On the Origin of the Plough, and Wheel-Carriage. Author(s): E. B. Tylor Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 10 (1881), pp. 74-84 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841649 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 13:00

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This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 74 E. B. TYLOR.- On theOrigin of thePlough,

liv. 1; Tom. XXXV, pt. 1, liv. 2; Tom. XXXV, pt. 2, liv. 1-6; Tom. XXXVI, liv. 1, 2; Tom. XXXVIII, liv. 1. From ProfessorAGAssIz.-Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Vol. VI, Nos. 1 and 2. From the INSTITUTION.-Journalof the Royal United Service Insti- tution,Vol. XXIII, No. 103. From the EDITOR.-Revue Internationale des Sciences, No. 2, 1879. From the COLLEGE.-List of the Fellows, &c., of the Royal College of Physicians, 1880. From the SOCIETY.-Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 200. From the SoCIETv.-Transactionsof the Geological Society of Glasgow,Vol. VI, pt. 1. Fromthe SoCIETY.-Proceedingsof the AsiaticSociety of Bengal, No. IX, 1879. From the SOCIETY.-Journaland Proceedingsof the Royal Society ofNew SouthWales, 1878. JOHNHALL GLADSTONE,Esq., F.R.S., was elected a member of the Institute. Dr. DALLYexhibited a collectionof Ethnologicalobjects from BritishColumbia. The followingpaper was read by the Author:-

On the ORIGIN of the PLOUGH, and WHEEL-CARRIAGE. By E. B. TYLOR,Esq., F.R.S., President.

THOUGH much has been writtenon that great engineof civili- sation, the plough, yet the whole line of evidence as to its developmentfrom the simplest and earliest agriculturalim- plements seems never to have been put together,so that I ventureto lay beforethe AnthropologicalInstitute the present notes. Not only the beginningof agriculture,but the inventionof the plough itself,are pre-historic. The ploughwas knownto the ancientEgyptians and Babylonians,and the veryexistence of these nationspoints to previousthousands of years of agri- cultlurallife, which alone could have produced such dense, settled,and civilisedpopulations. It was with a sense of what the ploughhad done forthem, that the old Egyptians ascribed its inventionto Osiris,and theVedic bardssaid theA?vins taught its use to Manu, the firstman. Many nations have glorified the plough in legend and religion,perhaps never more poeticallythan where the Hindus celebrate,Sttd, the spouse of Rama, risingbrown and beauteous,crowned with corn-ears,from

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions and WheelCarriage. 75 the ploughed field; she is herselfthe furrow(sztd) personified. Between man's firstrude husbandry,and this advanced state of tillage, lies the long interval which must be filled in by otherthan historicalevidence. What has firstto be looked for is hardlythe actual inventionof planting,which might seem obvious even to rude tribes who never practise it. Every savage is a practicalbotanist skilled in the localitiesand seasons of all useful plants,so that he can scarcelybe ignorantthat seeds or roots,if put into proper places in the ground,will grow. When low tribes are found not tilling the soil but living on wild food,as apparentlyall mankind once did, the reasonof the absence of agriculturewould seem to be not mere ignorance,but insecurity,roving life, unsuitable climate,want of properplants, and in regionswhere wild fruitsare plentiful, sheeridleness and carelessness. On lookinginto the condition of any known savage tribes, Australians,Andamaners, Boto- cudos, Fuegians, Esquimaux, there is always one or more of thesereasons to accountfor want of tillage. The turning-point in the historyof agricultureseems to be not the firstthought of planting,but the practicalbeginning by a tribesettled in one spot to assist natureby plantinga patch of groundround their huts. Not even a new implementis needed. Wandering tribes alreadycarry a stick for digging roots and unearthing burrowinganimals, such as the katta of the Australians,with its pointhardened in the fire(Fig. 1), or the double-endedstick which Dobrizhoffer(" Abipones," part ii, chap. 13) mentions as carriedby the Abiponewomen to dig -upeatable roots,knock downfruits or drybranches for fuel, and even,if need were,break an enemy's head with. The stick which dug up wild roots passesto thekindred use of planting,and maybe reckonedas the primitiveagricultural implement. It is interestingto notice how the Hottentotsin their husbandrybreak up the gTound with the same stone-weightedstick they use so skilfullyin root-diggingor unearthinganimals. (J. G. Wood, "Natural History of Man," vol. i, p. 254). The simple pointedstake is often'mentioned as the implementof barbarichusbandry, as when the Kurubars of South India are described as with a sharp stick diggingup spots of ground in the skirts of the forest,and sowing them with ragy (Buchanan, " Journey throughMysore, etc.," in Pinkerton,vol. viii,p. 707); or where it is mentionedthat the Bodo and Dhimal of North-EastIndia, whileworking the ground with iron bills and hoes,use a 4-ft.two- pointedwooden stafffor a dibble (B. H. Hodgson," Aborigines of India," p. 181). The spade,which is hardlyto be reckoned amongprimitive agricultural implements, may be consideredas improvedfrom the digging-stickby givingit a flatpaddle-like

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 76 E. B. TYLOR.-On theOrigin of thePlough, end, or armingit with a broad pointed metal blade,and after- wards providinga foot-step(see the Roman spade in Smith's ""Dictionaryof Greekand Roman Antiquities,"s.v. "pala.") In the Hebrides is to be seen a curious implementcalled cas- chrom,a kind of heavy bent spade with an iron-shodpoint, which has been set down as a sort of original plough (Rau, " Geschichtedes Pflugs,"p. 16; Macculloch," WesternIslands," P1. 30); but its actionis that of a spade,and it seems out ofthe line of developmentof the plough. To trace this,we have to pass fromthe digging-stickto the hoe. All implementsof the natureof hoes seem derivedfrom the pick or axe. Thus the New Caledonians are said to use their wooden picks both as a weapon and for tilling the ground. (Klemm, "Culturwissenschaft,"part ii, p. 78). The tima or Maori hoe (Fig. 2), fromR. Taylor's,"New Zealand and its Inhabitants,"p. 423, is a remarkablecurved wooden implement in one piece. It is curiousthat of all this class of agricultural implements,the rudest should make its appearance in Europe. Traditionin South Sweden pointsto waste pieces of once tilled land in the forestsand wilds, as having been the fields of the old "hackers," and within a generationthere was still to be seen in use on forestfarms the " hack" itself (Fig. 3), made of a stake of spruce-fir,with at the lower end a stout projectingbranch cut short and pointed (Hylt6n- Cavallius, " Wiirendoch Wirdarne,"part ii, p. 110; i, p. 43). Even among native tribes of America a more artificial hoe than this was found in use. Thus the hoe used by the North American women in preparingthe soil for planting maize afterthe old stalks had been burntis describedas a bent piece of wood,three fingerswide, fixed to a long handle. (See Charlevoix,"Nouvelle France," Letter 23; Lafitau, "Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains,"vol. ii, p. 76, and Plate 7). (I do not venture to copy the hoe shownin this plate: a merefancy picture.) In other North American tribes,the women hoed with a shoulderbladeof an elk or buffalo,or a piece of the shell of a tortoisefixed to a straighthandle. (See Loskiel," Missionof the United Brethren in North America," p. 66; Catlin, "American Indians,"vol. i, p. 121). From this stage we come up to implementswith metal blades,such as the Kafir axe, whichby turningthe blade in the handle becomesan imple- mentfor hoeing(Lane Fox, "Lectures on PrimitiveWarfare," No. 2, p. 10). The heavy-bladedIndian hoe (Sanskritkuddala) called koddlyin Malabar (Klemm, " Culturwissenschaft,"part ii, p. 123), which is shownhere (Fig. 4), is one example of the iron-bladedhoe, of clumsy and ancient type. The modern varietiesof the hoe need no detaileddescription here.

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FiG. 1.

FiG. 2.

F. 3.

FIG. 4.

Fig. 1, Australian "IKatta." Fig. 2, "Tima," or Maori H:oe. Fig. 3, Swedish"H Hack." Fig. 4, Indian Hoe.

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That the primitiveplough was a hoe dragged throughthe groundto form a continuousfurrow, is seen fromthe very structureof early ploughs,and was accepted as obvious by Ginzrot("Wagen und Fahrwerkeder Griechen und R5mer," vol. i, and Klemm," Culturwissenschaft,"part ii, p. 78). The evidenceof the transitionsthrough which agriculturalimple- mentshave passed in Sweden duringthe last ten centuriesor so, whichwas unknownto these writers,is stronglyconfirma- tory of the same yiew. It appears that the fir-treehack (Fig. 3) was followedby a heavierwooden implement of similar shape,which was draggedby hand,making small furrows;this "furrow-crook"is still used for sowing. Afterwardswas in- troducedthe "plough-crook,"made in two pieces, the share, with the handle,and the pole for drawing. The share was afterwardsshod with a three-cornerediron bill, but the imple- ment was long drawn by hand,till eventuallyit came to be drawn by mares or cows. (Hylten-Cavallius,part ii, p. 111.) Thus in comparativelymodern times a transformationtook place in Sweden remarkablyresembling that of whichwe have circumstantialevidence as having happenedin ancientEgypt. The Egyptianmonuments show a plough,which was practicallya greathoe, being draggedby a rope by men. (See Denon, " An- tiquit6s de l'Egypte,"vol. i, PL. 68.) Still more perfectis the ploughingscene here copiedin Fig. 5. (See Rosellini,"Monu-

FIG. 5.

menti dell' Egitto,P1. 32-3; Wilkinson," Ancient Egyptians," chap. 6.) Here the man who followsthe plough to breakup the clods is workingwith the ordinaryEgyptian hoe,remark- able for its curvedwooden blade longer than the handle,and preventedfrom coming abroad by the cordattaching the blade to the handle half-waydown. This peculiarimplement, with its cord to hold it together,reappears on a larger scale in the ploughitself, 'wVhere the straightstick is lengthenedto formthe pole by whichthe oxen draw it, and a pair of handlesare added by whichthe ploughmankeeps down and guides the plough.

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The Valley of the Nile, where the lightnessand richnessof the alluvial soil is favouredby the inundationswith their fresh depositof rivermud, was no doubtone of the regionswhere the higheragricultuire earliest arose,and looking at this sketch of hoeingand ploughing,we mightbe tempted to think thathere the transitionfrom the barbarichoe to the civilisedplough is to be seen as it firsttook place in the world. Egypt may possibly have been the birthplaceof the plough,but so manyforms of rudeploughs are to be foundrepresented on coins and sculptures FIG. 6. of the ancient world,that it is safer to be contentwith the general idea thatthey are enlargedand transformedhoes, with- out attemptingto fix the date,place, and nation,to which this inventivetransfor- mation belongs. The followingfigures are selectedfrom those copied by Ginzrot and Rau. The old Syracusanform (Fig. 6), as likewisesome old Etruiscanpatterns, are remarkableas being so close to the originalhoe-pattern as FIG. 7. not to have the tail or handle. This want is suLppliedin otherrude forms of ancient Italy, of which Fig. 7 shows one. A more angular Roman formis thoughtto representthe cere- monial plough, with which the wall- line was traced in foundinga new city, and Fig. 8 is another archaic FIG. 8. form; the projection of the pole behind was for the ploughman'sfoot to press the share down.

Depresso incipiatjam tummihi taurus aratro Ingemere,et sulco attritussplendescere vomer. (Virg. Georg.I, 45.) Fig. 9 is Greek,from an earlyMS. of Hesiod's 11Works and Days." Looking at formsof plough as rude as these to be seen at this day in Asia and in backwardcountries of FIG. 9. Europe, one wondersto find that already in classic ages thehusband- man had ploughsof con- structionfar more nearly approaching that of our best modern implement-makers. Pliny (xviii,c. 48), afterdescribing the simplerkinds of plough, mentionsthat in Rhcetia,a ploughwith the addition of two

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small wheels had been recentlyimvented, and was used for land already under tillage. He also mentions the coulter (culter). This knife, fixed in front to make the first cut readyfor the share to turn the sod, is a great improvement on the primitiveploughs, where the ploughsharehas to do the wholework. In Pliny's FIG. 10. time, though only formingo partof some ploughs, it was evidentlywell-known. Thus he recognisesthe whole con- structionof the wheel-plough (Fig. 10) as figuredby Caylus froman ancient gem. The ordinarymodern plough used by the English farmerimproves upon this ratherin details of constructionand material than in essentialprinciple, though a new startin inventionis taken by the self-actingplough which no longerneeds the ploughmanto followat the plough-tail,and by the steam-ploughwhich substitutesengine-traction. The plough, drawn by oxen or horses, and provided with wheels,has taken on itself the accessories of a wheel-carriage. But when the ploughis tracedback to its earliestform of a hoe draggedby men,its naturehas littlein commonwith thatof the vehicle. Thoughthe origin of the wheel-carriageis even more totally lost in pre-historicantiquity than that of the plough, thereseems nothingto object to the ordinarytheoretical expla- nation(see Reuleaux, " Kinematics of Machinery,"and others), thatthe firstvehicle was a sledge draggedalong the ground,that when heavy masses had to be moved, rollerswere put under the sledge, and that these rollers passed into wheels forming part of the carriageitself. The steps of such a transition, with one notable exception which will be noticed, are to be actually found. The sledge was known in ancient Egypt (see the well-known painting from El Bersheh of a colossal statue being dragged by men with ropes on a sledge along a greasedway, Wilkinson,"Ancient Egyptians,"vol. iii.) On mountain-roads,as in Switzerland,as well as on the snow in winter,the sledge remains an importantpractical vehicle. The use of rollers under the sledge was also familiarto the ancients(see the equally well-knownAssyrian sculptureof the movingof the wingedbull, in Layard's " LNineveh and Babylon," . 110.) If now the middle part of the trunk of a treeused as a rollerwere cut down to a mere axle, the two ends remaining as solid drums,and stops were fixedunlder the sledge to prevent the axle fromrunning away, the resultwould be the rudest imaginablecart. I am not aware that this can be tracedany-

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 80 E. B. TYLor-.On theOrigin of thePlought, wherein actual existence,either in ancientor moderntimes; if found,it would be of much interestas vouchingfor this par- ticularstage of inventionof the wheel-carriage. But the stage which would be theoreticallythe next improveluent,is to be traced in practical use; this is to saw two broad drums offa tree-trunk,and connect them by a stout bar throughtheir

FIG. 11.

centres,pinned fast, so that the whole turns as a singleroller. The solid drum-wheelwas used in the farm-cartsof classic times (see the article " Plaustrum,"by Yates, in Smith's" Dic- tionary of Greek and PtomanAntiquities "). The ox-wagon here shownis taken fromthe. Antonine columnn(Fig. 11); it appearsto have solid wheels, and the square end of the axle provesthat it and its drum-wheelsturned round together in one. A furtherimprovement was to makethe wheel with several pieces nailed together,which would be less liable to split. The ancient Roman farm-cartswere mostlymade with such wheels, as are their successorswhich are used to this day withwonderfully littlechange, as in Greece and Portugal. The bullock-cartof the Azores(Fig. 12) (fromBullar, " Winterin theAzores,," vol. i.,

FIG. 12.

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p. 121) is a strikingrelic fromthe classic world; its wheels are studdedwith huge iron nails by way of tire. From old times it was commonto make wooden rings,sockets, or bearings underneaththe cart forthe axle to turnin, much as children's toy-cartsare made,as has oftenbeen remarked. But a drawilng of a modernbullock-cart taken near Lisbon,represents only a pair of pieces of wood actingas stops,so that the body of the cart can be lifted offits wheels. In looking at these clumsy vehicleswe certainlyseem to have primitiveforms before us. There is, however,the counter-argumentwhich ought not to be overlooked,and whichin some rneasureaccounts for the lasting- on of these rude carts,namely, that for heavy cartingacross roughground they are convenient,as well as cheap and easily repaired. Consideringthat the railway-carriagebuilder gives up the coach-wheelprinciple, and returnsto the primitivecon- structionof the pair of wheels fixed to the axle turningin bearings,we see that our ordinarycarriage-wheels turning inde- pendentlyon theiraxles are best suitedto comparativelynarrow wheels,and to smoothground or made roads. Here they give greaterlightness and speed,and especiallyhave the advantage of easily changingdirection and turning,which in the old block- wheel cart can only be donieby graduallyslewing round in a wide circuit. As earlyas historygoes back,the carriage-builderhad already begunto makespoked-wheels with metal tires,whose well-made nave turnedsmoothly on the axle. It is needlesshere to extract from Wilkinson and Layard particulars of the beautifully- made Egyptian and Assyrian chariots,nor to go into details of classic,medizeval, and moderncarriage-building. As bearilngon the originof the art,it must be noticed that the pointwhere the developmentsof the ploughand carriagejoin, is in the way of attaching the drawing oxen or horses,which was much alike in both. The pole and yoke was no doubt the original mode of draught,not only forthe ploughand the heavy ox-cart, whereit may be oftenseen still, but also for the chariotand lightcar. (See " Schlieben,Die Pferdedes Alterthums,"p. 154.) The war-chariot,with its yoked steeds,has a remarkablesimi- laritywherever we meetwith it in the ancient world,which seems to pointto its inventionby some one particularnation, thoughwhich has not --etbeen made out,whence it spreadto distant countries. How such inventionsfound theirway is well shownin a point of detail,which incidentally shows how farthe ancient Britonswere fromthe uncivilised state popu- larly attributedto them, namely,their use (Mela iii, 6) of scythe-chariots,such as were used in Orientalarmies, like that of Darius (Diod. Sic. xvii, 53), or of Antiochus Eupator, wlhen VOL. X. G

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 82 E. B. TYLOR.-On theOrigin of thePlough, &c. he came into Judea with horsemenand elephants,and 300 scythe-chariots(2 Maccab. xiii, 2). War-chariotswere from the firstdrawn by the pole. The Homeric chariotsappear to have been without traces, as where in the Iliad (vi, 40), Adrastus'scared horses snap thepole amid the tangledtamarisk, and set off straightfor the city,evidently having nothingbut the pole to hold them. In ancient Egypt,one innertrace was used,but the stresswas on the pole. Eventually,in lookingat the harnessof various nations,we come to the presentplan of draughtby collar and traces. The change is interesting,as seemingto provethat the earliestuse ofdraught-cattle is thatstill seen in theyoke of oxen. It has beenargued by Pictet(" Origines Indo-Europ6ennes,part ii, p. 94)), that the yoke, Sanskrit yuga=that whichjoins, was firstinvented for the -pairof oxen to draw the ploughwith, it beinglikely that theywere firstput to this heavy work,and afterwardsused fordrawing carts, rather thanthat the idea ofdrawing a cartby oxen shouldhave occurred beforeputting them to plough. This, thoughnot absolutely certain,seems a veryreasonable argument,while the yoke and pole being so much better suitedto the ox than to the horse, pointsto oxen as the earliest draught-beasts.The historyof successivechanges seems well shownin the Latin jumeneztum,a beast of burden,from jugumentunm = yoke-ment,which word keeps up thememory of the originalyoke, though other modes of transportingburdens had comein. The Latinjumentmrn? is used forthe horse,etc., but not for the ox, and Frenchjument has still furtherlost the old idea, now meaning merely a mare. One furtherremark is suggestedby the harness of the ancient Egyptianchariot, where the yoke is providedwith two saddles comingdown on the withersof the horses. As is well known, cavalry was by no means general among the armies of the ancient world. The early Aryans,like the Homeric heroes, were charioteers,not horsemen,nor are there any ancient ETyptian horsemento be seen on the monuments. On the other hand, the warriorsof Palestine are there to be seen on horseback,and horse-soldiersappear on the Assyriansculptures. In old times,however, the horsemanis mostly seen riding a bare-backedhorse, or with a cloth or pad only. It seems to have been graduallythat saddles proper began to be used in Assyria,and among the Greeks and Romans. Lookingnow at the Egyptianyoke-saddles of the chariots,one may suspectthat fromthem were derivednot only the harness-saddlesin modern use, but also our riding-saddles.

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DISCUSSION. Mr. DICKINS remarked that the Chinese language-that great repositoryof ancient facts-corroborated the President's obser- vations upon the hardened stick as the earliestinstrument of tillage. The Chinese character,lei, for spade, to dig, etc., consisted of the character for tree or wood, combined with an abbreviation of a charactermeaning easy, the whole being simplya piece of wood, perhaps a mere branch,shaped so as to be easily used for turning up the ground. This was developed, by having a broad and flattenedend, into a sort of wooden spade, the blade of which was afterwards made of metal. The Chinese plough seemed to be derived fromthis spade, rather than from any kind of hoe. The character for plough, Ii, consisted of the characterfor " ox," sur- mountedby an abbreviationof a sign meaning " black "-the black ox being the most prominentobject on the cultivated plain-thence we may suppose that in China the plough was always worked by an ox, not by human agency. The plough did not appear to be much used in husbandryin China, where spade and hoe cultivationpre- dominated. The same was the case in Japan; where, indeed, Mr. Dickins did not rememberever to have seen a plough at work. The Japanese name for plough, kara-suki,meant a Chinese (7cara) spade or digger (suki). With respect to wheeled vehicles, he (Mr. Dickins) had seen Chinese picturesrepresenting the drum- wheel or mere disc of wood, which was sometimes perforatedwith holes, round or otherwiseshaped, arrangedsymmetrically, no doubt to lighten the wheel. This perhaps was a link between the drum- form and the wheel of the present day. While on this subject, Mr. Dickins begged to call attention to two most extraordinary modes of vehicular locomotion common in the Far East: the wheelbarrowsin North China, adapted for the muddy paths with raised narrow stone causeway in the middle, and the jinrikshas of Japan. The word " jinriksha" was not Japanese,but Chinese, meaning mali-power vehicle. Up to about ten years ago they were unknownin Japan, kagos and norimons alone being used on journeysof any length. The jinriksha was like a hansom cab with the top removed; in the shaftswas not a horse, but a man, who could drag his fare along at an average rate on good ground of about 5 miles an hour, and as much as 30 miles withoutchange of -coolie. These vehicleswere, it is said, inventedby an American Missionary in Japan; they are hung upon springs,and are probablynot a Japanese invention. The extraordinarything about them was the marvellousrapidity with which they superseded kagos, which in a few years had almost disappeared from the country. In Yedo there were over 20,000 of these strange vehicles plying for hire. There they fulfilledthe officeof our cabs. The quickness with which they were adopted showed the imitative faculty of the Japanese; while the fact that for so many hundredyears they bad remainedwithout tllem,betrayed their want of inventivepower- G 2

This content downloaded from 185.2.32.46 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 13:00:11 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 84 List of Presents. the more so, in that a sort of cart drawn by men and capable of holding several passengers had been in use for many years, centuries probably, on some parts of the Tokaid6. Mr. Dickins referredto the Chinese Book of Nature (" San-tsai-t'u) and the Japanese "Wakansansai dzu-ye" (foundedon the first-namedwork), with the " Kin-mn-dzu-i" (" Illustrated Instructorof Youth "). Mr. W. G. SMITH remarked that very ancient agricultural im- plementswere, in all probability,mounted with stone. He said he had foundit by no means uncommon whilst going over ancient British positions, to find large pieces of worked flint,differing materiallyin shape from axe and adze forms. The former large pieces were, he said, generally somewhatrude, and mightbe looked upon as the mounting-piecesof ancient hoes or even ploughshares. Mr. Smith exhibited a large flint implement from his collection, worked to a hoe or ploughshare form.

MARCH 9TH, 1880.

FRANCISGALTON, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President,in theChair. The minutesof the last meetingwere read and confirmed. The followingpresents were announced,and thanks voted to the respectivedonors:- FOR THE LIBRARY.

From the EDITOR.-" Nature," Nos. 539, 540. From the EDITOR.-" Revue Scientifique,"Nos. 35, 36, 37. From the EDITOR.-" The Athenaeum,"Part 626. Fromthe EDITOR.-Correspondenz-Blatt,February, 1880. Fromthe EDITOR.-Materiaux pour 1'histoire de 1'homme,Tom. X, 1879. From the SOCIETY.-Journalof the Societyof Antiquaries,Vol, VIII, No. 1. From the SOCIETY.-Journalof the Societyof Arts, Nos. 1423- 1424. Fromthe SOCIETY.-Proceedings ofthe Royal Geographical Society, Vol. II, No. 3. From the BERLINANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-Zeitschrift fur Eth- nologie,1879, Heft 3-5. From the ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES A AMSTERDAM.-Verslagen en Mededselingen,Afd. Natuurk, 2e Rks. Dl. XIV. Jaarboek,1878. Processen-Verbaal,1878-9. FromE. W. BRABROOK,Esq.-" Was Adamithe first Man created?" By Argus.

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