alliances 138–143, 155, 195, 199, 244 The Alliance, New Zealand, 147 Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), 139, 140 ambulances, 115 Botswana Housing Corporation, 141 antiretroviral, 180 breadth, 12, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 51, 53, 54, Anwar Ibrahim, 204 56, 58, 66, 76, 84, 92, 100, 108, 149, Arakan National United Organization, 221 151, 182, 191, 196, 197, 239, 246, Arakan(ese), 214, 216, 217, 219, 221–223 251, 253 Asia, 3, 7, 8, 45, 47, 155, 156, 190, 208, 246 British colonies, 40, 43, 44, 46, 195 Austronesian, 199 broad access, 186 authoritarian(ism), 10, 69, 201, 204, 246 broad alliances, 205 autocratic, 11 broad allocation, 34, 108, 124, 156, 184 broad coalitions, 252 Bahujan Samaj, 66, 67 broad constituencies, 99 Balinese, 227–229 broad focus, 15, 50 ballot control, 100 broad parties, 14, 15, 23, 26, 51, 54, 57, 62, Bangkok, 91, 100, 103, 109–112, 114, 115, 84, 97, 128, 144, 152, 161, 165, 166, 117, 118, 124, 134 181, 182, 195, 201, 206, 209, 211, 230, Banharn Silpa-archa, 109 232, 239, 243–247, 250, 251

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10304-7 - Coalitions of the Well-being: How Electoral Rules and Ethnic Politics Shape Health Policy in Developing Countries Joel Sawat Selway Index More information

282 Index

broad platforms, 93, 102, 165, 244 civil war(s), 7, 27, 32, 142, 213, 214, 249, broad policies, 54, 55, 65, 76, 77, 107, 109, 250, 252 114, 135, 153, 182, 203, 248 Clean AFPFL, 221 broad support base, 9, 12, 51, 67, 71, 84, 143, clientelistic parties, 52, 53 152, 187, 233, 236 closed-list, PR, 57, 93 broadly, 4, 12, 14, 26, 28, 33, 50, 56, 59, Closing the Gaps, New Zealand, 149, 152 73, 76, 84, 93, 100, 108, 118, 119, coalition building, 50 125, 130, 144, 152, 167, 181, 191, coalition partners, 50, 61, 73, 120, 137, 206, 244 222, 223 broadly targeted, 94 coalitions(s), 15, 30, 34, 50, 55, 57, 59–62, Buddhism, 94, 95, 222, 227 63, 64, 66–73, 99, 105, 107, 112, 120, Budget Bureau, Thailand, 110, 112 132, 134, 135, 137, 146, 153, 167, 168, budgets, 76, 112, 127, 128 173, 174, 178, 179, 187, 191, 194, 197, Buku Jingaa, 205 202, 204, 216, 218–224, 230, 234, 237, bumiputera, 199, 200, 201, 204 243, 246, 250, 252 bureaucracies, 52 co-ethnics, 34, 55, 65, 163 Burma Muslim Congress, 221 Comité d’Action Muselman, 167 Burma Proper, 217 communicable diseases, 33 Burman, 214–217, 219–224, 237 compensates, 35, 143 Burman parties, 214 compensation, 35, 122 Burunaj Samutharaks, 105 compromise, 12, 50, 65, 99, 112, 128, 179, 193, 213, 216, 237, 247, 248, candidate, 11, 13, 29, 33, 52, 58, 65, 66, 68, 250, 252 70, 72, 95, 97, 98, 101, 109, 162, 164, conditional, 25, 32, 75 169, 170, 171, 195, 219, 233 conflict, 7, 9, 11, 27, 29, 32, 34, 54, 224, 249, caste(s), 27, 65, 66, 67, 157, 173 250, 252 caste parties, 67 Congo, DRC, ix, 3, 7, 213, 238, catch-all parties, 52 245, 250 Catholic party, 236 congress parties, 54, 55, 61, 67, 245 causal process observations, 18 Congress Party, India, 55 causality, 16–18, 20, 21 consensus, 13–15, 23, 29, 32, 35, 39, 44, 51, center-right parties, 68 70, 195, 236, 237, 248, 252 Cerveaux, Roger (Father), 161 conservative parties, 63 Chandra, 25, 27, 35, 55, 67, 163, 238 constituencies, 13, 14, 55, 102, 103, Chart Thai, 99, 106, 109 109, 112, 120, 139, 141, 144, 146, Chat Pattana, 105, 132 153, 167, 168, 170, 171–173, 182, 186, check-ups, 105, 107, 180 191, 200, 202–205, 209, 213, 216, 217, Chi-Square, 47 219, 245 Child Health Passport, Mauritius, 180 constituency pooling, 33 Chin, 214, 216, 217, 219, 222 constituency service, 98 Chin parties, 222 Constituent Assembly, Burma, 214, 217 Chinese, 9, 53, 54, 94, 157, 158, 161, constitution, viii, 14, 93, 94, 100, 102, 166–169, 171–174, 178, 192, 194, 195, 118, 120, 121, 123, 126, 131, 132, 198–200, 201–203, 209, 225, 227–230, 175, 214, 217, 222, 245, 247, 232–234, 238, 245 251, 253 Chinese parties, 203, 230, 231, 233, 234 constitutional changes, 104, 131, 132, Christian Democrat parties, 52, 234 135, 197 Christian parties, 232, 236 constitutional designers, 94 Christie Report, Botswana, 141 constitutional engineering, 10, 92, 253 Chuan Leekpai, 103, 104 constraints, 33, 35, 50, 104 Civil Servants Medial Benefits (CSMB), construction, 34, 53, 110–113, 115, 122, 183, Thailand, 124, 125, 135 196, 206

Index 283

coordination, 8, 9, 23, 27, 50, 65–67, 69–73, development, 4, 5, 7–11, 18, 19, 23, 49, 57, 97, 162–165, 172, 176, 192, 193, 202, 64, 99, 138, 140, 141, 148–151, 155, 209, 213, 218, 224, 245, 247, 253 169, 177, 179, 180, 181, 190, 206, 209, corruption, 108, 109, 113–115, 119, 122, 133, 228, 229, 249, 253 134, 137, 141, 184, 185, 196, 234, 244 diarrheal disease, 92 Creoles, 9, 157, 159–161, 164, 165, 167, 168, discrimination, 25, 167, 179, 188, 170–172, 178, 182, 186, 199 231, 249 Crescent Star Party, 234 diseases, 5, 33, 108, 130, 131, 142, 179, cross-cut, 26, 37, 95, 249 180, 196 cross-cutting, 49, 59, 71, 74, 82 disproportionality, 23, 35, 58, 61, 63–65, 144, cross-cutting cleavages, 11, 26, 27, 36, 39, 59, 164, 175, 176, 178, 194, 251 75, 251, 253 District Health Boards (DHBs), New cross-cuttingness, 12, 26, 27, 36, 37, 39, 40, Zealand, 151 43, 47–49, 59, 75, 76, 79, 83, 84, 123, district magnitude, 28, 29, 31, 56–58, 61, 63, 157, 161, 191, 192, 228, 243, 249, 250, 69, 77, 80, 82, 83 253 district(s), 12, 13, 15, 23, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, cross-district coordination, 97, 162, 164, 193 35, 52, 56–69, 71–73, 95, 97–99, 101, cross-ethnic voting, 68, 69, 72, 170, 178, 203, 102, 107, 109, 116, 138, 146, 147, 156, 218, 251 161, 162, 164–166, 170, 174, 175, 178, cross-national data set, 27, 31, 37 191–193, 199, 200, 202, 203, 213, 216, Cross-national Indices of Multi-dimensional 224, 228, 230, 231, 233, 236, 238, 243, Measures of Social Structure (CIMMSS), 244, 251 21, 27, 39, 78, 252 diverse, 7–9, 11–16, 19, 24, 25, 27, 29, crucial case, 19 32, 35, 39, 43, 44, 46, 55, 64, 65, CT scanners, 112, 183 68, 71, 84, 143, 151, 155, 195, 202, 209, 214, 216, 224, 225, 231, 237, 238, David, James Burty, 172 244, 246 Dayak Unity Party, 236 divided societies, 3, 8, 51 deadlock, 165 Docteurs Panadol, 185 Deerpalsingh, Kishore, 185 doctor shortages, 106, 108, 119, 120, 182 democracy, 8–15, 19, 29, 39, 69, 78, 79, 85, doctors, 105, 108, 117, 122, 123, 127–129, 86, 90, 117, 146, 147, 153, 204–206, 150, 182, 183, 185–187 209, 213, 223, 224, 231, 236, 237, 245, dominant group, 36, 54, 64, 92 246, 252, 253 DRC, 3, 7 Democrat Party, 52, 60, 94, 98–101, 104, 106, Drinking water, 92 107, 126, 131, 135–137 Drop-In Centers, Mauritius, 180 democratic, 8–11, 39, 52, 68, 69, 78, 99, 142, drugs, 76, 108, 109, 114, 115, 132, 142, 184, 183, 200, 209, 211, 213, 224, 236, 238, 185 239, 245, 249 Duval, Gaëtan, 163, 167, 169 Democratic Action Party, 203 Duval, Xavier-Luc, 174 Democrats, 100, 101, 103–107, 120, 135, 136 Duverger, Maurice, 30, 31 Demographic and Health Surveys, 37 demographics, 22, 199 Easterly, William, 8, 25, 26 designing democracies, 9 Eastern Europe, 3, 44 detailed policies, 103, 133, 178, 181 economic growth, 8, 27, 30, 33, 142, 143, 155, develop, 1, 4, 10, 15, 16, 20, 21, 30, 51, 84, 220, 239, 249 102, 105, 151, 153, 155, 181, 236 economic utility, 55, 72, 162 developed, 4, 10, 11, 16, 24, 30, 37, 51, 53, education, vii, 1, 3–7, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 71, 74, 76, 82, 92, 95, 97, 99, 144, 146, 56, 74, 77, 92, 99, 112, 114, 119, 149, 152, 166, 174, 181, 182, 186 150, 151, 155, 156, 159, 163, 169, 180, developing democracies, 3, 7, 22, 46, 74, 78, 184, 187, 190, 191, 203, 206, 208, 211, 243 243, 248, 249

284 Index

education spending, 184 176–179, 181, 186, 191–194, 196, 199, electoral arrangements, 14, 69, 71 200–204, 209, 211, 213–218, 220, electoral district, 24, 28, 56, 60, 68, 76, 109, 223–225, 227–234, 236–239, 243–247, 164, 176, 183, 192 249, 251–253 electoral formula, 28, 29, 56, 57 ethnic harmony, 71 electoral rules, 1, 8, 10–14, 16–24, 27–33, ethnic head counting, 27 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 51, 53, ethnic identity, 3, 39, 195, 230, 234 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 65, 68, 69, 71–77, 79, ethnic minorities, 144, 146, 151, 152, 218 82–85, 91–95, 97, 99, 107, 120, 132, ethnic particularism, 34, 168 133, 136–138, 143, 146, 148, 152, 153, ethnic parties, 14, 23, 53–55, 60–63, 67, 155, 156, 161, 174–176, 191, 192, 199, 70, 164–167, 175–178, 194, 195, 199, 211, 213, 214, 217, 218, 223, 225, 228, 201–204, 213, 216, 218, 220, 221, 223, 230–233, 236–239, 243–249, 251–253 230–233, 236–238, 245 electoral system, 22, 23, 28, 39, 40, 44, 45, 67, ethnic polarization, 26 68, 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 97, 143, 146, 147, ethnic politics, 16, 169, 177, 238 175, 177, 186, 200, 204, 223, 232, 236 ethnic salience, 13–15, 22, 23, 52–55, 60, elites, 67, 140, 201, 218, 250 72, 74, 75, 80, 82, 84, 85, 153, 199, equipment, 51, 92, 108, 112, 114, 137, 142, 243–246, 252 183–185, 188 ethnic structure, 67, 83, 137, 237, 244 ethnic, 68–71, 73, 78, 95, 108, 147, 150, 157, ethnic tensions, 238 170, 174, 177, 186, 190, 192, 193, 198, ethnic violence, 252 199, 204–206, 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, ethnic voting, 27, 68, 170, 171, 174, 222, 224, 229, 232, 234, 248–251 178, 203 ethnic alliances, 202 ethnically diverse, 7, 14, 27, 29, 35 ethnic bias, 168 ethnic-income cross-cuttingness, 27, 84, 160 ethnic candidates, 72 ethnicity, 12, 19, 21, 26, 27, 35, 37, 39, 48, 51, ethnic coalitions, 223 55, 59, 60, 69, 70, 72, 95, 97, 99, 144, ethnic composition, 148, 192, 195, 146, 147, 150, 156, 157, 161, 162, 164, 201, 204 168, 170–173, 176, 177, 191, 193, 198, ethnic conflict(s), 7, 8, 14, 27, 35, 39, 69, 95, 200, 206, 215, 224, 225, 228, 232, 234, 195, 196, 218, 228, 232, 236, 238, 245, 238, 247, 249, 251, 253 247, 249, 252 ethno-geographic intermixing, 12, 27, 48, 64, ethnic contestation, 139 69, 71, 75, 76, 83, 84, 157, 209, 237 ethnic coordination, 68 Every Kiwi Is Covered, New Zealand, 150 ethnic demands, 220 exclusion, 3, 8, 53, 78, 205, 209 ethnic discord, 70 executive, 11, 15, 218, 232 ethnic disputes, 222 experiments, 16–18 ethnic diversity, vii, 3, 7, 8, 11, 24, 25, 27, 35, extremist parties, 234 46, 65, 75, 255, 264, 270 ethnic divisions, 15, 54, 55, 59, 61, 68, 69, factions, 50, 54, 99, 101, 103, 115, 120, 133, 200, 220, 222, 223, 245, 247, 250, 251, 139, 140, 163, 211, 216, 218, 221, 237 252, 253 financial crisis, 17, 107, 120, 124, 128, 130, ethnic factions, 54, 55, 165, 211, 216 131, 132, 135, 230 ethnic fractionalization, 8, 26, 30, 31, 36, 40, financing, 34, 104, 106, 120, 122, 123, 127, 75, 83, 84 128–130, 134, 137, 141, 151 ethnic gerrymandering, 200 First-Past-the-Post (FPTP), 13, 15, 22, 23, 28, ethnic group(s), 1, 3, 7–9, 11–15, 19, 20, 22, 29, 33, 35, 45, 56–58, 60, 62, 64–66, 23, 25–27, 31, 32–37, 39, 40, 45, 49, 68, 69, 71–73, 76, 80, 83, 93, 95, 138, 53–55, 59–61, 63–73, 75, 77, 78, 94, 139, 143, 144, 146, 161, 175, 176, 178, 95, 138, 139, 142–144, 148, 149, 153, 199, 201, 202, 209, 218, 223, 224, 237, 156–158, 160–168, 170, 171, 174, 239, 245

Index 285

First-Three-Past-the-Post. See Block Vote healthcare, 7, 14, 18, 22, 33, 34, 59, 91, fiscal spending, 82, 85 92–94, 99, 103, 105, 108, 112, 116–122, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 125, 127–129, 132–134, 136, 137, 142, Thailand, 103, 114, 115, 132 143, 151, 156, 178, 181, 182, 186–188, fractionalization, 12, 25–27, 36, 40, 49, 196, 201, 207–209, 214, 244, 245 66, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 84, 143, healthcare policy, 18 191, 243 health centers, 105, 109–111, 186, 187, 196 Franco-Mauritians, 157, 159, 161, 165, health clinics, 109, 207 176, 186 health facilities, 110, 116, 207, 208 Free Medical Services for the Poor (FMSP), Health for All by 2000, Thailand, 118 Thailand, 105, 107, 114, 116, 126, 131, health improvements, 91 135, 137 health index, 155 French, 9, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 48, 59, health indicators, 132, 189 158, 250 health infrastructure, 187, 188 fringe parties, 51 health insurance, 106, 108, 116, 120, 122, funerals, 101 124, 126, 135, 136, 186 health literacy, New Zealand, 180 GDP per capita, 3, 4, 7, 81, 138, 155, 186 health minister, Botswana, 141 General Population, 165, 167–169, 171–173, health minister, Britain, vi, 91 186, 194, 198 health minister, Mauritius, 184, 185 generalizability, 19, 21 health minister, Thailand, 104, 115, 120, 122, geographic dispersion, 20, 23, 32, 161 123, 132, 134 geographic distribution, 1, 31, 64, 157, 164, health outcomes, 77, 91, 92, 94, 108, 117, 200, 202, 211, 238, 246 119, 130, 131, 138, 139, 141, 148, 153, geographically concentrated, 31, 146, 155, 156, 181, 182, 188, 201, 206, 208, 164, 237 209, 244–246 geographically intermixed, 12, 14, 23, 36, 46, health personnel, 128, 129, 142, 189 66, 75, 153, 156, 199, 243, 247 health platform, 105, 107 geographically isolated, 12, 14, 15, 23, 33, 35, health policy, viii, ix, 18, 22, 59, 93, 102, 59, 60, 71, 75, 193, 211, 223–225, 239, 104–106, 108, 117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 243, 247, 253 130–136, 137, 141, 144, 146, 148, 152, geography, 21, 26, 69 153, 182, 193, 196, 205, 211, 244 Gerakan, 54, 203, 205 health problems, 108 godfathers (jao por), 98 health programs, 51 GOLKAR, 232 health projects, 118 government spending, 140, 249 health promotion, 108, 122, 123, 137, group loyalty, 65 150, 151 growth rates, 7, 132 health providers, 150 health quality, 77 harmony, 9, 54, 216 health record, 141 Hatai Chitanondh, 123 Health region, Mauritius, 180 health, vii, viii, 1, 4, 5–7, 9, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, health research, 106, 120 33, 37, 56, 74, 91, 103, 105, 106, 111, health resources, 93, 111, 118, 119, 124, 125, 112, 114–116, 119, 124, 126, 130, 131, 130, 135–137, 153, 156, 196, 244 134, 139, 141, 144, 148–150, 156, 179, health scheme, 129 184, 188–191, 196, 199, 204, 206, 209, health sector, 151, 186 243, 248, 249, 271 health security, 116, 124, 131 health benefits, 125 health services, 130, 151, 187, 188, 196, health budget, 108, 109, 112, 113, 121, 122, 206, 208 133, 141, 184, 196 health spending, viii, 108, 117, 118, 125, 126, health card, Thailand, 114 127, 181, 184, 196, 206, 208

286 Index

health system, 106, 120, 142, 146, 186, 197, Independence Forward Bloc, 167 207–209 Independence of Malaya Party, 202 health volunteers, 109 Independent Arakanese Parliamentary healthy, 4, 105 Group, 219 heterogeneous, 25, 61, 71, 143, 144, 199, 224, Index for Fairness of Financial 244, 249, 251, 253 Contribution, 117 high development, 8 India, 6, 7, 27, 43, 44, 46, 53, 55, 65–67, 87, high ethnic-salience, 12, 72, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 157, 176, 182, 184, 216, 227 83, 153, 243, 247 Indian, 53–55, 65, 67, 157, 158, 161, 167, high ethno-geographic isolation, 213 199, 201, 227 high-income, 5 Indonesia, ix, 6, 7, 14, 19, 23, 69, 70, 71, 87, Hill Tribes, 193 94, 118, 211, 225–228, 230–239, 245, Hindu mon frere, 167 246, 251, 252 Hindu parties, 167 Indonesian Christian Party, 236 Hindus, 9, 66, 143, 157, 157–161, 163–173, Indonesian parties, 225, 228, 230–232, 234, 236 177, 178, 194, 199, 201, 234, 247 infant mortality, 76, 118, 130, 141, 189, 207, HIV/AIDS, 139, 141, 142 208, 228, 229 homogeneity, 59, 138 infections, 92 homogenous, 8, 12–14, 22–24, 27, 30–32, 40, infrastructure spending, 182, 207 44–46, 60, 68, 71, 82, 92–95, 97, 138, Institute of Health Sciences, Mauritius, 185 139, 143, 144, 152, 190, 192, 216, 249 institutional, 10, 15, 18, 24, 27, 29, 30, 39, 47, Horowitz, Donald, 3, 8, 15, 27, 29, 32, 35, 55, 74, 84, 92, 93, 97, 98, 107, 131, 132, 51, 53–55, 63, 67, 69, 202, 247 134, 135, 137, 143, 190, 192, 246, 248, hospital(s), vi, 51, 56, 59, 103, 105–107, 252, 253 109–112, 115, 117, 119–123, 127–130, institutional design, 10 132, 137, 141, 182–187, 196, 208 institutional incentives, 18, 135, 143 hua khanaen, 109 institutions, 8–11, 15, 20–22, 27, 29, 30, human development, 4, 7, 149 34, 35, 35, 50, 68, 71, 83, 84, 121, 142, Human Development Index, 4 143, 150, 151, 195, 238, 246–248, 250, hygiene, 92 252, 253 interactive, 16, 20, 27, 30–32, 74, 75, 83, identity, 12, 26, 35, 54, 95, 157, 162, 165, 84, 246 177, 180, 195, 218, 228, 230, 234, 247 inter-district coordination, 68 ideology, 52, 53, 64, 99, 180 inter-ethnic, 9, 23, 26, 33, 65, 66, 68–73, 165, illnesses, 33 193, 200, 202, 218, 245, 251, 253 immunizations, 122 inter-ethnic coordination, 65, 71 incentives, 14, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 35, 50, inter-ethnic pacts, 205 56–58, 61–63, 66–72, 77, 84, 92, 97–104, Interior Ministry, Thailand, 99 107, 119, 122, 129, 131, 143, 152, intermixing, 12, 15, 37, 40, 49, 60, 65, 71, 72, 153, 155, 156, 161, 164–166, 169, 174, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 82, 83, 85, 90, 164, 176–178, 181, 182, 185, 191, 193, 196, 199, 225, 243, 247 200–202, 204, 205, 209, 213, 216, 224, intra-party unity, 162 233, 237, 238, 244, 247, 251 Iraq, 39, 44, 233, 250, 252, 253 inclusion, 3, 8, 30, 224 Irian Jaya, 225, 228 income, 3–5, 7, 12, 21, 24, 26, 27, 34, 36, 37, Islam, 95, 203, 227, 234, 235 39, 75, 79, 83, 84, 116, 125, 127, 129, Islamic parties, 173, 232, 234, 236 144, 146, 149, 150, 152, 155, 186, 188, Islamist Hizbullah Party, 195 189, 191, 192, 228, 250, 253 independence, 7, 11, 43, 47, 54, 65, 68, 71, 78, Japanese parties, 53 99, 138, 139, 160, 166–169, 176, 184, Javanese, 225, 227–229, 231, 233, 234, 238 186, 191, 194, 199–204, 206–209, 213, Javanese parties, 233 216–219, 222, 224, 236–238, 245, 252 Jugnauth, Aneeroodh, 173, 177

Index 287

Kachin, 214, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223 161, 174, 186, 191, 199, 211, 213, 216, Kachin National Council, 222 223, 224, 236, 237, 243, 244, 247–249, kamnans, 114, 251, 253 Kantaralak District Hospital, 127 majoritarian systems, 23, 31, 40, 77, 97 Karen, 214, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222 majority, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 27, 40, 46, 50, 51, Karen National Union (KNU), 218, 220 56, 58, 62–67, 69, 70–72, 95, 97, 99, Karenni, 217, 220 102, 121, 123, 124, 138, 140, 142–144, Kasaï, 239 152, 157, 161, 164–168, 172, 175, 178, Katanga, 239 186, 191, 199, 200, 202, 203–205, 207, Kayah, 220 214–217, 219, 220, 224, 233, 234, 237, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), 3, 9, 238, 244, 247 11, 14, 15 malaise créole, 161, 177 Kenya, 43, 44, 69–71, 87 Malay, 54, 94, 95, 193, 199–201, 203, 204, Khmer, 192, 199 209, 227–229 Korn Dabbaransi, 132 Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), KPU, 232 201–203, 205 Kwelagobe, 139 Malayan Indian Congress, 201 Malayan People’s Socialist Front, 203, 204 Labour Party, Britain, 52, 56, 168 Malays, 53, 95, 193, 199–204, 209 Labour Party, Malaysia, 203 Malaysia, viii, ix, 6, 23, 43, 44, 53, 54, 88, 94, Labour Party, Mauritius (MLP), 163, 112, 118, 131, 153, 195, 199, 200–209, 167–170, 172–177, 179–182, 184, 186, 213, 216, 222, 231, 237, 245, 252 187, 194, 196, 198 Malaysian Ministry of Health, 206 Labour Party, New Zealand, 146–149, Malaysian parties, 201–205, 209 150, 152 Malaysian People’s Movement Party, 54 largesse, 97, 98, 104 malnutrition, 3, 142 Latvia, 6, 44, 45, 67, 68, 87 mammography machines, 112 legislature, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 35, 49, 50, 54, manifestos, 179, 180 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 73, 93, 97, Māori, 144, 146–152 99, 100, 123, 144, 147, 164–166, 170, Māori health care providers, New Zealand, 174, 177, 194, 211, 213, 216–220, 223, 150–152 224, 233, 234, 237, 244, 245, 250, 253 Māori health strategy, 150 Levine, Ross, 8, 25, 26 Māori party, 53 life expectancy, 4, 22, 74, 76–81, 83, 85, 86, Māori Provider Development Scheme, 151 108, 130, 141, 148, 149, 151, 155, 189, mass-based parties, 52, 53 190, 207, 208, 228 Mauritian parties, 12, 97, 161–163, 165–170, Lijphart, Arend, 14, 29, 32, 35, 46, 47, 146, 171, 173–182, 185–188, 191, 194–197 237, 248 Mauritius, viii, 3, 6–9, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, literacy, 4, 22, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86 23, 43, 46, 49, 55, 71, 77, 93, 95, 97, 98, literacy rates, 4, 74 137, 138, 141, 143, 153, 155–164, 166, local candidates, 69, 100, 101, 104, 107, 169, 170, 172, 174–197, 199, 201–206, 131, 133 208, 209, 213, 216, 218, 222, 223, 237, lompeuntee, 101 244–247, 252 low ethnic-salience, 12, 54, 60, 74, 83, Mauritius Institute of Health, 179 243, 247 McDonalds, 9, 11, 14 Luba, 238 mechanisms, i, 15–19, 22, 24, 25, 84, 92, 93, 137, 149, 156, 244, 245 Madurese, 227, 228, 229 Medical Council, Thailand, 133, 134, 185 majoritarian, 12–15, 22, 23, 27–29, 31, 32, medical equipment, 190 35, 40, 43–45, 49, 51, 56, 58, 59, 65, 68, medical personnel, 108 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83, 93, medical schools, 109 97, 99, 137, 138, 143, 148, 153, 155, medical supplies, 115, 132, 190

288 Index

medical supplies scandal, Thailand, 116, 132 Myanmar, ix, 7, 8, 14, 19, 23, 54, 155, medicine, 92, 111, 159, 180 213–217, 220, 222– 225, 231, 236–238, members of parliament, 58, 111, 146, 224 245, 250 mental health, 33 Merafhe, 139 narrow, 12–15, 25, 29, 31, 34, 50, 52, 57, 60, middle-income, 4, 5, 14, 78, 155 76, 93, 109, 139, 144, 153, 155, 169, military spending, 113 184, 186, 195, 244 Minangkabau, 227, 228, 229 narrow allocation, 34 Ministry of Finance, Mauritius, 184 narrow party(ies), 22, 51–53, 59, 136, 143, Ministry of Finance, Thailand, 112, 125 144, 244 Ministry of Health and Quality of Life narrow support base, 51 (MHQL), Mauritius, 180, 182–187 National Awakening Party, 234 Ministry of Health, New Zealand, 150 National Cancer Centre, Mauritius, 180 Ministry of Māori Development, 149, National Democratic Alliance, 67 150, 152 National Development Policy, Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Malaysia, 206 Thailand, 99, 103, 104, 106–108, 111, National Front, 201, 202, 203 113, 115, 119–121, 128, 131, 133, 135, National Health Act, 105 136, 183 National Health Plan, 122 minority parties, 165 National Health Security Office, 121 mixed system, 35, 143, 147, 245 National Mandate Party, 234 mobile health teams, 208 national parties, 14, 99, 131, 168, 250 Mon, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223 National Party, New Zealand, 53, 146, 147 Mon Freedom League, 218 national platforms, 102 Mong Pai, 220 national policy(ies), 100–102, 107, 134 Mongkol na Songkhla, 111 National United Front, 221 mono-ethnic parties, 53, 54, 61, 69 nationally-oriented parties, 15, 51, 56, 59, 69, morselized, 34, 109, 114, 141 105, 136, 243, 244 morsels, 34 natural experiments, 17, 244 Mouvement Militant Mauricien (MMM), 163, Navin Ramgoolam, 187 169, 170, 172– 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, NESDB, 103, 107, 127 184, 186, 187, 194, 196, 198 New Economic Policy, 203 multiethnic, viii, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19, 26, 54, new parties, 147 55, 95, 161, 165–170, 172–174, 176, 177, New Zealand, viii, 4, 10, 22, 35, 40, 43, 182, 195, 201–205, 209 45, 46, 53, 89, 92, 138, 143–149, multi-ethnic alliance(s), 61–63, 67, 72, 170, 151–153, 244 201–205, 209, 216, 244, 245 New Zealand First Party, 147 multi-ethnic coalition(s), 26, 60, 65, 66, 137, New Zealand parties, 143, 144, 146–149, 146, 153, 174, 213, 218, 224, 245, 252 151, 152 multi-ethnic party system, 55, 153, 174, 178 NHSO, 106, 121–123, 128 multi-ethnic party(ies), 14, 15, 23, 49, Nigeria, 32, 43, 44, 88, 237 54, 55, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69–73, 153, non-democracies, 9, 10, 246 165–167, 176, 182, 201, 209, 211, 216, non-ethnic parties, 53, 55 218, 221, 230–232, 239, 243, 245–247, non-government organizations, 11 251, 253 non-Mossi parties, 54 multi-ethnic slates, 168 Northeast, 69, 94, 110–112, 115, 117, 118, multi-ethnic support, 54 127, 139, 191, 192 multi-member district(s), 22, 28, 92, 100, 164, 244 observational, 16, 17, 20, 40, 190, 231 Muslim(s), 9, 38, 48, 66, 67, 95, 157–161, one-rupee health co-pay, Mauritius, 187 164, 166–174, 176, 178, 193, 198, 200, one-size-fits-all, 11, 14, 29, 253 219, 234 open-list, 57

Index 289

operating table, vi, 91 personal vote, 29, 58, 77 opposition parties, 205 Peters, Winston, 147 out-of-pocket expenses, 116, 117, 130, 186, pharmaceuticals, 117, 190 188, 196, 207 Pharmacy Board, Mauritius, 184 physicians per capita, 190 Pacific Islanders, 144, 147, 151, 152 Pillay, Kadress, 185 Paendin Thai Party, 105 polarized societies, 31 Pākehā, 144, 146, 149 policy content, 93, 244 Papua New Guinea, 13, 25, 33, 46, 66 policy decisions, 11, 17, 20, 91, 140 Papuans, 228 policy effectiveness, 103 parliaments, 91 policy formulation, 93, 107, 156, 178, parsimony, 20, 21 182, 244 Partai Bhineka Tunggal Ika Indonesia, 230 policy outcomes, 13, 18, 25, 30, 50, 53, 93, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, 232 137, 223, 239, 244 Partai Pembaruan Indonesia, 230 policy platforms, 93, 107, 139, 179, 196, Parti Gaetan Duval, 173 205, 244 Parti Mauricien (PM), 110, 167, 168, 174 policymaking, 1, 12, 18, 22, 23, 58, 60, 93, Parti Mauricien Social-Démocrate (PMSD), 131, 136, 137, 139, 140, 149, 178, 193, 162, 163, 167–170, 172–174, 177–179, 205, 214, 244, 250 187, 194, 198 policy-oriented parties, 181 Parti Mauricien Xavier-Luc Duval (PMXD), political actors, 17, 92 163, 174–177 political competititon, 9 particularism, 34, 109, 114 political economy, 31, 50 particularistic, 14, 15, 26, 34, 51, 56, 57, 59, political elites, 7, 8 73, 182, 239, 245 political institutions, 8–11, 21, 25, 26, 28, 32, particularistic parties, 153 92, 246, 248, 249 parties, 8, 12–15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 29, 31, political science, 28 50–52, 54–58, 61–63, 66–70, 91–93, 97, political scientists, 12, 16, 24, 27, 30, 31, 233 98, 119, 139, 143, 152, 153, 161–163, political strategy, 19, 27, 125, 194 165, 180, 190, 191, 193, 195, 204, 224, politicians, 8– 10, 15, 17, 21, 23–28, 35, 47, 232, 233, 237, 239, 243, 244, 249, 250, 50, 51, 55–58, 65, 69, 71, 77, 84, 92, 251, 253 99–104, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 117, party label, 98, 101, 102, 131, 137, 178, 191 118, 120, 131–133, 140, 153, 165, 174, party leadership, 14, 59, 101, 136 177, 181–185, 188, 191, 192, 196, 197, party manifestos, 103, 150, 179 222, 243, 244, 249, 253 party platforms, 102, 103, 140, 148, 156, poorest, 3, 5, 91, 95, 112, 116, 125, 130, 159, 180, 203 188, 191, 208 party policy, 103, 105, 107 pork, 9, 28, 77, 99, 102–104, 108, 109, 112, party switching, 100, 191 114, 133, 139, 140, 141, 183, 245 party system, 10, 12–15, 23, 30, 53, 59, 60, pork-barrel goods, 102 70, 102, 120, 136, 144, 146, 152, 155, Port Louis, 9, 161, 164, 166, 186, 187 161, 168, 176, 193, 209, 228, 232, 234, portfolios, 99 239, 244, 245, 249, 251 poverty, 3, 229 pathway case, 18 power, 3, 10, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 55, 61, 64, patronage, 25, 54, 114, 216 65, 68, 78, 92, 99, 101, 113, 120, 121, patron-client networks, 102 133–135, 137, 146, 165, 169, 170, 172, Penang, 199 173, 187, 193, 194, 201–203, 209, 233, People’s Justice Party, 204 247, 248, 250, 252, 253 People’s Pact, 205 Prawase Wasi, 111 personal characteristics, 58, 97, 161 pre-electoral coalitions, 165 personal networks, 97 preventative care, 106, 108, 120, 122, personal reputation, 57 137, 196

290 Index

preventative policies, 105 resource allocation, 28, 30, 34, 50, 56, 108, Primary Health Organizations (PHOs), New 182, 197, 253 Zealand, 151 riverine services, 208 primary healthcare, 33, 111 roads, 56, 103, 222 prime ministership, 99 Rohingya, 214 programmatic parties, 52, 54 rural, 31, 52, 64, 95, 105, 109, 123–125, Proportional Representation (PR), ix, 8, 10, 127–129, 140, 142, 143, 161, 169, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 28–33, 35, 39, 40, 170, 187, 199, 200, 206–208, 230, 43–46, 49, 56–64, 67–77, 79–83, 85, 231, 249 86, 90, 93, 100, 101, 106, 107, 143, Rural Doctors Association, 133 147, 152, 153, 156, 175–178, 196, 202, Russian(s), 67, 68, 88 209, 211, 213, 216, 223, 224, 228, 230, 236–239, 243–249, 251–253 S’gaw Karen, 220 proportionality, 28, 29, 66, 77, 147, 176, Sachs Commission, 175–177 178, 245 sahm-sip baht raksar tuk rohk, Thailand, 108 Prosperous Justice Party, 234 salient, 26, 37, 49, 50, 78, 95, 108, 131, 132, protégé, 101 152, 177, 179, 187, 191, 222, 234, 249 public goods, vii, 1, 3, 7–10, 12–15, 17, 18–20, Sanguan Nittayarampong, 104, 119, 133 22, 24–26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 50, 51, 55, sanitation, 92, 142, 208 56, 59, 60, 65, 69, 71, 74–77, 79, 83, 84, Sawbwas, 219 92, 94, 103, 108, 109, 114, 141, 155, Scientific Communalism, 174 160, 196, 209, 213, 214, 220, 222, 239, Seenyen, Jocelyn, 185 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250 70-baht pilot program, Thailand, 119 public health, 92 Sen, Amartya, 9, 91 Public Health and Disability Act, New Shan, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221 Zealand, 150, 151 Shan parties, 221 public opinion surveys, 37, 106 Shan States Peasants Organization, 221 public policies, 7, 24, 76, 104, 106, 143, 148 Simmel, 11 single national district, 13, 14, 56, 58–60, qualitative, 14, 16–22, 27, 32, 40, 45, 74, 77, 73, 224 84, 243 single-member districts, 13, 100 quantitative, 7, 16–18, 20–22, 31, 45, 74, 84, Sino-Thais, 94 243, 248 Sir George Young, vi, 91 60-0 phenomenon, 175 race, 21, 27, 35, 70, 106, 152, 206, 225, 249, Social Action Party, 132 253 social cleavage, 123, 247 Rakkiat Sukthana, 115, 122, 132 social democrat parties, 52 Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, 167, 169, 172, social security, 29, 76, 79, 116, 124 176, 196 Social Security Insurance Program, Reformasi Tionghoa Indonesia, 230 Thailand, 106 regional parties, 94, 230, 232 Social Security Scheme (SSS), Thailand, 124 regression, 20, 21, 39, 85, 86, 213 social structure, 1, 9, 11, 12, 16, 20–22, religion, 21, 27, 35, 39, 53, 95, 157, 162, 176, 24–27, 30–33, 39, 45, 47, 61, 74, 75, 78, 201, 222, 234, 236 79, 83–85, 93, 97, 137, 138, 144, 153, religious parties, 236 160, 174, 192, 213, 244–249, 253 rentseeking, 25 societal type, 1, 14, 22, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, representation, 9, 11, 13–15, 19, 23, 29, 49, 51, 56, 69, 71, 78, 82, 211, 213, 225, 60, 62–64, 66, 146, 151, 152, 164, 166, 252, 253 170, 175–178, 193, 199, 214, 223, 224, socioeconomic class, 26, 157, 162 232, 236, 237, 245, 251, 252 socio-institutional, 15, 32, 39, 40, 43, 44, 47, representatives, 9, 58, 64, 70, 99, 104, 105, 59, 74, 77, 83, 102, 123, 136, 169, 174, 147, 151, 196, 218, 219, 222 201, 204, 221, 247, 248, 249, 250

Index 291

South American, 44, 46 131, 133, 135–144, 146, 153, 155, South Korea, 3, 7, 8, 45, 206, 238 156, 161, 162, 174, 178, 179, Southern Thai, 95 181–193, 196, 197, 206, 208, 209, Soviet Bloc, 40, 43, 44 216, 244–246, 248 spending, 21, 26, 76–78 Thaksin, 94, 106, 120–124, 127, 131, spending efficiency, 77 134, 135 Stable AFPFL, 221, 222 Than To district, 117 standard of living, 4 30 baht cures all diseases, 108 sub-groups, 32, 37, 47, 220 30-baht scheme, Thailand, 94, 101, 104, 105, Suharto, 225, 230, 231, 236–238, 245, 246 108, 118, 119, 121–125, 127, 129–131, Sundanese, 225, 227–229, 234 133–136 support base, 21, 25, 50–52, 56–58, 64, 67, tier, 14, 22, 35, 59, 82, 93, 100–102, 106, 107, 105, 152 114, 136, 143, 147, 176–178, 244, 245 Surapong Suebwonglee, 106, 120, 122, 135 traditional local notable parties, 52 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 233 transmigrasi, 228, 231 Sweden, 30, 52, 57–60, 89 traveling dispensaries, 208 Swedish parties, 58 Tswana, 139 Switzerland, 13, 37–39, 48, 59, 60, 82 89, Tun Myint, 219 194, 250 U Nu, 219, 220, 222, 223 Tamil, 66, 157, 170, 171 UK parties, 58 target resources, 14, 28, 50, 56, 57, 61, 97 underachievement, 7 targeting, 34, 57, 59, 60, 109, 152, 153, 182, underprovision, 8, 14, 22, 139, 213, 244 206, 250 Unified Revenue Board, Mauritius, 184 Tarradon Piamphongsant, 106, 136 United Development Party, 234 ten-bed hospitals, Thailand, 110 United Hill People’s Congress, 219, 221 Thai, 192, 199 United Kingdom, 10, 40, 58, 89, 185 Thai armed forces, 99 United Malays National Organization Thai Buddhists, 193 (UMNO), 53, 200–204 Thai case, 18, 19, 22, 138, 152, 156, 193 United Nations, 3–6, 8, 77, 92, 156, 181 Thai civil society, 132 United Progressive Alliance, 67 Thai electorate, 104, 131 Universal healthcare, viii, 93, 106, 123, 186 Thai legislature, 93 upper tier, 100, 101, 136, 143, 178 Thai Muslims, 95 urban, 31, 64, 105, 123, 125, 128, 130, 161, Thai parties, 12, 93, 97–108, 119, 120, 132, 199, 206, 228, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249 133, 136–138, 140, 162, 178, 179, 181, 191, 196 vaccination(s), 33, 92, 105, 122 Thai policymakers, 118 VIP Scheme, Thailand, 125, 126 Thai political system, 100 Virahsawmy, 169, 170 Thai politicians, 99, 107, 110, 114, 116, 117, Voluntary Health Card (VHC), Thailand, 105, 182, 196, 244 116, 119, 124, 126, 135–137 Thai politics, 98 votebuying, 98 Thai population, 104, 125, 130 vote choice, 19, 27 Thai Rak Thai (TRT), or Thais Love Thais, voters, 13, 17, 19, 27, 31, 35, 47, 52, 55, 94, 100, 101, 104–106, 119–123, 125, 57, 59–61, 64, 66, 68, 72, 97, 98, 100, 128–136, 248 104, 107, 144, 161, 162, 164, 170, Thai society, 93, 136, 244 174, 177, 180, 181, 191, 200, 223, Thai speakers, 94 224, 236, 244 Thai voters, 98, 101, 162 Thailand, viii, 6–8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17–20, 22, 23, 35, 45, 53, 59, 77, 88, 91–101, wānanga, 150, 151 104, 108, 110–119, 123, 127, 129, War Room, Thailand, 106, 121, 135

292 Index

wealth, 4, 5, 9, 13, 55, 78, 85, 86, 94, 95, 134, winner-takes-all, 95 158, 160, 186, 204, 206, 228 World Health Organization (WHO), 34, 77, welfare, 22, 29, 33, 74, 79, 99, 107–109, 91, 92, 117, 118, 130, 180, 181, 189, 119, 124, 135, 136, 149, 180, 184, 187, 190, 207, 208 196, 249 World Values Survey, 37, 38, 48, 179 welfare spending, 5, 29, 79 Western Europe, 4, 46, 190 Young, Sir George, vi, 91 Western Papua, 225, 228, 231, 234, 238, 252 WHO Health Services Report, 117, 188 Za Hre Lian, 219