DOCSLIB.ORG

July-Sept 2015 Pdf.Cdr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
July-Sept 2015 Pdf.Cdr CHAPTER Z INTRODUCTION The period of the 1st four centuries of the Christian era is a very iiiqportant and interesting period to study. The early medieval period of India was characterised as the 'dark period' (Chattopadhaya 1983:29) of India due to the 'absence' of the vast territorial empires in the period after the fall of the Gupta empire. The early Christian centuries witnessed similar conditions after the breakup of the Mauryan enqpire. Actually the period was one in which significant changes were taking place. The inroads made by the Central Asian tribes brought about a decentralised government as opposed to the highly centralised Mauryan government. The political conditions of the post-Mauryan period were drastically changed from those of the earlier years. The period of the early centuries of the Christian Era saw the establishment of a state in nuclear regions from the geographical and resource base point of view. The geological and topographical features of Gujarat are different from that of the Deccan. The Satavahanas ruled over the Deccan the same time as the Kardamaka Kshatrapas ruled over Gujarat. Both traded extensively with the west, i.e. the Romans, the Persian gulf, and the Arabian peninsula, etc (Schoff 1912: 3- 5) . Due to their geological, geographical and topographical differences, both regions offered differing resources and different trading conditions. Since this study is an archaeological one, the sites, their material culture and other influencing conditions will have to be taken into consideration. This thesis is a historico-archaeological study of a dynamic period in early Indian history. The aim of this thesis is to reconstruct the lifeways, political and economic conditions of the people in Gujarat during the period when India was in a state of flux after the break up of the Mauryan empire. There were a series of invasions in north India by foreigners. Some of them stayed behind to rule over various parts of India, others like the Indo-Greeks were defeated by the tribes coming in from the north and were also driven out of India by Kharavela in the 1st c. B.C. The ancestors of the Kardamakas and the Kshaharatas were among these invaders. The Kushans ruled over north India till the third century A.D. The Satavahanas ruled in the Deccan. The Kshatrapas ruled from the 1st c. AD to the 4th c. AD. They consisted mainly of two families, the Kshaharatas which was the earlier family led by Bhumaka and Nahapana who ruled over mainly Maharashtra as their inscriptions were found from Junnar, Nasik and Karle caves. The later family was the Kardamaka line founded by Chashtana who was a later contemporary of Nahapana. The inscriptions of the Kardamaka family are all from Gujarat, majority of which are from Kutch and Saurashtra. Only one inscription of the family is found from East Gujarat which is of Viradman's reign. Hence the sphere of our study includes only the Kardamaka family. Therefore Gujarat is the area of our study which is also connected with the Deccan area due to its geographical orientation, and therefore, the sites of the Deccan of the 1st four centuries A.D. will also be mentioned along with the sites of Gujarat. It was found in the course of these studies that there was a geographical grouping of the inscriptions of each of the families of the Western Kshatrapas. This will be explained further in Chapter II. The other kshatrapa families will also be mentioned and described in Chapter II since they were also known as the Western Kshatrapas. Each region of Gujarat state has a characteristic orientation towards land and sea which is often governed by geographical conditions like location in relation to land and sea, physical features and resources. Therefore, the settlement patterns and functions will be different form region to region. Of the material culture found in the Early Historic times from the various sites of Gujarat, the Red Polished ware is the most profuse. It is also found in the 5th c. AD layers at the excavated site of Amreli. This is after the end of Kshatrapa rule in Gujarat. However, this thesis is termed as Kshatrapa period because the earliest inscriptions of Gujarat are of the Kardamaka Kshatrapa rulers. Hence 3 Gujarat is considered to be of Kshatrapa domain which was taken over by the Maitrakas and then the Bhattarakas who are believed to have been the feudatories of the Guptas. Silver coins of the Guptas have been found from Amreli (Rao 1966: 81-88) which do not necessarily indicate the rule of a particular dynasty- over an area, in this case Gujarat. History of Research The earlier works done on the Western Kshatrapas are all mostly on Kshatrapa inscriptions and coins. None of the works are archaeologically oriented i.e. the study of the daily living of the people of the areas over which the above families ruled. Numerous district-wise explorations have been carried out in Saurashtra and Gujarat as shown in this thesis. A number of sites of the Early Historic period in Eastern Gujarat and Saurashtra have been excavated and reported, viz. Vadodara (Subbarao 1953), Devnimori (Mehta and Chowdhary 1964), Shamalaji (Mehta and Patel 1967), Dhatva (Mehta and Chowdhary 1975), Bharuch (lAR 1963-64), Nagara (Mehta and Shah 1968) etc. An article by Dr. R.N. Mehta C1983) on East Gujarat trade connections has been written. These works have appropriately been utilised in this thesis. The most valuable works on Saurashtra are by Burgess (1876) and Sankalia (1941). Burgess (1876) has given an account of the various caves of Saurashtra and all the architectural features of Gujarat including the temples and gateways of ancient towns found in Gujarat. This has not been included in the thesis except in connection with the new trends in motifs used to decorate the architecture. These works deal purely with architecture which is not needed in the thesis since it studies the settlements of Gujarat during Kshatrapa times. Sankalia's work also includes architecture but most of it is on the prehistory of Gujarat which does not concern us at all. Altekar (1926) enumerates the ancient towns found in Gujarat and Kathiawad in connection with towns like Boradaxima and others mentioned in the Periplus (Schoff 1912), towns like Valabhipur and Chara along the coast of Saurashtra and others which flourished as ports. Three major published excavations are Amreli (Rao 1966), Prabhas Patan (Nanavati £t &1. 1971) and at Dwarka (Mate and Ansari 1966). These three works are excavation reports which described the trenches dug and the material culture like pottery, coins, structures etc found in each exqavated layer and trench. The history of the Western Kshatrapas by ^apson (1967, Reprint) and Mirashi (1981) are the two well known works on the history of the Western Kshatrapas; the former has dealt with the coins of the families and the latter with their inscriptions. 5 Almost all the inscriptions have been dealt with by Mirashi. An inscription of Chashtana dated in his llth regnal y-ear, i.e. 89 AD (Gokhale 1968: 104) gives a good cultural account of the locality of Andhau in Khavda in northern Kutch. Jamindar (1975; 1994) has also deciphered a number of Kshatrap inscriptions. Jamindar has written a book on Kshatrap history in Gujarati (1975). Recently a new book has been written dealing with the coinage and the history of all the families of the Western Kshatrapa rulers in detail (Jha ajcid Rajgor 1994) . The date of Nahapana has also been fixed by them for 94 AD. For the region of Kutch, Thakkar (1877) gives an architectural account along with ethnoarchaeological aspects and Mrs Postans (1839) has given a traveller's account of Western India including that of Kutch. Joshi (1972; 1990) has reported on his explorations of Kutch which mainly deal with Harappan sites and has only fleeting references to Early Historic pottery which have been found from the same sites. It however provides a valuable description of the area surrounding the sites which were difficult to visit. The most valuable information on Gujarat's archaeological material is available from the various unpublished theses from M.S. University, Vadodara, on district wise archaeological explorations. The sites of Jamnagar district have been described in detail by Bhan (1983). The other districts which also have been taken into account for this thesis are Kheda district in central Gujarat (Momin 1981) , north Bhavnagar district (Jairath 1981), Ahmedabad district (Mirchandani 1983), Panchmahals district (Sonawane 1979). These works are an account of all the sites found in their particular areas irrespective of the period and deal with the occupation of the area from prehistory to medieval times depending upon the number of sites belonging to each period. The Bombay Presidency Gazetteers provide a mine of information on flora, fauna, natural resources, history and the native peoples residing in the area along with topographical description and historical finds from the various areas of Gujarat. The sites of the other areas like Rajkot and Junagadh districts have been known from Ghosh (1989) and Indian Archaeology: A Review which gives a list of sites along with pottery found from them, most of this pottery is Red Polished ware, a typical pottery found during the Early Historic period. The pattern seen in the Kshatrap inscriptional chronology found in Gujarat coincides with the pottery and other aspects of material culture patterns of Gujarat. The pottery from Kutch was described fleetingly as painted ware, and did not give evidence of why it was Early Historic. This has led to the exploration in Kutch, specially around Andhau where seven of the ten inscriptions from Kutch have been found.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Regional Profile of Higher Education in Gujarat
    ISSN No: 2455-734X (E-Journal) An Inter-Disciplinary National Peer & Double Reviewed e-Journal of Languages, Social Sciences and Commerce The Churning Uma Arts & Nathiba Commerce Mahila College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India A Regional Profile of Higher Education in Gujarat Dr. Jaymal Rangiya Prof. Jyoti Panchal ABSTRACT Higher education is an important development indicator of social and economic growth of a nation. The present paper attempts to examine the disparities in number of higher educational institutions, main workers employed in institutions and gender distribution of main worker at district and regional levels. The statistical study involves social and geographical factors such as areas (districts), population, literacy level that are instrumental in creating regional imbalance with regard to the growth of highe r education in the state. The study is based on data extracted from statistical abstracts of Gujarat state for 2004 and 2009. For this study the four zones of Gujarat i.e. Central Gujarat, North Gujarat, South Gujarat and Saurastra – Kutch is taken into consideration. According to population census, 2001 the population of Gujarat state was 5.07 crore which is 5.96% of total population of India. According to population census 2001, Gujarat state is 7 Th largest state of India. The growth rate has increased from 21.19% of 1981-1991 periods to 22.66% in 1991-2001. This was found highest from 1951 to 1991 era. Total Population (in ‘000) 60,000 50,000 40,000 Total 30,000 Rural 20,000 Urban 10,000 0 1981 1991 2001 Literacy Rate of Gujarat March, 2016 Issue 1 www.uancmahilacollege.org Page 19 | 78 The Churning : An Inter-Disciplinary National Peer & Double Reviewed e-Journal of Languages, Social Sciences and Commerce/Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89q3t1s0 Author Balachandran, Jyoti Gulati Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement, and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jyoti Gulati Balachandran 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Texts, Tombs and Memory: The Migration, Settlement, and Formation of a Learned Muslim Community in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat by Jyoti Gulati Balachandran Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Chair This dissertation examines the processes through which a regional community of learned Muslim men – religious scholars, teachers, spiritual masters and others involved in the transmission of religious knowledge – emerged in the central plains of eastern Gujarat in the fifteenth century, a period marked by the formation and expansion of the Gujarat sultanate (c. 1407-1572). Many members of this community shared a history of migration into Gujarat from the southern Arabian Peninsula, north Africa, Iran, Central Asia and the neighboring territories of the Indian subcontinent. I analyze two key aspects related to the making of a community of ii learned Muslim men in the fifteenth century - the production of a variety of texts in Persian and Arabic by learned Muslims and the construction of tomb shrines sponsored by the sultans of Gujarat.
    [Show full text]
  • Year 2011-2012, 550 Scholars Had Visited the Library
    ANNUAL REPORT 2011-2012 INTRODUCTION The Centre for Social Studies (CSS) is an autonomous social science research institute. Founded by late Professor I.P. Desai in 1969, as the Centre for Regional Development Studies, CSS receives grants for its recurring and non-recurring expenditure from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, and the Department of Higher and Technical Education, Government of Gujarat. Along with multi-disciplinary research, the Centre also provides guidance to Ph.D. students, organises training programmes and undertakes evaluations. With Gujarat as its core research area, the Centre also carries out studies related to other parts of the country for purposes of comparative analysis and to help develop a pan- Indian perspective. Research activities at the Centre are informed by a reflexive awareness of the social role of the researcher and the nature of social science research. Though the expression ‘social science research’ is of a relatively recent origin, the process of acquiring knowledge about society has a much longer and complex history. There have always been different approaches to the understanding of social reality and to the application of such knowledge to social transformation. For some, it has been an enterprise aimed at enabling the seeker of knowledge to transcend the social reality around him/her for personal salvation. Other analysts of social processes have claimed to be ‘value free’ even in their concern for an improved social order. In our view, researchers are always a part of the social reality and their concern must emanate from that reality. Their response cannot be only to try and change themselves in order to transcend the world within which they live.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Changes in Agricultural Economy of Gujarat, India: Irrigation and Cropping Pattern Aspects
    ISSN No: 2455-734X (E-Journal) An Inter-Disciplinary National Peer & Double Reviewed e-Journal of Languages, Social Sciences and Commerce The Churning Uma Arts & Nathiba Commerce Mahila College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Structural Changes In Agricultural Economy of Gujarat, India: Irrigation and Cropping Pattern Aspects Pr. Jyoti Panchal Reseach Scholar, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad Uma Arts and Nathiba Commerce Mahila College Gandhinagar([email protected]) Prin. Dr. Natubhai B. Patel C. U. Shah Commerce College Ashram Road, Ahmedabad. ABSTRACT This paper assesses the structural changes in economy of state of Gujarat, India and precisely focusing on the aspects of irrigation and cropping pattern. The study covered the post green revolution period from 1950-51 to 2013-14. The structural changes at the major sectoral level are examined in terms of the variation in the shares of sectoral output in the total output of the state. In this paper, the analysis is carried out terms of the changes in total gross cropped area and the trend in different sources of irrigation in Gujarat are analyzed of using compound growth rates. I find that the agriculture is the major sub- sector in the primary sector and the structural changes that have been taking place in the state economy in may have an impact on this sub-sector and on the livelihoods of the rural masses. However, the research results exhibits that the increasing ground water irrigation leads to declining ground water table and environmental degradation to the state. In addition, the cropping patterns shifts have been taking place in the state is favorable to the small and marginal farmers because the capacity of invest and risk bearing of the farmers are low.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Study of Tourism in Gujarat: a Geographical Perspective'
    ‘A Study of Tourism in Gujarat: A Geographical Perspective” CHAPTER-2 GEOGRAPHICAL PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA ‘A Study of Tourism in Gujarat: A Geographical Perspective’ 2.1 GUJARAT : AN INTRODUCTION Gujarat has a long historical and cultural tradition dating back to the days of the Harappan civilization established by relics found at Lothal(Figure-1).It is also called as the “Jewel of the West”, is the westernmost state of India(Figure-2). The name “Gujarat” itself suggests that it is the land of Gurjars, which derives its name from ‘Gujaratta’ or ‘Gujaratra’ that is the land protected by or ruled by Gurjars. Gurjars were a migrant tribe who came to India in the wake of the invading Huna’s in the 5th century. The History of Gujarat dates back to 2000 BC. Some derive it from ‘Gurjar-Rashtra’ that is the country inhabited by Gurjars. Al-Beruni has referred to this region as ‘Gujratt’. According to N.B. Divetia the original name of the state was Gujarat & the above- mentioned name are the Prakrit& Sanskrit forms respectively. The name GUJARAT, which is formed by adding suffix ‘AT’ to the word ‘Gurjar’ as in the case of Vakilat etc. There are many opinions regarding the arrivals of Gurjars, two of them are, according to an old clan, they inhabited the area during the Mahabharat period and another opined that they belonged to Central Asia and came to India during the first century. The Gurjars passed through the Punjab and settled in some parts of Western India, which came to be known as Gujarat.Gujarat was also inhabited by the citizens of the Indus Valley and Harappan civilizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae DR. NILADRI RANJAN DASH, Professor, Department of Geography, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara - 390002 (Gujarat). Date of Birth: May 5, 1959 Contact: 0265-2371294 (R) 0265 - 2795329 Ext.-326 / 327 (O) 91-9427 837 149 (M) Email: [email protected] [email protected] Academic Qualifications: M.A.; M. Phil.; Ph. D. (Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi) Work Experience: -Teaching: 32yrs -Research: 39yrs Area of Specialization: Human Geography: Social Geography (with special reference to backward area/tribal area development) Teaching: P.G. level (History of Geographical Thought, Research Methodology, Social Geography, Urban Geography and Agricultural Geography). U.G. level (Socio-Economic Survey Techniques, Cartography and Statistical Technques) Research Background: Research Projects completed: 03 Ph. Ds: 03 (awarded) 01 (viva voce result submitted) 01 (under progress) Master’s Level Dissertations: 51 Teaching Experience: * 2006 till date, Professor in Geography, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1998-2006, Reader in Geography, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1993-1998, Sr. Lecturer in Geography, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1988-1993, Lecturer in Geography, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1987-88, Lecturer (temporary) in Geography, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana. 1 * 1990-2010, provided guidance on Indian Civil Service Examination at the AICS Training Centre of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1990-2006, Academic Counselor for Tourism Studies and Environmental Studies at the IGNOU Centre of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. * 1985-86, Research Associate in UGC Sponsored Project entitled, “Geographical Perspective on the Participation of Rural Women in Economic Activity in Selected Regions of India,” under the Directorship of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • BA Geography
    SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY STRUCTURE OF THE COURSES 0F SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY B.A. ALL SEMESTER (Revised Syllabus in Force from: June-2016) Page 1 of 49 SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY ARTS FACULTY REVISED SYLLABUS (Introduced from June, 2016) B.A (GEOGRAPHY) ALL SEMESTERS Sr Level Sem Course Course (Paper )Title Course Cre Inter Exter Pract Total Course (Paper) No Group (Paper) dit nal nal ical Marks Unique Code UG No Mark Mark /Viva Core / s s Mark Elec-1 s /Elec-2 1 UG 1 Core Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 1601300101010100 Geography-I Core Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – I (Physical 1601300101010200 division) Elec-1 Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 1601300201010100 Geography Elec-1 Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – I 1601300201010200 (Physical division) Elec-2 Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 1601300301010100 Geography-I Elec-2 Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – I 1601300301010200 (Physical division) 2 UG 2 Core Elements of Physical 3 4 30 70 100 1601300101020300 Geography-II Core Geography of 4 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – II (Socio- 1601300101020400 Economic division) Elec-1 Elements of Physical 3 4 30 70 100 1601300201020300 Geography-II Elec-1 Geography of 4 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – II (Socio- 1601300201020400 Economic division) Elec-2 Elements of Physical 3 4 30 70 100 1601300301020300 Geography-II Elec-2 Geography of 4 3 30 70 100 Gujarat – II (Socio- 1601300301020400 Economic division) 3 UG 3 Core Elements of 5 4 30 70 100 1601300101030500 Climatology Core Geography of India – 1 6 3 30 70 100 1601300101030600 (Physical division) Pract.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shaping of Modern Gujarat
    A probing took beyond Hindutva to get to the heart of Gujarat THE SHAPING OF MODERN Many aspects of mortem Gujarati society and polity appear pulling. A society which for centuries absorbed diverse people today appears insular and patochiai, and while it is one of the most prosperous slates in India, a fifth of its population lives below the poverty line. J Drawing on academic and scholarly sources, autobiographies, G U ARAT letters, literature and folksongs, Achyut Yagnik and Such Lira Strath attempt to Understand and explain these paradoxes, t hey trace the 2 a 6 :E e o n d i n a U t V a n y history of Gujarat from the time of the Indus Valley civilization, when Gujarati society came to be a synthesis of diverse peoples and cultures, to the state's encounters with the Turks, Marathas and the Portuguese t which sowed the seeds ol communal disharmony. Taking a closer look at the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the authors explore the political tensions, social dynamics and economic forces thal contributed to making the state what it is today, the impact of the British policies; the process of industrialization and urbanization^ and the rise of the middle class; the emergence of the idea of '5wadeshi“; the coming £ G and hr and his attempts to transform society and politics by bringing together diverse Gujarati cultural sources; and the series of communal riots that rocked Gujarat even as the state was consumed by nationalist fervour. With Independence and statehood, the government encouraged a new model of development, which marginalized Dai its, Adivasis and minorities even further.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus BBA BCA Sem-4 EC202 History of Gujarat and Its Culture
    Elective Course EC-202(5) HISTORY OF GUJARAT AND ITS CULTURE Course Introduction: The course would make students know about the history of ancient Gujarat and its magnificent heritage. It also discusses about the people who have contributed in respective fields and have increased the glory of Gujarat. The course will give the student a feel of having pilgrimage around Gujarat. Objectives: The student would be able to: 1) To get familiar with various sculptures and monuments of Gujarat. 2) Brief knowledge of different Rulers periods like maurya, maitrak as well as some well known folks. 3) To learn about varieties in culture and life style of people in Gujarat. No. of Credits: 2 Theory Sessions per week: 2 Teaching Hours: 20 hours UNIT TOPICS / SUBTOPICS 1 Gujarat’s Geography • The Historicity of Ancient Gujarat: o The brief history of Gujarat, Lothal, Dholavira, Dwarka and Somnath o Maurya period and Gujarat Chandragupt maurya, About Girinagar, Bindu Sarovar, Ashok, Vikramaditya. o Shak - kshatraps period and Gujarat Sudarshan talav o Gupta period and Gujarat o Maitrak period and Gujarat (Valabhipur) o Gurjar – Pratihar period and Gujarat (Post-Maitrak period) o Chavda period and Gujarat Jayshikhari, Vanraj, Yogaraj, Samantsinh and Mularaj. o Solanki period and Gujarat The invasion of Gaznavi on somnath, Bhimdev, Karandeo, Minaldevi, Siddharaj,kumarpal, Bhimdev-second. o Vaghela period and Guajrat o Pragvats and naagars, Vastupal, Tejpal, Karanghelo, Vishaldev 2 The Glittering Lamps, Geography of Gujarat • Gujarat’s Geography : Location, Latitude, Longitude, Rivers, Mountains, Environment. • The Glittering Lamps Mahatma Gandhiji, Narsinh Mehta, Meera, Premanand,Narmad, Zaverchand Meghani, Tana Riri, Baiju Bawara, Avinash Vyas, Praful Dave, Ravishankar Raval, Homai Vyarawala, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Kumudini Lakhia, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • BA Geography Sem-1 to 6 2017-18
    GUJARAT UNIVERSITY Syllabus for B.A. Geography: 2017 - 18 SEMESTER I Core and Elective-101: Physical Geography: Lithosphere Unit- I: Introduction to the Earth as a member of the Solar System , Internal structure of the Earth, Earth’s crust, Distribution of land and waterbodies : The Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonics Unit-II: Rocks- their types and modes of occurrence, Earth movemen ts, Folds, Faults and associated landforms. Unit-III: Earthquakes and volcanoes ,causes, effects and their world distribution. Unit-IV: Denudation,Weathering - types ,features, Erosion, work of Rivers, Glaciers, Wind, Sea Waves, and Groundwater. Suggested Readings : 1 Lake, P(1985) : Physical Geography (Indian edition) MacMillan & Co. , Calcutta, Mumbai, London. 2 Lal, D.S. :Physical Geography , Sharda Pustak Bhavan , Allahabad 3 Monkhouse F.J. : Principles of Physical Geography 4 Strahler and Strahler : Modren Physical Geography, John Willey & Sons, Canada 5 Singh, Savinder (1997) : Physical Geography, Prayag Pustak Mahal, Allahbad 6 Shah, M.R. Bhautik Bhugol, Uni.Granth Nirman Board 7 Shah, M.R. Bhuruprachana Shastra Uni.Granth Nirman Board 8 Shah, M.R. Bhutakshan Uni.Granth Nirman Board Core and Elective-102: Geography of Gujarat- I ( Physical & Resources ) Unit-I: Location and physiographic divisions: Location, area, neighbouring States, Country, Major physiographic divisions: the Gujarat plains, the Saurashtra plateau,Katchchh the Coastal low land, the Eastern hilly area, geological base in brief. Unit-II: Drainage pattern: Major rivers and other water bodies, Climate : monsoon phenomena over Gujarat, seasons, factors affecting climate, Natural vegetation – Types, distribution Unit-III: Types and distribution of minerals, coal,oil & natural gas resources, nonmetallic and non-fuel resources – Limestone, Fluorspar,Metallic resources Unit-IV: Soil – water and natural vegetation resources – nature, characteristics, types and distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Programme & Subject : B.A
    SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Programme & Subject : B.A. Geography (CBCS) SEMESTER-III SYLLABUS FROM THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19 Paper Code: UA03CGEO21 Total Credit:3 Title of Paper : Climatology . Unit Description in Detail Weight age (%) 1. 1.1 Atmospheric Composition and Structure 25% 1.2 Variation with Altitude 1.3 Latitude and Season. 2. 2.1 Insulation and Temperature 25% 2.2 Factors and Distribution 2.3 Heat Budget 2.4 Temperature Inversion. 3. 3.1 Atmospheric Pressure 25% 3.2 Winds – Planetary Winds 3.3 Forces affecting Winds, General Circulation 3.4 Jet Streams and Al-Nino 4. 4.1 Atmospheric Moisture – Evaporation 25% 4.2 Humidity, Condensation, Fog and Clouds 4.3 Precipitation Types, Stability and Instability; Climatic Regions of the world 4.4 Cyclones – Tropical Cyclones, Extra Tropical Cyclones, Monsoon - Origin and Mechanism Readings 1. Barry R. G. and Carleton A. M., 2001: Synoptic and Dynamic Climatology , Routledge, UK. 2. Barry R. G. and Corley R. J., 1998: Atmosphere, Weather and Climate , Routledge, New York. 3. Critchfield H. J., 1987: General Climatology , Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi 4. Trewartha G. T. and Horne L. H., 1980: An Introduction to Climate , McGraw-Hill. 5. Lal, D S (2006): JalvayuVigyan, PrayagPustakBhavan, Allahabad 6. Vatal, M (1986): BhautikBhugol, Central Book Depot, Allahabad 7. Singh, S (2009): JalvayuVigyan, PrayagPustakBhawan, Allahabad 8. K.N.Jasani & M.R. Shah (2016) Physical Geography ( Gujarati) SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Programme & Subject : B.A. Geography (CBCS) SEMESTER-III SYLLABUS FROM THE ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19 Paper Code: UA03CGEO22 Total Credit:3 Title of Paper : Physical Geography of Gujarat .
    [Show full text]
  • Geography B.A
    SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY STRUCTURE OF THE COURSES 0F SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY B.A. ALL SEMESTER (Revised Syllabus in Force from: June-2019) SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY ARTS FACULTY REVISED SYLLABUS (Introduced from June, 2016) B.A (GEOGRAPHY) ALL SEMESTERS Sr Level Sem Course Course (Paper )Title Course Cre Internal External Practica Total Course No Group (Paper) dit Marks Marks l /Viva Marks (Paper) UG No Marks Unique Core / Code Elec-1 /Elec-2 1 UG 1 Core Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 Geography Core Physical Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat Elec-1 Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 Geography Elec-1 Physical Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat Elec-2 Elements of Physical 1 4 30 70 100 Geography- Elec-2 Physical Geography of 2 3 30 70 100 Gujarat 2 UG 2 Core Elements of 3 4 30 70 100 Geomorphology Core Socio-Economic 4 3 30 70 100 Geography of Gujarat Elec-1 Elements of 3 4 30 70 100 Geomorphology Elec-1 Socio-Economic 4 3 30 70 100 Geography of Gujarat Elec-2 Elements of 3 4 30 70 100 Geomorphology Elec-2 Socio-Economic 4 3 30 70 100 Geography of Gujarat 3 UG 3 Core Elements of 5 4 30 70 100 Climatology Core Physical Geography of 6 3 30 70 100 India Pract. Elements of 7 6 - 100 70+30 100 Cartography – 1 Elect-1 Elements of 5 4 30 70 100 Climatology Elect-1 Physical Geography of 6 3 30 70 100 India Elect-2 Elements of 5 4 30 70 100 Climatology Elect-2 Physical Geography of 6 3 30 70 100 India 4 UG 4 Core Elements of 8 4 30 70 100 Oceanography Core Socio – Economic 9 3 30 70 100 Geography of India Pract.
    [Show full text]