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The rC oss and the Plough Special Collections Journals

1938 The rC oss & the Plough, V. 4, No. 3, 1938 Catholic Land Federation of England and Wales

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Recommended Citation Catholic Land Federation of England and Wales, "The rC oss & the Plough, V. 4, No. 3, 1938" (1938). The Cross and the Plough. 2. http://collected.jcu.edu/the_cross_and_the_plough/2

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QUARTERLY. TWOPENCE. .LADYDAY 1938.

ENLARGED TO TWENTY PAGES. PRINCIPAL · CONTENTS

INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION :: :: :: Philip Hagreen. STIGMATA •••• •••• •••• •••• •••• ..•• .. •• C. S . B: ... .. d. PLAIN LEITERS FOR PLAIN MEN. ·

PRELUDE TO ACTION :: ..•• ••.. K. L. Kenrick, M.A.

BACK TO THE LAND :: ..•• . ..'I• :: M. Beaf:rice Field. ¥!~~0US SACRIFICE. Tim .tAXTON COMMUNITY FARM . ·AND ASSOCIATION NOTES.

Vol. 4. THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS

still less appreciated, is the serious lowering of IT IS CLEAR FROM THE RE­ the "water platform" under England). With MARKABLE RESULTS OBTAI ED char:~cteristic meanness, our urban rulers re­ BY SEVERAL FRIE DS OF THE fuse to accept full liability for this watershed MOVEME T WHO HAVE DIS­ of mammon by paying for the extensive TRIBUTED COPIES OF THIS MAG ­ works to banks and dykes which it has made AZINE, THAT IN MANY QUAR­ necess:uy. TERS IT HAS ONLY TO BE KNOWN TO BE SUPPORTED. HUSBANDRY! 'Shun!! WE MAKE A SPECIAL APPEAL After a generation in which everybody FOR OUR SUPPORTERS TO DIS­ was encouraged to shun agriculture, the pol­ TRIBUTE COPIES A MO G THEIR iticians are now suggesting thar agriculture FRIE OS AND ACQUAI TA CES. may have to 'shun with the rest of us. Con­ A POST CARD TO THE EDITOR scription of the land in time of war is freely WILL BRING YOU AS MA Y talked of. It is a melancholy satisfaction to COMPLIMENTARY COPIES AS reflect that even a War Cabinet cannot reduce YOU WISH. the period of gestation, or the time necessary THE GREAT NEED IS MORE for wheat to grow, or the years for the land SUBSCRIBERS. I to be restored to a good heart. The proper 1 I time to prepare for maximum production of food in war is ten years before w:u is declared. WHO OWNS THE LAND? THE PASTEURISING PLANT. The Times has been conducting one of The British Medical Association lost a its opportune discussions, on the subject of r:ood deal of prestige a few years ago, when Death Duties. As compared with the levies it endorsed a fantastically low assessment of on fluid industrial and financial capital, those the food necessary for health. It is unlikely on landed estates are undoubtedly harsh. But to regain it by the recent advertising cam­ no-one emphasised that the sguirearchy is paign for milk pasteurisation. Both expert dead already. The land of England is now and general opinion on the merits of this owned largely by Banks, Insurance Compan­ process is sharply divided, and the motives of ies and the Crown, which do not die. Doubt­ some of the interests concerned are deeplv less it is deemed necessary to prepare the suspect. Pasteurisation in bulk demands com­ ground for altern ative forms of taxation. plicated and expensive plant, and therefore DELUGE. cuts out the small man. A parallel is illumin­ Every year the Fens, and low-lying lands :l ting. In New York, which is supplied al­ elsewhere, are subjected to increasingly serious most entirely by hrge Combines, fresh un­ floods. It is a mark of the urban despotism treated milk costs 2) cents a qu:Jrt, where:~~ that the real reason for these worsening floods pasteuri ed milk can be bought for II cenrs. is rarely or never mentioned. Yet it can be It i~ rroposed to do better in En!!land bv stated in one word-TARMAC. Until thirty m::tking pasteurisation comoulsorv. We should years ago, rain falling on En,gland s:1n~. to 1 he better employer! in calling a halt on over­ !!reat extent, into the ground wherever It fell. bred stock. to check the resultant tendency to The general use of paving materials imper­ tuberculosis. vious to moisture has led to the shedding of a HOME TO ROOST. much greater part of the rainfall into the The devastating poultry epidemics have streams and rivers. One result of this is in­ been mentioned frequently in these columns. creased strain on banks and dvkes. (Another, The Report of the Committee set up by the

1 Government to investigate the desperate posi­ DEATH A SWERS THE BELL. WHILE ROME BUR S. THE KEY POINT. tion has received much publicity. Quite char­ The analysis of vital statistics which ap­ The emotions registered by exponents of acteri stically, the real po! nt has b~en m1ssed. peared under this title in The Cross and The the Catholic Social Guild when disc ussing The chief cause assigned 1s the rap1d sp:ead of Plough eighteen months ago, is supplemented Distributism have always been re markable for poultry farming since the war, le a dm ~ t_o and reinforced by Mr. E. R . Roper Power in their unconscious self-revelation. WORK SHOULD BE THE NORMAL undue demands on stockbreeders. Th1s IS four recent Mr. J. R. Kirwan, right out of his class MEA S OF SERVI G GOD, NOT, AS plainly nonsense. articles in The Tablet. His final The hen ~ as almost astron­ but running true to form, has been cri ticising omical powers of reproduction. She lays conclusion is that "The Catholic statistics IT SO OFTE IS, A POSITIVE OB­ at Father Witcutt's The Dying Lands. We need least 150 eggs justify neither complace ncy nor apathy." ST ACLE TO HIS SERVICE. a yea r, and her progeny can be not intervene on either the matter or the man­ bred from with safety in less than twelve Unhappily, he advanced no radical rem­ ner of his review, but one remark should hr months. The relatively modest expansion can­ NO CATHOLIC, THEREFORE, CAN edies, and none which ca n h ave any major placed on record here. Mr. Kirwan ~avs, not be a primary cause of enfeeb_led sto~k._ effect. Family Allowances, for insta nce, ap­ :-~nswerinr; one of his critics, · R EGA RD WITH I DIFFERE NCE A The real trouble is commemal speoahsa­ pear to be having little effect on the birth rate. " I do deny, emphatically, that self­ STATE OF AFFAIRS I WHICH WORK tion. Breeders threw overboard all safeguards Their main utility, up to the present, is that IS CONSIDERED AS A COMMODITY in order to achieve higher and higher egg­ sufficiency is desirable." A D THE WORKER MERELY AS A layi ng capacity. The co~stant egg-laying they are an open admission of the bankruptcy St. Thomas AC]uinas. on the other hand, says "HA D." A D NOT. AS HE PRIM­ trials became the conventiOnal standard of of industrialism. "A society will be the more perfe ct ARILY IS. A IMMORTAL SOUL. success. Stamina disappeared. When the Mr. Power mentions Land Settlement the more it is sufficient unto HE MUST WANT THOSE CO DITIONS chicks arrived at their destination, they found on! y to reject it. " We have seen tlwt the large itself to procure the necessities of themselves normally on specialised poultry towns have a depressing effect on fertility, and life." TO RE CHANGED INTO SOMETHI G fa rms. Every farmer knows how quickly l~nd it would therefore seem that attempts should Rut Tohn P. CHRISTIAN, AND HE MUST DO becomes "fowl-sick," and the wretched b1r?s be made to arrest the continued drift to the Robinson he WHAT HE CA TO BRING ABOUT added to a hopeless heredity a hopeless envir­ larger towns. This, of course, cannot be Says that sort of thing's an exploded ida. THE CHA GE. HE MUST NOT onment. achieved by schemes for land settlement APATHETICALLY ACQUIESCE IN Poultry are properly a sideline of general Nearly a generation ago, a friendly critic alone." He advocates decentralisation of in­ THEM . .. . . farming. aturally, a committee. of ~own­ asked "When is the Catholic Social Guile! clustry. garden cities, and satellite towns. They minded experts does not include this pnmary going to grow up?" An even close r analysis :-~re quite useless. It is urban mentality, quite WE HAVE IMPLIED ABOVE THAT fact in either its analysis or its recommenda­ of all the components of its title has become as much as urban environment, which pro­ tions. The Minister of Agriculture, at the necessa ry in the present crisis of our civilisa­ THE POSSESSION OF AN IMMORTAL cluces sterility, and the vital statistics of sev­ moment of writing, is threatening a statutory tion. SOUL GIVES ALL GOD'S CREATURES eral counties which are under urhan inAuence commission to control both breeding and mar­ AND f:HILDRE CERTAIN RIGHTS­ :1 re among the lowest in the country. He en­ --u-- keting. W e hope all the pace-forcers will like THE RIGHT TO LIVE AS RATIONAL dorses a plea for a social and religious revolu­ it. The principles stated here apply equallv RFT TGS. THF RIGHT TO SERVE tion without implementing it, and seems un­ STIGMATA. to all farm stock. emesis is taking rather aware of the case for the crafts as rounding off THETR MAKER. THE RIGHT TO A longer with cattle. rural communities. The Hand of God moves soft athwart the CERTAIN MEASURE OF LIBERTY A D LIKEWISE BOWS. In the Catholic Land Movement alone, mead, D EDUCATIO . AND SO FORTH. Scientific farming is now agreed to be up to the present, may be found the necessary F:1nning the honeved :~ir in sad ca re~~: IT IS NOTORIOUS. ON THE OTHER Subsistence farming. Mr. Christopher Tumor, combination of religious, social and environ­ For here, among the gardens of the world, HA D . THAT U DER MODFR IN­ in the Farmers' Weekly of 14th January, ha mental remedies. It is time the Catholic boch· 'vV as Adam fi rst conceived in nakedness . D USTRIAL CO DTTIONS. TO SAY these passages :- . H ere, ~ummo n cd was the Judge and man was :1clmit eel it. The alternative is extinction. · N OTHI TG OF THE PA.ST. MU LTI­ "Practically everyone connected wtth free, the land realises BRAVE NEW WORLD. TUDFS OF WORKERS that, since the war, the Amidst an olive grove-Gethsemani. CAN TOT condition of our land has been getting grad­ The successful artificial insemination of WITHOUT GREAT DIFFICULTY AC­ ually worse . . . Much of our land is now cows has been discussed in certain farming Rut sulli ed hearts evoked a potter's field : OUJRE A D MAl TAT THFSF so deficient in organic matter that the use and other rapers. This disgusting expedient Pettered their kind and set the f!:lr dens free: RIGHTS-A FACT WHICH DENOTES of artiftcials is far from effective . . . The would only be possible where the decencies of Nomishecl the tares and left the Seed to thrive THAT THE SYSTEM IS TOT A TMAT­ teaching of the leaders of agricultural the Land had been killed bv commerci:-~lism. With neie-hhours who revered Gethsemani. FD thought at the conference is clearly RY C HRISTIAN PRI C IPLF.S. that It is mentioned here only be ~a use it appears to Yet still the Hand moves sofrlv to and fro. from every point of view our fanns must be the first practical instalment towards th e Till men shall wake and to th~ R e :~p e r ~ow. - Fmm the Adt,ent Pastoral of H.R. tiJ t' he more self-supporting than they are to· reproductive methods of Mr. Aldous Huxlev's -C. S. Bm:~ Cardinal Archbishop of Wt'stminrter. day." ni _g htm:1re state. 3 ? their farm, which forms a unity of produc­ OUR NEIGHBOURS' tion, consuming a large part of the crops on LANDMARKS. the spot, and selling chiefly in the neighbour­ INDUSTRIAL ~ .. EXPANSION ing market. They work themselves, helped Translated from "Le Canada," by by wife, sons and daughters, without paid Andre Siegfried. help, without cxcessi,·e recourse to machinery, In the east of Canada it is the Habitant always in touch with the church bell. The who has tilled the soil, the same soil, since system gives satisfying results. The technique the beginning of the French colonisation . . . is inferior to that of the United States, but it The Canadian peasant represents in the ew remains agriculture, not a disguised indus­ World something unexpected and paradoxi­ trialism .... . In boom days he makes less cal. He is a tradition, a symbol of stability. than others, but he sustains difficult time He carries on there a philosophy of life similar much better, all the more since, having in­ to th:H of our own countryside, distinct from herited his land, he has not paid an inflated that of the United States and basically con­ price for it. He is mocked during the boom, trary to its essence. This is felt at once on hut he is seen to be w ise in the slump. If pros­ making contact with him. His qualities as a perity returns, he will be mocked again, for rural producer are classic: he is a worker, re­ not unclerst:1nding his continent or his times. fusing no physical effort; he has the quality Who is right? Will not the American notion of thrift; he is less reckless, less hurried, than of agriculture have to be revised? Does it not the American. His programme of life is to ask too much, and that much too quickly? live on the land and from the land, to bring Like Antaeu , must we not touch the soil to up on it his family, to establish this family. be strong, and above all to be revived? That is all; he passes on. T he simplicity of the thing is of Biblical grandeur. But the --u-- essential factor is his attachment to the soil. JESUS THE CARPENTER. In a continent where everything is bought :md sold like shares, it is t his which The humble condition which this manual marks off the French Canadian. The bbour indicates is in no way comparable to American has weighed the anchors that of our modern proletariat .. . . T he occu­ which held mankind traditionally to p:Hion which Jesus pursued was not one of r;rm holding ground. The French those which by burdening the body with Canadian, for his part, has kept his fa ith in fatigue or monotony prevents the free play of the sanity, the sanctity, of the soil . .. . H ere the mind . . . . The manual labour to which arc two opposite conceptions of what man Jesus devoted Himself was therefore human. may demand from the earth. The other is The type of worker whom we revere in the th:H of a get-rich-quick agriculture, t hough artisan of azareth is that which corresponds the American would not admit it. H e w ishes most closely to our ideal of life, to which to be rich, and quickly. H e fa rms, it is true, mediaeval conditions sought to :1pproximate and sometimes he farms very well, but what and to which recent Papal Encyclicals have occupie his mind is to buy, to sell, to chaffer, sought to guide the manual labourer of banking a visible and calc~labl e profit, which to-day."-Pere F. M. Braun, O.P., in "La Vie may be mobilised to take him elsewhere. Spirituelle," translated in "Blackfriars." AboYe all, he cannot and will not wait. He The same writer records the assertion of has lost the instinctive sense of time which St. Justin Martyr (IOo-165 A.D.) that St. is the sheet-anchor of the peasant. The peas­ Joseph was a maker of agricultural imple­ OR THE TOAD THAT ATE THE COW ant knows that the earth can give him a liv­ ments- yokes and plough . ing, but that in the long run it is imprudent --tt-- With no apologies to any Marketing Board to ask it for more .. .. Among the peasants For covetousness is the root of all evil, of the St. Lawrence, production i s highly have erred from the which some desiring, - PHTLIP HAGREE:-.1. diversified. Grain crops, milch-kine, poultry, faith, and haYc entangled themselves in manv vegetables, some fruit trees. They live on sorrows.- !. Tim. vi ro. . 5 4 Qo-;-, u ~ J j, ABCABC A AA A A A B A B B B B BC B ABC ABC (., c c c C A c B ATTEMPTS AT ALLEVIATION. B A ABCAB A A B A c BCABCA B B B B CB I.-Unemployment Insurance, known by a ll, I .-Milk Boards, Bacon Boards, Boards ad A ABC ABC ABCABC ABCABC ABCABC ABCABC ABCABC and felt by many, as the DOLE. This, B B A B infinitum ..... B B A A obviously, is not charity, but an allowance c CAB B B CAB ABCABC ABCABC 2.-Subsidies for Wheat, etc., etc., with sug­ A A c c A B A A due in strict justice to all those who gestions for large-scale farming, tractor­ A BCABCA c B ABCABC BCABCA BCABCA A through no fault of their own are de­ ploughs, and the like. ABCABC ABCA ABC ABC prived of the means of earning their But, despite this, and even because of this:­ living. B B A B A In the year ending June 4th, 1937, the CBA c B ABCABC But- A A c B A arable area was reduced by I02,ooo acres; B ABCA c B ( a) From what we have already seen, this the area given up to Market-Garden crops is a permanent, unproductive charge on A A "' A fell by 47,000 acres; and 9,500 people left ABC ABC A AA the community; and B A B B B B BC B the land. ABCABC c c c c C A c (b) Moreover, it is a material agent in the A B A Meanwhile, the farmer and the consumer B A ABCAB A rapid demoralisation, both physical and c CBABCA B B B B CB are in the hands of the Middlemen and their moral, of all who are forced by their cir­ Trusts, who squeeze both; and the quality of A A ABCABC A A cumst:mces to accept it. the goods declines. BC CB B BC B c B c CBA C A c A A A A B A B B BCABCA B CB c A HALF-HEARTED SOLUTION.

TJ1e Birmingham Scheme for the solutio'l of tl1e unemployment pr~ble~n was drawn up That these problems can not only be solved together, but also that they are more intimately b a rou in 1928 and published by the Birmi.'1gham Branch of the D1~tnbut1st League: Many inter-connected than appears at first sight, would seem to be confirmed by the Government y g t housan d pcopzes · h ave b een sold , and it has been accepted. as a general basts by the Cathol1c Land support of the Land Settlement Association, a voluntary organisation which receives from the Associations. Succeeding editions have kept the costmg up ~o date. nation £I for every £1 it can collect from the charitable. Its object is to train townsmen to grow A member of the original group, wh.o WlShe_s. to t·emam anonymous, has drawn up and Market-Garden crops, i.e., to grow primarily to sell, to become, in other words, dependent for submitted a fresh version of the scheme, w1th addztzonal matt~r from other sources . . their living on the successful sale of their goods, to put themselves in the same position as the The philosophy and economics of this scheme are so zrrefutable that attentwn cannot be present "Small-Holder," who has found this game so little worth while that in the past year no drawn to it too often, or to its disgraceful neglect by the rulers of England. We have ~he great­ less than 47,000 acres of Market-Gardens have been given up. est pleasure in reproducing the new version in full for the benefit of our supporters.- Ed1t01·. A TWO PROBLEMS. D THE TRUE SOLUTION. UNEMPLOYMENT. THE LAND. It is obvious that if numbers of men go back to the land, we begin to solve both our prob­ Since 1920 the number of unemployed has In this country the land is more neglect­ lems. To encourage them-nay, to make the suggestion really feasible, we must give them a risen as high as three millions and has never ed and more wastefully farmed than in any good living, though maybe hard, with security not only of their tenure of the land they cultivate, fallen below the one million. other European country. but also of their living by making them independent, at least in essentials, of rising or falling The two chief factors are :- We import the greater part of our food. prices. This can be done bv m:~king the farms small, "mixed," i.e., not specialising in any 1.-The production by other countries for Part of this is paid for by our exports, and particular crop, and self-mbsistent, i.e .. producing primarily for the cultivator's consumption, themselves of what they used to buy rart rerresents interest payable to financiers :-tnd only secondarily for the market. These farms, each run by a family, should be set up in from us. They will never again need here who have loans abroad. Both export co-orerative groups of not less than c:;o farms, centring round a training farm of some IOO acres these goods from us in anything like trade and receipts from loans are declining. 1111dcr the charge of a b;1ilifT. who will not o!1ly train newcomers from the towns, but also advi~e the same proportion. We must, therefore, produce more of our those already t~ained and working the farms.' The advantages of co-operation arc obvious; 2.-The continuous advance in the efficien­ own food. such a group could run its own mills, slaughter-house, etc., as well as buy at reasonable prices cy of machines, and their constant ap­ We ncarlv starved in the Great W:-tr. what the members could not produce for themselves, and sell more advantageously their sur­ plication more and more to jobs as Bomb-proof shelters and aeroplanes will not rlus produce. constantly requiring less and less men. feed us in the next. . The cost would be met bv a Government lo:tn @ 3% , which could be p:tid off in ~o years It seems fair, therefore, to conclude that Yet year by year the amount of culriv:-ttecl at half the present cost of the "Dole," if the farmer paid ro/- per week as his sh:ue. Thus in we can do no more than prevent the unem­ land grows less, as does also the number of ~o yeat·s :-The "Dole" is well nigh gone. We produce more of our own food . Instead of ployment figure from rising above the two­ men working on it. We need no expert despairing men in queues :1nd nation-wide decay, we have a fine, healthy foundation to the million knowledv.e to ~ee what mark. every expert sees­ nation of free, independent, sm:11l farmers. the .r:ituati011 i.• most grave. 7 6 The Schedule of Costs that follows has been c arefully ~heck~ed with actual average fig ures ACCOUNTS OF LITTLE FRIESLA DS HOLDING, MARKET BOSWORTH, for the Midland counties. 1 o attempt has been made to whmle c.:own the costs. JANUARY-DECEMBER, 1935. 22~ acres. MEssRs. F. BU1TREss, H. J. O 'BRIE ' AND E. A. BuTLER. E SCHEDULE OF COSTS. Dr. £ s. d. Cr. £ s. d. Rent of House, Buildings and Live Stock at Outgoing ... 71 8 0 £ Land 25 ACRES OF LAND @ £20 per ac re 500 35 0 0 Dead Stock at Outgoing 41 13 9 Tenant Right at Ingoing 12 0 0 Tenant Right at Outgoing 6 7 0 HOUSE (Living Room, Kitchen-D airy, 3 Bed rooms) and Live Stock at Ingoing ... 70 4 0 Live Stock sold ... 63 4 8 OUTBUILDI 1GS (Stable, Cowhouse, Pigstyes Barn, Fowl-House, etc.) 550 Dead Stock at In going ... 17 14 6 Corn Crops sold ... 63 13 0 Hire of Horse 25 0 0 Milk and Butter sold 5 7 6 STOCK (only erwugh to start).- Horse, 2 Cows. Sow, Poultry (r doz. Stock Birds). Hire of Implements 3 10 0 Sugar Beet sold ... 34 8 IO Insurance against loss of stock ...... · Threshing 5 0 0 Pork and Bacon sold 6 7 8 Cattle Feed IMPLEME TS.-Ridge Plough, Roller, H orse Hoe l of £so) 34 IO IO Market Garden Crops and Sun­ ~,5 Seeds, Manures and Sundries ... Cultivator, Spring H arrow, Mowing M :> chine ( (Shared by 5 Holders, 23 9 0 dries sold ... 25 9 2 Household Supplies 58 17 II Poultry and Eggs sold ... 12 II I Plough, Harrow, Fiddle Drill, 2 Scythes, Float, Four-wheeled Cart, Harness, Chaff-Cutter, Root-Cutter, ere., Wheelbarrow, Dairy Utensils, H and Imple­ 285 6 3 ments and Tools, etc .... 94 Credit Balance after providing for Rent and Housekeeping SEEDS.-Corn (ro acres), Clover and F or :.~ ge Crops (5 acres), Roots and Potatoes (5 45 4 5 acres). (Remainder of ac reage m :~dc up of Buildings, Yard :~nd 4 acres of Gr:1ss 12 £330 IO 8 £330 10 8 FEED OF STOCK (12 months) 20 I CERTIFY that I have examined and cht!cked the accounts prt!sentd for the year 1935 SUBSIST£ CE 90 in respect of Little Frieslands Holding and that they are a true and full record of their trans­ actions. I also certify that all transactions on both sides have been at current market rates, and PROPORTIO OF COST OF TRAI 'G FARM (spread over 200 Holders) ... 20 that no material a.csistance has been given to the holders beyond what has been charged to them. CO TI GE CIES 44 J The Certificate above is signed by the Manager of the Trajning Farm, and presented by TOTAL COST £!392 the Vice-Chairman and Secretary of the Association that organised the effort. The complete accuracy of the Accounts is fully guaranteed. REPA YME TTS (for the reckoning of which the a verage family is a ssumed to consist We may note the following:- of man, wife and 3 children, who wou ld recei ve from the " Dole" £90 per I .-Exclude the Housekeeping, and the total profit for the first year (always below nor­ annum).- mal) of only 50 weeks is £ro4 2s. 4d. 2.-All household work was done by the Holders. Each of the three in turn played L TEREST @ 3% p.a., plus ST KI G FU1 D (to extinguish debt in 30 years) the housewife's part. equals 5.1019% p.a. on £1392 .. . 71 3.-The Rent exceeds that proposed by the Scheme by £9· It should be noted also that this scheme is intended to include, not to exclude, the dis­ LESS Rent (paid for only 30 years, and commutable earlier) 26 possessed class of rural farm-workers. In justice and expediency they have the first claim on such a scheme as this. They are now included in unemployment benefit schemes, and although To be PAID BY THE STATE for 30 yem only: HALF the "Dole" £45 it is on a smaller scale, the stiffening provided by such men would more than repay the slight extra cost. To attempt to give here at greater length the full case against large-scale farming is F THE PROOF. clearly impossible, as also against the specialist smcultivators is more than sufficient to show that there is grave Despite positive discouragement from the Government and the Land Sett~emen~ :X.ssocia­ fault in the present methods. What we want is more men working (and getting a reasonable tion, an attempt was made to carry out this scheme. Lack of funds prevented ItS frultlon, but living) and more land producing more and better food for all who wish to live and die in this it lasted long enough to prove our case. our own country, this ENGLAND. Towards the end of 1932 a farm was remed at Market Bosworth (Leics.), where unem­ · .... A voice valedictory, ployed townsmen were trained as farmers. After O!llv two years' training three of the trainees Who is for victory? took over a holding, with results th:n the following fi _g- ures and notes illustrate only too clearly. Who is for Liberty? WHO GOES HOME? 8 9 TO ACTION except that God hates it and that I am created him without knowing it. The agent of the PRELUDE in His image. • injustice excuses himself on the ground that BY K. L. KENRICK, M.A. . . I. furt~er believe that to acquiesce in he is merely obeying orders, while the benefic­ InJUStJce wnhout protest is to participate in its iary defends himself by pleading ignorance. HE Adv.ent P~storal o~ the .cardinal Arch­ our failures, and even the bitterness of our commission. W hat kind and degree of pro­ The financial ideal of to-day i to be able to T bishop 1s plam speak1ng mdeed, and an disappointment, were and are shared by test wJ!l exonerate me from this guilt? Is it draw wealth from all part of the world while urgent summons to plain speaking. Popes and Cardinals. Our failure is but enough for m e to repeat, parrot-like, certain refusing to accept responsibility for the man­ Even the most heartbroken of the pion­ theirs, and the Cardinal. in expo ing the tnte formula: to which I know every consc­ ncr ll1 wh1ch that wealth is produced. eers of the Land Movement did not foresee causes of that fail ure, probes into poi nts of ience has long become blunted? Is the law This evasion of responsibility is the chief that the rejection of their scheme to bring conscience so sensitive that we never dared to of the land a sufficient standard of justice for source of industrial evils. The produce of a about a truly and characteri tically Catholic touch them. Catholic morality? Am I to recognise every modern business has to be divided between Social Reform in this country, would be fol­ For what is the position to-day? Like money-making process permitted by that law three sets of claimants-shareholders custom­ lowed by such a rapid deepening of the most Catholic laymen, to earn m y living I as good enough for me? If I steal the goose ers, and workers. Cu tamers are n~ver and to con­ twilight all over the world as has actually have to face the taunts of a score of non­ from off the common I take m y sin shareholders : arely, expected or adjur~d to on from the taken place. They thought that they still had Catholic colleagues. To the question "Wh:1t fession-what if I steal the comm rccogn1se dunes to the other two parties. T he goose? H ave I scrutinised the sources of my time to repair that tragic error. They knew is the Pope doing a bout Abyssinia or Spain?" customer need have no conscience at all, the s, my rents, that the spread of the Communist revolt the answer "The Pope can do nothing be­ sabry, m y profits, my dividend shareholders very little, but the worker's my Interest, so carefully as to be able to guar­ against Capitalism was inevitable, but they cause you have deserted him," is an easv :1nd conscience must be busy all day long. antee that their sources are not such as arc did not realise that Capitalism was prepared obvious retort. But to the question · "On By following these trains of thought we helping to turn poor, simple, honest and hum­ final charge to destroy the human race in order to save which side is t he Church-rich :tgai nst 1 oor are . enabled to arrive at our b:c folk into Communists and enemies of the it itself. They saw that the stage was set for a or poor against rich)" there is, alas, no rcplv. aga1nst the modern world, which is that Church? What is my responsibility if I have world-war between the forces of Capitalism For who knows? If I talk about R eru;z divides society into two classes-a smaller :tn agent who neve r fail to exact his pound with a false Theism on their banners, and the Novarum, the answer is "Words, my clear possessed of rights with no appreciable duties, of human flesh? I am myself a foolish, tender­ with forces of Communism with an equally false fellow, words-show us deeds. The time for and a much larger possessed of duties hearted sort of person who cannot bear to he Atheism on theirs. They feared that sooner words is past. Show us something compar­ no appreciable rights. This is the fundamen­ harrassed by importunate widows and weep­ tal injustice of the industrial system. N o or later the Church would be forced to make able to the solid and permanent success of the ing orphans. I h ave not the courage to face analysis which tries to conceal this essential the dreadful choice between the two sides, great Russian experiment. And remember­ a mob of workmen clamouring for higher feature of the system can lead us anywhere. and that whichever side she chose would be Russia has had 20 years ... the Church has wages, or a deputation of taxpayers asking fo r C learly the most important duties are those the wrong one. One side is as much anti­ had 2,ooo." Can I show them a vast Catholic their burdens to be lightened. I therefore performed by the men who work on the land Christ as the other. The ultimate destruction restitution to the poor of wealth unjustly shelter behind a screen of lawyers, rent-collec­ to produce food for the whole community. of the Church is as necessary to the success of taken from them? Alas, I cannot. All I can tors, managers, brokers, assessors, valuers, Pr:tctically the most valued rights are the Capitalism as it is to the success of Commun­ show them is wealthy Catholics giving away policemen, judges. bailiffs, stewards, soldiers, "sacred rights of property." The sponsors of ism. Communism proceeds by persecution money to the same good causes and with the and prison-warders, each and every one of the Land Movement claim that the first act of and massacre, Capitalism by bribery and cor­ sa me splendid and generous gestures as their whom may be, in his own affairs, as foolish Catholic Social Justice should be to confer the ruption. Hence the desperate anxiety of the fellow-citizens who are mere humanitarians. and tender-hearted as I am m yself, but in the most valued rights upon those who perform L and Movement to set up in England a work­ And my friends have a moral theology of exercise of his calling without conscience and the most important duties. They further ing model of Rerum Novarum financed by their own. They think that charity cannot without heart. H ence the security of my maintain that to suggest any less reform as the willing sacrifice of Catholic wealth. Hence begin until justice has finished its work. Thev salary, m y dividends, my rents, my profits, ch:Jr:tcteristically Catholic is to disregard the also the bitterness of its disappointment at think th::tt justice means giving to John wh:tt mv commissions, and the interest on my loans, express wishes of Cardinals and Popes. the rejection of its schemes. is John's by right, whereas charity means giv­ and hence my ability t o contribute to the I therefore think it a matter of congratu­ Our interpretation of that rejection was ing to Tohn what is mine by right. building of churches and hospitals. lation to the Church that the same number of that henceforth we must be silent about econ­ M y own belief is that God is the sole industrial The Cross and The Plough which contains omic and social evils, or that at least we must fount of justice, and that to deny God is to I ascribe the m ajor portion of these inter­ the Cardinal's message also promises the con­ refrain from a true analysis and a ruthless deny justice itself. I defy any atheist to show injustice to the employment of m echanical tinuation of the journal. exposure of those evils, and must work alan!' me a shred of reason why I should not live mediaries, whose sole function is a to love --u-- certain conventional and ineffectual lines !aiel in a world of comfort and plenty at the ex­ and inhuman efficiency. It is difficult of a But you have dishonoured the poor. D o down for us by authorities of whose inade­ pense of the agony of the whole human race. one's neighbour through the agency :1 court, not the rich oppress you by might; and do quacy we were sufficiently assured. W e now Words and phrases like altruism , idealism , bank, or lawyer's office, or a police exchange, they not draw you before the judgment seats? know, from the Cardinal's own message, that common decency, common humanitv, are the or a sales department, or a labour or a board of directors. But it is easy through D o thev not blaspheme the good name which there is no ban on plain speaking. We have ~ h adow of smoke, the dream of a dream. I to to !~ in\·oked upon vou )_I J:~mes II 6-8. now the comfort of knowing that our hopes, know of no reason why I should hate injustice ~uch :~ gcn cies be unjust and unmerciful 11 10 lead to some end, and that end was good-no produce from the farms can be sold and credit BACK TO THE LAND less than a little farm of their own. may be placed to be drawn out later in kind BY M. BEATRICE FIELD• At the termination of the trial year, if if so desired. Here, too, is the post office. (The story of the foundation of a Farm Colony in Ontario, Canada, by R ev. Fr. results were satisfactory to both sides, a trip A covered motor van is used for trans­ Francis McGoey). of land, ten acres in all, for themselves. This port of farm produce, which is surplus, to had been broken and prepared along with market in the ci ty. One of the community "God hath granted the earth to mankind A horse, a pig, a cow, some chickens and the community land and was ready to cul ti­ drives thi van and regulates the business. in general, not in the sense that all, without farming equipment were provided for each vate and sow and build the cement founda­ Another has charge of the colony of bees and distinction, deal with it as they please, but family, and the pioneer year began. tion of their permanent home. The three has had great success. Still another is baker, rather that no part of it has been assigned to This yea r would be the "tcst"-at the large families have a two-storeyed hou e and and again carpenters find endless call for their any one in particular, and that the limits of end of it would they be willing to turn their the two young families of four each h ave art. private possession have been left to be fixed backs on the life of cities . to settle in the coun­ built bungalows with allowance for a second Two weavers arc valuable members of by man's own industry and by the laws of try? Would they be able to stand the app:lr­ floor if required. Several more permanent this community. One of these men lives :1t individual peoples . ... Now wizen man thus ent hardships? 1o fawcetts from which to homes are in the process of building. the loom house, the other, a married man, ha~ rpends the industry of his mind and the draw an unlimited supply of water, . The little Church in which the spiritual onlv a small dwelling at a s hort distance. The rtrenc;th of his body in procuring the fruits buckets and a well; no switch to bring life of the families is nurtured is a mission the heavier woollens and cottons such as blankets. of Nature, by that act he makes his own the bright li ght for the cveninjls, onlv oil lamp attached to the neighbouring parish of Shorn­ ~; sheets, towels, etc., also homespun cloth of portion of Natut·e' s field which he cultivates, no gas to boil water ::~nd cook the large me:~k berg, and the children were taught sc hool in exccEent quality, :~remade at home. that portion on which he leaves, a~ it were, only wood fires which have to he continnomlv a large barn. The barn has given place to a handsome the impression of his own personalzty fed bv lahoriouslv hewin f! lumber, etc. Would The following Spring, as soon as the sc hool building, with good heating and elec­ there is no one who does not live on what the the "fors" outweigh the "againsts"? snow went, a veritable hive of industrv tric light; the two lay teachers have been re­ land bringJ forth."-(Rerum Novarum). From all the hopel essne~s produced bv :~ n sprang into existence, hammering was heard placed by four members of the Sisters of With the above words of Leo XIII in rrroneom economic sy~tem. from the crmvckd from sunrise to sunset, for twenty more fam­ Charity of S. Vincent de Paul, who also have mind, words spoken by the voice of the surroundings of an industrial city, from dcs­ ilies were to come out during the spring and charge of the choirs, the vi iting and nursing Church, we may understand in part perhaps n :~ ir produced bv vears of ex i ~te n ce on relief. summer. More and more land had to be as well as the school. They live in :1 modest that the fo rmation of the "Back to the Land" of seei ng their children starved for the fresh bought, another teacher for the ever-increas­ but comfortable com·ent a stone's throw from Community at King_ Ontario, is in obedience :1 ir and sunshine, good country :1ir and food ing number of children, who, even after 1 rrhonl and church. ro the will of God. which is their right and the necessity to m:~kc month or so of the life, showed s iQ'n~ of im­ On May 24th, 1 9~4, Father Francis them healthy citizens of the future- from all nroved health, ::~nd after a vear could. in some Most of the crops produced on the ten­ McGoey, of S. Clare's Church, Toronto, es­ this. these families plune-ed into hard maml:l! cases, be hardly recognised in the sturclv. ~c re nlots are vegetables of all kinds and feed t:lhli shcd the first family on some land he had wnrk nloughing and tilling and sowinv the tanned snecimens, brimming over with vigor­ for the stock. Large quantities of tomatoes :lCCJuired for the purpose of starting a "Back l::md with potatoes and manv other kinds of ous health. nre grown and canned at the community can­ ners. A to the Land" Commune about three miles vep-ctah!es and food. The elder bovs helnerl During the winter of this second . ve:1r visit to any of the homes around north of the small town of King and thirty ea rl y winter would re.veal well-stocked cellars, their narents with outside chores, the girls progress was made in the st::Irting of ::1 Thrift with hundreds miles from Toronto. The spot chosen is a hel r eel their mothers cook and keep the cot­ Club, Study Grouos, Knitting :md Quiltin g: of jars of home-canned vege­ tables and : very beautiful one, on some of the highest t:~e-es clean. What a grand adventure it was, Groups. Practicallv all the woollen clothes fruit 111cl nickles. . ufficient for ground in Ontario, well winter consumption. There is daily Mass in wooded with all such space, such beautiful fragrant air; was such as sweater , mitts, stockings. sc:~rves, types of timber the li ttle church. while on Sund:ws and Holv and covered with fertile soil. there ever such sunshine? Never in the etc .. were m::~d e bv the women :md e-irk The first family was comprised of seven crowded alleys of the Days the space is t:~xed to capacity for two great city! The birds On December 4th, with temnerature 1<; 0 - father, mother, four sons and a young Masses and Benediction. singing their songs of praise to their Creator, helow zero, the first b::Ihv wa~ born in thr daughter-Old Country parents with Can­ the bees humming, the wind in the trees, the community, a bonny boy, · who, althoui!"h not There was a i!"ood deal of thought :~nd ::~dian-born children. More families quickly lowing of cattle-the new farmers are hardlv vet two vears old, already rides with hi~ f:lther discussion expended on the choice of a name followed, one a French Canadian with six­ cognisant of the sounds, but they all blend over their acres or to the villap-e nearhv, etc. for this community. Finallv, Mount S:~int teen children, one German and French, and into the surrounding peace, so unknown in Since then manv babies have been born to Francis was given as a token of gr:~titude 3{1(1 two Canadian of E. European parentage. the e-reat industrial city from which they have community dwellers. perpetual reminder of the sacrifice and work These five families helped to build each come. During this second summer a weeklv ~xpended by Fr. Francis McGoey, its priest other small wooden shacks, living meanwhile These families were happy-there was a clinic was inaugurated under a qualified doc­ and founder. in a large partitioned barn. At the same time new-found hopefulness to replace the hope­ tor and resident graduate nurse. The latest addition to the commune is a they started to plant the land, which was to les ~ ne~s which h:~d been dragginP' down their Great progress was made in the com­ small settlement for single men a few miles produce the crops for the tiny Community. morale, body and soul. No wonder the men's munal life during this year. The Thrift Club distant, where the elder-sons of mme of the sten grew liP'hter and the women s::~ne- over • We understand that this is a first-hand account. developed into a store at which all the staples large families mav learn to run a large farm Miss Field was for long the nurse of the settle­ their work. hard though the conditions of required by the housewife can be procured, or specialise at dairy or chicken farming. rrent. living might he, for was it not all going to 12 13 VICARIOUS SACRIFICE. Moreover, in ah important sense, Indus­ themselves, a consecrated degradation for trialism is worse than slavery. Slaves have others. They refuse to us even the dignity of been farmers and craftsmen. They lacked the Catacombs. HE Catholic Faith is built upon a Vicar­ Industrialism, T freedom but possessed a hold on integrity in With all our strength we shall protest ious Sacrifice-the self-immolation of the The evidence for this disturbing develop­ work. Modern types of Industriali sm exclude against this unworthy cession to the Prince of Son of God to expiate the sins of men. And ment is slight but widespread. For instance, the very idea of integrity. this world. Salvation is not of the travelling constantly in Christian history the saints, it emerges clearly, but probably unconsciously, Many Catholic publicists, aware two gen­ belt, but of the land and the crafts in the canonised and uncanonised, have followed in some descriptive writing on French move­ erations late of a major crisis, are seeking the hands of free men. Integrity is sovereign in that supreme example. Sometimes, as in one ments by M. Daniel Rops in the December way of Escapism. They are aware that no Catholic philosophy. To it we must return or or two of the greatest of them, charity has Colosseum. There is much more than a hint defence of Industrialism can be made in sound perish. The world is not to saved by urging impelled a saint to sell himself to slavery that of it in some quotations from Perc Chenu, be philosophy, and usually they are of those few industrial victims to a religious industrial others might be freed. But this sort of act O.P., in the February Blackfriars. Unless we to whom Industrialism has brought a mere­ martyrdom. This heresy we shall hit wherever must depend upon a pre-existing sanctity, for arc mistaken, Blacl(/riars itself seems inclined tricious enrichment of life. They have taken it rears its ugl it infringes every law of prudence th:n a y head. man to favour it. refuge in the ultimate illusion-esc:1pe for should abandon the very essence of his man­ It is of some importance that France --tt-- hood. In this sense, the saints are above the should be the centre of this movement, for the law : their act is for homage but not for imita­ impact of Industrialism on France has been THE LAXTON COMMUNITY. tion, and certainly not for precept or counsel. recent and enormous. An element of panic It is of the essence of true sacrifice that is to be excused. For this reason it would be Many of our readers who have heard of extent dependent on the products of Indus­ the end must be proportionate to the means. unjust to level accusations at present, and this courageous enterprise, and manv more trialism-e.g., the houses we live in are of the Our Lord may die to save all men. Saint moreover in all countries a real grasp of Indus­ who have not, will be glad to have this short "Army hut" type and it will be some time P1·;er Claver may become a slave to free his trial processes and philosophy is surprisingly first-hand account of its situation and aims. In before we are able to build ourselves stone Christian brethren. Any Carmelite may give rare. poverty of apostolic completeness, and ar:rainst houses. But we claim that what matters is up human delights to stand in the forefront But the danger is serious, and the need difficulties which would deter anv but men one's attitude to the "svstem": once see of the battle against the Prince of this dark­ for protest imperative. and women of heroic stature, this little froup c:early its absurdity and it becomes possible to ness. Catholic philosophy enshrines principles i.r makinf7 flood pror:rress with the rebuildinR use factory goods without inconsistency and And it is also of the essence of true sacri­ of human integrity, freedom and dignity of a Catholic life from the very foundations at the same time gradually to shed the bad fh..C that it be conceived freely by the person which are incompatible with the philosophy uowards. The cordial [!ood ~isher of the habits we have grown up with and to acquire " ·l,o is to make it. o pressure is tolerable. of Industrialism as now existing. So much is Catholic Land Movement must be their.r. W e better and simpler ones in their place. Wh:n It has been left to this age to propose a beyond dispute, and is not seriously disputed. l10pe that material support may also be fort/7- this implies we ourselves are beginning to dis­ t} pe of vicarious sacrifice which denies both It is a basic principle of the Faith that a sound coming.-Editor. cover (painfully enough) but it becomes more these essentials. It is some time since Mr. Eric and more certain th:lt what determines right human environment is essential to sound Our community at Laxton was formed Gill, with his almost uncanny skill in precipi­ sta ndards in food, clothes, furniture and the human life in the normal person. It is cer­ two years ago. Its aim may be stated brieflv tating essential ideas, pointed out that c~rtain rest is the way of life itself; thus, e.g., plain tainly philosophic heresy, and possibly theo­ :1s the practical application here and now of Catholic youth movements on the contwent, cooking, wood fuel and an open hearth, wool logical heresy, to advance the contrary. It is the Church's social doctrine; that is to say, it which are out to "Christianise" industrialism, and linen, prove to be not merely pleasant but true that in face of an established Industrial­ is determined to assist the formation of a new, :are developing a strong immolationist ten­ necessarY. Urban standards are simply use­ ism , reaction must not be universal or precipi­ integral Christian society within the shell of dency. less, as ~ur wives discovered long ago. Our t:lte, for peace and order must not lightly hi' the present order, and this by what it judges The idea seems to be that young layfolk, domestic problem is to measure our wants by outraged. The means for such an ordered to be the only means possible-viz., a return to in the way of perfection, should accept the our needs. rc;Jction ;Jre av:1ilable and known. The Cath­ reasant agriculture as a way of life. It works sub-human conditions of advanced Industrial­ At present there are four families here, olic Land Movement is one of them. for the establishment of a society founded on ism by way of martyrdom for the common numbering in all ten adults and six children. It has been said th:lt the correct attitude justice and having as its temporal ends the good. To put it into concrete terms, those Each family owns its house, some land, and for the Church under Industri alism should be common good, private propertv, resoonsible who are already the chief victims of Indus­ livestock such as goats and poultry. We have the sa me as for the Church under slavery: to work and full family life. It reiects all that is trialism are to consecrate their lives to a mass­ six sheep, two cows, two horses and two don­ accept the fact and work slowly, over many covered by the term "Industrialism" as a cor­ production travelling belt in order that, with­ keys, some of which are privately owned and generations, for its supersession. The analogy rupt and brutal system that denies m an's most out disturbance or intermission, the world some held in common. i~ false. The Church w:1s born into a sl:lve­ elementary rights, and is convinced that any may have cheap cars, cheap wireless sets, and The Community Council, consisting of state. On the contrary, she saw the birth of attempt to come to terms with that system is cheap typewriters. the head of each family, is responsible for Industrialism and advanced principles in out of the question. making decisions affecting the community's And so far as the present writer is aware, re:1ction which would have destroyed it in its The obvious difficulty is that until a state well-being. Membership of the the project is favoured chiefly in quarters vouth. It is precisely because the le:1d was not community of self-subsistence is re:~ched we are to a great is :1t present limited to married peop!e. which are not themselves under the harrow of followed that Industrialism is still a problem. 14 15 As will be readily understood, our efforts as possible in order to buy what we need from in most;directions are largely experimental at . outside. - PRIOR'S WOOD HALL FARM this stage, and we have made-,-and no doubt - - The secretary of the Council is Patrick shall continue to make-many mistakes. Heron, Upper Laxton, Stamford, Lines. NOTES. Much of our time has had to be spent in grow- --U-- ing accustomed to a new way of living, with HFRIENDS OF LAXTON." WHEN the estate of Prior's Wood was nised and assisted by the Ministry of Labour the result.that external progress i• somewhat "Friends Of Laxton" is the name of a taken over by the then Liverpool Cath­ through the Juvenile Transference Scheme. slow and unspectacular. recently.formed society which, as its name olic Land Association in 1934, it wa on the This has led to a great quickening of interest The men meet together every · day for implies, consists of people who are in sym- basis of a grand act of faith that there would by a large number of upporters of the Land communal work such as digging, fencing, pathy with the Laxton group and its aims. be a great deal of support for such a move­ Movement, so that the Association has been hedging and ditching, and there 'are · many Its primary purposes are to assist the develop- ment, and that when people came to know able to start paying off the heavy expenses in­ other tasks that must be done before we can ment of the settlement and to enable its own th:H a real and practical cfiort was being made curred in the purchase of Prior's Wood Hall give as much time as is necessary to building members to se~tle there; hence its function is to find for men a way back to healthy work, farm. A striking example of sympathy :1ncl up our separate small-holdings. We have re- of the greatest Importance. and a man's life was made available for many o-encrosity was shown at the end of February, cently had five of our 44 acres ploughed up SO'" • · .. · . ~uller particul~rs will be ~upplied on ap- out of the thousands of unemployed. there "whe n the well-known showman, Tom Moss, that we can begin producing· food· for our pltcauon to the Secretary of Fnends of Laxton would be a \·eritable rush for the privilege of came with his company to Wigan. He had livestock, which will shortly include pigs, and -Anthony Foster, Esq., Bryants Bottom, membersh ip, and subscriptions would come been playing at Grimsby; the last performance we inteNd to produce for the market as soon · Great Missenden, Bucks. poming in from all those who wished to be on the Saturday night was over, and when --H-- ;.. sociated in the scheme. The owners from dresses, scenery and props had been packed ATHEJSM-· WHOLESALE -. TWO . PERIODICALS. whom the estate was taken appreciated the up for the journey to Wigan, it was 5 a.m. on position, and were willing to let the Associa­ Sunday; the train went at 9 a.m., and rl. wi th K.S.C. and the S.V.P., societies which are subscnpttons alone could never achieve this Emone. with the sole exrention of Tt ~ lv. our rations of air, warmth, light and ultra­ naturally interested in the after-care of the result. It remained then to secure from the where. clouhtless. olive oil takes its pl<1ce. The violet rays supplied by a highlv efficient lim­ boys who leave our schools, to assist us. Government recognition and assistance for price of this milk is more than twice the ired company. These :ue, of course, purelv The financial assistance which we are the Association's work in training- unemolov­ now

..EVERY MAN HAS BY NATURE the rigl,ttt~possess property as his own. This is one of the chief points of distinction between man ana ·the·animal creation • . • • inas. much as from the produce of the earth he has to lay by provision for the future. Man's needs do not die out, but recur; although satisfied to-day, they demand fresh supplies for to-morrow. Nature accordingly owes to man a storehouse that shall never fail, and THIS ·HE FINDS SOLELY IN THE INEXHAUSTIBLEFERTILITYOFTHEEARTH. There is no-onc who does not sustain life from what the earth produces. . · "1'be law, therefore, should favour ownership, and its policy should be to induce as many aS possible of the humbler class to become owners• ."If any there ate who pretend differently, who hold out ~o a hard-pressed people th:: bOon of freedom from pain and trouble, an undisturbed repose, and constant enj())'Ulent .....othey delude tile people and impose upon them, and their fying promises will only one day bring forth evils WOrse. than the present."-Pope Leo XIII.