DOCSLIB.ORG

ESTIMATING CONTRIBUTION OFZOOXANTHELLAE to ANIMAL RESPIRATION (CZAR) and to ANIMAL GROWTH (CZAG) of GIANT CLAM Tridacna Maxima

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ESTIMATING CONTRIBUTION OFZOOXANTHELLAE to ANIMAL RESPIRATION (CZAR) and to ANIMAL GROWTH (CZAG) of GIANT CLAM Tridacna Maxima Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410 - 5217 Volume 9, Number 3, June 2006 : 155-162 Accredited : 23a/Dikti/Kep/2004 ESTIMATING CONTRIBUTION OFZOOXANTHELLAE TO ANIMAL RESPIRATION (CZAR) AND TO ANIMAL GROWTH (CZAG) OF GIANT CLAM Tridacna maxima Ambariyanto *) Marine Science Department, Diponegoro University, Kampus Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia. Received : April, 20, 2006 ; Accepted : May 25, 2006 ABSTRACT Zooxanthellae are symbiotic dinoflagellate algae which live in association with marine invertebrates including giant clams. These algae are capable of translocating part of their photosynthetic products to the host. This translocation is one of the nutrition sources of the host. The present study aims to calculate the contribution of zooxanthellae on the energy requirements of adult giant clam (Tridacna maxima) during their respiration and growth processes. The result showed that zooxanthellae are capable of contributing 260.67% and 452.54% energy required by giant clams for respiration and growth during summer and 171.51% and 273.51 % during winter, respectively. It suggests that all the energy required for these two processes can be supplied by zooxanthellae. Key words : giant clams, zooxanthellae, energy, CZAR, CZAG *Corespondence : Phone / fax : 024. 7474 698 ; Email : [email protected], INTRODUCTION Giant clams are marine bivalves which live have been degrading rapidly including in in coral reef ecosystems in the Indo-Pacific Indonesia. region. There are two genera and eight Giant clams are also known as species of giant clams around the world, and marine invertebrate which live in seven of them can be found in Indonesian association with single cell dinoflagelate waters, except Tridacna tevoroa which only algae commonly known as zooxanthellae. Lives in South Pacific countries These algae which can be found in the (Romimohtarto et al., 1987; Knop, 1996). mantle of the clams has an important role as Traditionally, these clams were used by a source of energy for the host. These algae coastal people as a source of meat, building are capable of translocating part of their materials, and other purposes such as house photosynthetic products to the host which hold equipments. Recently, these clams have then be used for biological processes become important export commodities by (Lucas, 1994). several countries mainly for aquarium So far there is no study available animals (Lucas, 1994). Consequently, the especially, on the estimation of the role of condition of giant clams natural populations zooxanthellae on energy requirement by the clams. This study aims at estimating the Estimating Contribution of Zooxanthellae to Animal Respiration (CZAR) and to Animal Growth (CZAG) of Giant Clam, Tridacna maxima 155 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410 - 5217 Volume 9, Number 3, June 2006 : 155-162 Accredited : 23a/Dikti/Kep/2004 contribution of zooxanthellae to animal energy requirements for respiration (CZAR) Carbon content of zooxanthellae was and for growth (CZAG). calculated using an equation that relates cell volume and elemental carbon (Strathmann, MATERIALS AND METHODS 1967). Cell volume of zooxanthellae was calculated base on the mean size of 100 zooxanthellae isolated from the giant clams. Giant clams, Tridacna maxima were The equation to calculate carbon content is collected from intertidal areas on the reef as follows: crest at One Three Island lagoon, Great log carbon = -0.314+0.712 log cell Barrier Reef, Australia using permit at the volume (Strathmann, 1967) depth of approximately 150 cm. These clams were grown in microatolls during winter and summer months. Isolation of zooxanthellae Carbon required for zooxanthellae growth. was done by using the method used by Carbon used by zooxanthellae for growth Ambariyanto and Hoegh-Guldberg (1997). can be calculated by multiplying In order to calculate CZAR and zooxanthellae specific growth rate and CZAG several parameters are required. carbon content, as the following: These are the specific growth rates of C = µ x Carbon per cell zooxanthellae, the carbon used for Zg zooxanthellae growth and respiration, and Carbon translocated by zooxanthellae the carbon used for animal growth and respiration (Muscatine et al., 1981; Carbon translocated can be calculated by Ambariyanto, 2002). the following formula, T = P - R - G Z Z Z where : Specific growth rate of zooxanthellae. PZ = carbon gained from Zooxanthellae specific growth rate zooxanthellaephotosynthesis was calculated by using an equation first RZ = carbon used for zooxanthellae used by Wilkerson et al. (1983). This respiration formula is based on the mitotic index (f = the GZ = carbon used for zooxanthellae percent of dividing cells in a population) and growth the duration of paired cell stage (td). Mitotic index was calculated based Estimating CZAR and CZAG on the number of dividing zooxanthellae in 1000 isolated zooxanthellae times 100 CZAR can be calculated by the following percent. While the value of td used in this formula : CZAR = T / RA, where calculation is 0.46 d based on several studies T = carbon translocated and (Wilkerson et al., 1983; Muscatine et al., RA = carbon required by the animal 1984; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 1986). It is for respiration also noted that variation in td has only small While CZAG can be calculated by the impacts on CZAR (Muscatine et al., 1981). following formula : µ = 1/td ln(1+fmax) CZAG = (T - RA.)/Carbon growth where µ = zooxanthellae specific growth rate t = 0.46 (Wilkerson et al., 1983; Muscatine d et al., 1984). fmax= mitotic index. Carbon content of the zooxanthellae. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Estimating Contribution of Zooxanthellae to Animal Respiration (CZAR) and to Animal Growth (CZAG) of Giant Clam, Tridacna maxima 156 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410 - 5217 Volume 9, Number 3, June 2006 : 155-162 Accredited : 23a/Dikti/Kep/2004 Specific growth rate of zooxanthellae. Pteraeolidia ianthina; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 1986), and 88.85 and 86.5 pg cell-1 The result of this study showed that (zooxanthellae from light and shade adapted maximum value of mitotic index is 0.025, coral Stylophora pistillata respectively; thus the specific growth is : Muscatine et al., 1984). Using the average -1 µ = 1/0.46 ln (1+0.025) = 0.054 day .... (1) value (77.7 pg cell-1), the protein content in zooxanthellae is Carbon content of the zooxanthellae. = 3.8 108 cell x 77.7 pg cell-1 = 29.53 mg The results of the present study showed that the cross-sectional area of zooxanthellae in The total protein content of zooxanthellae the clams was 47.9 µm2. The cell radius (r) is and the animal host (giant clam protein hence: content) was calculated by multiplying the r = √47.9/π = 3.9 µm, and the 3 protein content per gram mantle (5.329 mg Cell volume = 4/3 x π x r = -1 3 g ) by the total wet tissue weight (47.311 g; 248.47 µm Ambariyanto, 1996). It is assumed that Carbon content of zooxanthellae can be protein content within clam mantle and calculated as follows other internal parts is similar. Hence, the log carbon = -0.314+0.712 log cell volume -1 total protein content in zooxanthellae and Carbon per cell = 24.628 pg C cell ........(2) animal is = 5.329 mg g-1 x 47.311 g = 252.12 mg Carbon required for zooxanthellae growth. -1 The percent of the total respiration due to CZg = µ x Carbon. cell = 0.0054 day-1 x 24.628 pgC zooxanthellae was -1 =29.53 mg/252.12 = 0.117, or = 11.7 % cell -1 -1 = 1.3299 pgC cell day The mean value of total respiration by intact Carbon required for growth of the entire clam (RC) in this model was 8 -1 -1 population of zooxanthellae (=3.8 10 cell RC= 0.172 mmol O2 clam h clam-1) is (Ambariyanto, 1996), which is 8 -1 - 1 CZg = 3.8 10 cell x 1.3299 pgC = 0.172 x 32 =5.504 mg O2 clam h = -1 -1 -1 -1 cell day 5504 µg O2 clam h -1 -1 - = 0.502 mg C day ...... (3) = 5.504 x 24 = 132.09 mg O2 clam day 1 Respiration of giant clam and This value can be converted into zooxanthellae. carbon using RQA (respiratory quotient for the animal = 0.8; Muscatine et al., 1981) The respiration due to the and the ratio of the masses of C and O2 (ie. zooxanthellae within a clam is a fraction of 12/32 or 0.375), as the following the total respiration. In previous studies the ratio of zooxanthellae and animal biomass -1 -1 RC = 5504 µg O2 clam h x 0.375 x RQ has been used to calculate the portion of the = 5504 µg O clam-1 h-1 x 0.375 x 0.8 total respiration due to zooxanthellae 2 = 1651.2 µg C clam-1 h-1 (Muscatine et al., 1984; Hoegh-Guldberg et -1 -1 al., 1986). = 39.63 mg C clam day .............(4) Protein content per zooxanthellae is The carbon required for 77.7 pg cell-1. This value is based on an zooxanthellae respiration (RZ) was average of values reported from the literature calculated by multiplying (4) by the for similar size of cells. These were 58.1 pg proportion on the total respiration due to the cell-1 (zooxanthellae from nudibranch zooxanthellae (that is 0.117, see above) : Estimating Contribution of Zooxanthellae to Animal Respiration (CZAR) and to Animal Growth (CZAG) of Giant Clam, Tridacna maxima 157 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN : 1410 - 5217 Volume 9, Number 3, June 2006 : 155-162 Accredited : 23a/Dikti/Kep/2004 = 96.9 % -1 -1 -1 RZ = 39.63 mg C clam day x 0.117 = b). Twinter = 60.01 mg C day - 0.502 mg 4.64 mg C day-1 ......................... (5) C day-1 - 2.32 mg C day-1 =57.19 mg C day-1...........................(10) Therefore, carbon required for animal %Twinter= (57.19/60.01) x 100 % = 95.3 % respiration (RA): -1 RA = 39.63 - 4.64 = 34.99 mg C day .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ecological Significance of Giant Clams in Coral Reef Ecosystems
    Biological Conservation 181 (2015) 111–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Review The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems ⇑ Mei Lin Neo a,b, William Eckman a, Kareen Vicentuan a,b, Serena L.-M. Teo b, Peter A. Todd a, a Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore b Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore article info abstract Article history: Giant clams (Hippopus and Tridacna species) are thought to play various ecological roles in coral reef Received 14 May 2014 ecosystems, but most of these have not previously been quantified. Using data from the literature and Received in revised form 29 October 2014 our own studies we elucidate the ecological functions of giant clams. We show how their tissues are food Accepted 2 November 2014 for a wide array of predators and scavengers, while their discharges of live zooxanthellae, faeces, and Available online 5 December 2014 gametes are eaten by opportunistic feeders. The shells of giant clams provide substrate for colonization by epibionts, while commensal and ectoparasitic organisms live within their mantle cavities. Giant clams Keywords: increase the topographic heterogeneity of the reef, act as reservoirs of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.), Carbonate budgets and also potentially counteract eutrophication via water filtering. Finally, dense populations of giant Conservation Epibiota clams produce large quantities of calcium carbonate shell material that are eventually incorporated into Eutrophication the reef framework. Unfortunately, giant clams are under great pressure from overfishing and extirpa- Giant clams tions are likely to be detrimental to coral reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Indonesian Giant Clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae)
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 13, Number 3, July 2012 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 118-123 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d130303 Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae) UDHI EKO HERNAWAN♥ Biotic Conservation Area of Tual Sea, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Merdeka, Katdek Tual, Southeast Maluku 97611. Tel. +92-916-23839, Fax. +62-916-23873, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 20 December 2010. Revision accepted: 20 June 2011. ABSTRACT Hernawan E. 2012. Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae). Biodiversitas 13: 118-123. A taxonomic study was conducted on the giant clam’s specimens deposited in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong Indonesia. Taxonomic overviews of the examined specimens are given with diagnostic characters, remarks, habitat and distribution. Discussion is focused on specific characters distinguishing each species. From seven species known to distribute in Indonesian waters, there are six species, Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819; T. gigas Linnaeus, 1758; T. derasa Roding, 1798; T. crocea Lamarck, 1819; T. maxima Roding,1798; and Hippopus hippopus Linnaeus, 1758. This study suggests the need for collecting specimen of H. porcellanus Rosewater, 1982. Important characters to distinguish species among Tridacninae are interlocking teeth on byssal orifice, life habits, presence of scales and inhalant siphon tentacles. Key words: Tridacninae, taxonomy, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense INTRODUCTION family (Tridacnidae) or revised to be subfamily Tridacninae, included in family Cardiidae. Recently, based Giant clams, the largest bivalve in the world, occur on sperm ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic studies, naturally in association with coral reefs throughout the the clams are belonging to family Cardiidae, subfamily tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region.
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (Excluding Tridacna Rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER the ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
    PETITION TO LIST THE TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. 9063 Dunloggin Rd. Ellicott City, MD 21042 Non-official communication of interest Giant Clam Petition 1 NOTICE OF PETITION 7 August 2016 Donna Wieting, Director Office of Protected Resources, F/PROD National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Dear Ms. Wieting, Pursuant to section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b), section 553(3) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e), and 50 CFR 424.14(a), Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. hereby petitions the Secretary of Commerce, through the National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS”, the lead office for implementing the ESA), to list the Tridacninae Giant Clams (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et seq.) throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges. Tridacna rosewateri occurs only in Mauritius and there is no additional information on the status of this species, so it is not considered further as part of this petition. NMFS has jurisdiction over this petition because the petitioned species are marine. This petition sets in motion a specific process, placing definite response requirements on NMFS. Specifically, NMFS must issue an initial finding as to whether this petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A). NMFS must make this initial finding “[t]o the maximum extent practicable, within 90 days after receiving the petition.” Id.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Clams (Tridacnidae)
    #10 Giant clams (Tridacnidae) Elongate giant clam Crocus giant clam (Tridacna maxima) (Tridacna crocea) Bear paw giant clam Fluted giant clam (Hippopus hippopus) (Tridacna squamosa) Species & Distribution Habitats & Feeding Tridacnid clams include several species commonly called Giant clams are distributed in areas of coral reef, where giant clams, which have various distributions in the Indian they lie with the hinge (pointed end) downward. and Pacifi c Oceans. The elongate giant clam, Tridacna maxima, and the crocus Species range in size from the 15 cm crocus giant clam, giant clam, Tridacna crocea, appear to be buried in large Tridacna crocea, to the true giant clam, Tridacna gigas, which corals, the latter to the upper edges of its shells. grows to lengths of more than 1 m and reaches weights of more than 200 kg. Giant clams feed by fi ltering food (small drifting plants) from the seawater that passes through their openings (see The elongate giant clam, Tridacna maxima, has perhaps the illustration). They can also obtain food from the very small widest distribution among giant clam species in the Pacifi c, plant cells (called zooxanthellae) that live within the fl esh followed by the fl uted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. In these of the clam. Because the plant cells within the fl esh require species, the colour of the fl esh exposed when the shells gape sunlight, giant clams can only live and grow in water that is open (the mantle) ranges from browns and purples to greens clear and shallow. and yellows. The bear paw giant clam, Hippopus hippopus, which grows to about 40 cm, has a mantle which is yellow and grey.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of Available Spawning Methods of the Giant Clam Tridacna Squamosa [Bivalvia: Tridacnidae] in Makogai, Fiji
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of the South Pacific Electronic Research Repository World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5 (3): 353-357, 2013 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.03.72164 Comparative Study of Available Spawning Methods of the Giant Clam Tridacna squamosa [Bivalvia: Tridacnidae] in Makogai, Fiji Navneel, K. Singh and K. Azam School of Marine Studies, The University of the South Pacific, Private Mail Bag, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji Abstract: In this present study, the intra-gonadal injection of serotonin, heat stress and macerated gonads methods were compared to determine the best method of induced spawning in terms of lowest larval mortality rate in Tridacna squamosa. Broodstock were induced to spawn using the three methods. The gametes were collected, fertilized and stocked (10 larvae/ml) into larval rearing tanks to monitor percentage mortality of the different treatments. Larvae were fed twice with the zooxanthellae during the veliger stage. The addition of zooxanthellae was decreased significantly (P 0.05) the mortality in Tridacna squamosa. Initial mortality of the clams was significantly higher than before the first and second additions of zooxanthellae; however, there was no significant difference (P 0.05) between the first and second additions of zooxanthellaes. The macerated gonads, heat stress and serotonin methods of induced spawning differed significantly (P 0.05) with mean value of (6657.56±2766.527%), (7355.56±3045.012%) and (8979.56±3641.121%) respectively. High mortality in the veliger stage (48 hrs post fertilization) may have been caused by bacterial infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Spawning and Early Larval Rearing of Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae)
    Spawning and Early Larval Rearing of Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) By Simon Ellis Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number No. 130 Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................1 Foreword....................................................................................................2 Introduction ................................................................................................3 Who is targeted by this manual.......................................................3 What are giant clams? ....................................................................3 What are the uses for giant clams?.................................................6 Why raise giant clams? ...................................................................6 Biology and Environmental Requirements .................................................7 Biology.............................................................................................7 Life-cycle .........................................................................................7 Environmental requirements..........................................................10 Hatchery Considerations..........................................................................11 Site ................................................................................................11 Hatchery hygiene ..........................................................................11 Water
    [Show full text]
  • Are Giant Clams (Tridacna Maxima) Distractible? a Multi-Modal Study
    Are giant clams (Tridacna maxima) distractible? A multi-modal study Ryan Doyle*, Jonathan Kim*, Angelika Pe* and Daniel T. Blumstein Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT To properly assess risk, an animal must focus its attention on relevant external stimuli; however, attention can be reallocated when distracting stimuli are present. This reallocation of attention may interfere with an individual's ability to effectively assess risk and may impede its response. Multiple stimuli presented together can have additive effects as distractors, and these include stimuli in different modalities. Although changes in noise and water flow are detectable by some bivalves, this has not been studied in the context of risk assessment or distraction. We experimentally exposed giant clams (Tridacna maxima) to changes in water particle movement through underwater sound (motorboat noise) and increased water flow to determine whether these stimuli, individually or together, modified risk assessment or caused distraction. We found that clams responded to sound, flow, and their combination by increasing frequency of mantle retractions (a potential anti-predator response) when exposed to a stimulus. Sound alone did not change risk assessment in either the latency to close or to reemerge following closure. However, when exposed to both stimuli simultaneously, clams increased their latency to close. We suggest that clams perceive sound and flow in an additive way, and are thus distracted. Interestingly, and uniquely, clams discriminate these multimodal stimuli through a single sensory modality. For sessile clams, anthropogenic noise is detectable, yet unavoidable, suggesting that they be especially vulnerable to marine noise pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Clams by John L. Munro FFA Report 92/75
    Giant Clams By John L. Munro FFA Report 92/75 PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM FISHERIES AGENCY P.O.BOX 629 HONIARA SOLOMON ISLANDS TELEPHONE (677) 21124 FAX (677) 23995 WEB http://www.ffa.int Giant Clam CHAPTER 13 Giant Clams1 by John L. Munro I. INTRODUCTION In the past decade there has been an enormous upsurge in interest in the giant clams (Family Tridacnidae), resulting largely from the realization that their artificial propagation is technically feasible (La Barbera, 1975; Jameson, 1976; Beckvar, 1981; Gwyther and Munro, 1981), that growth rates of the larger species are relatively rapid (Munro and Gwyther, 1981) and that by virtue of their symbiotic relationship with a species or species group of dinoflagellate algae they are the world's only self-feeding farm animals (Munro, 1983). These factors combined with the realization that stocks of the larger species had been dramatically depleted in most parts of the South Pacific, both by poachers intent on supplying the lucrative Taiwanese market for giant clam adductor muscle, and by continuing local harvests by expanding populations of South Pacific Islanders, led to a number of research projects being launched at various institutions in the Region; notably at the University of Papua New Guinea and the Micronesian Mariculture Demonstration Center in Palau (both in 1976), by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in 1983 and by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) in 1984. As a result of these collective efforts there is a substantial body of information available on many aspects of the biology and ecology of giant clams and a reasonable understanding of the factors which constrain the intensive harvesting of giant clam stocks for commercial or subsistence purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiont Photosynthesis in Giant Clams Is Promoted by V-Type H+-Atpase from Host Cells Eric J
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb177220. doi:10.1242/jeb.177220 RESEARCH ARTICLE Symbiont photosynthesis in giant clams is promoted by V-type H+-ATPase from host cells Eric J. Armstrong1,2,*, Jinae N. Roa3, Jonathon H. Stillman1,2 and Martin Tresguerres3 ABSTRACT Tridacnid clams are the largest living bivalves and are found Giant clams (genus Tridacna) are the largest living bivalves and, throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, where they live in close like reef-building corals, host symbiotic dinoflagellate algae association with reef-building corals (Knop, 1996; Yonge, 1975). (Symbiodinium) that significantly contribute to their energy budget. All described tridacnid species (Huelsken et al., 2013; Othman Symbiodinium In turn, Symbiodinium rely on the host to supply inorganic carbon et al., 2010) exhibit symbiotic partnerships with (C ) for photosynthesis. In corals, host ‘proton pump’ vacuolar-type hosted extracellularly in modified extensions of the digestive system i ‘ ’ H+-ATPase (VHA) is part of a carbon-concentrating mechanism called zooxanthellae tubules or Z-tubules . These tubules extend (CCM) that promotes Symbiodinium photosynthesis. Here, we report upwards from the stomach into the light-exposed tissue of the that VHA in the small giant clam (Tridacna maxima) similarly siphonal mantle where they are ultimately arranged roughly promotes Symbiodinium photosynthesis. VHA was abundantly perpendicular to incoming solar radiation (Fig. 1) (Holt et al., expressed in
    [Show full text]
  • The Stability of the Giant Clam Holobiont Over Time and During Bleaching Stress
    The Stability of the Giant Clam Holobiont over Time and during Bleaching Stress Thesis by Melissa Pappas In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia © November, 2017 Melissa Pappas All rights reserved 2 EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE The thesis of Melissa Pappas is approved by the examination committee. Committee Chairperson: Prof. Michael Berumen Committee Members: Prof. Takashi Gojobori, Prof. Christian Voolstra 3 ABSTRACT The Stability of the Giant Clam Holobiont over Time and during Bleaching Stress Melissa Pappas The stability of marine photosymbiotic holobionts has major implications for the future of coral reef communities. This study aims to describe the stability of the Red Sea giant clam holobiont over the duration of one year and during induced bleaching stress under laboratory thermal manipulations. Tridacnid clams of the species Tridacna maxima were sampled at three reef locations near the central Saudi coast of the Red Sea. Associated Symbiodinium of Red Sea giant clams have previously been described to be part of only Clade A, which suggests a strong specificity in the clam-algal partnership, but specific types and potential shifting of types within this clade have not been examined for giant clams. The results from this study confirm that tridacnid symbiont types shift over time and the change between three A1 types suggests a biological and functional significance of two undescribed A1 Symbiodinium types. Experimental bleaching shows that Red Sea giant clams, although exposed to rather hot temperatures naturally, will bleach at 34°C after two weeks, and severely bleached clams likely will not recover.
    [Show full text]
  • The Live Reef Fisheriesofpalau
    THE LIVE REEF FISHERIESOFPALAU HISTORY AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2001 Published by: The Nature Conservancy, Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Produced by: Tom Graham, PO Box 235, Honolulu, HI 96809; [email protected] under TNC contract APRO/GRAH011300. Final report submitted October 2000. Citation: Graham, T. 2001. The Live Reef Fisheries of Palau: History and Prospects for Management, December, 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report # 0103, The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A: 85 pp. ©2001 by The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder(s). Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holders(s). This publication was made possible through support provided by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Additional support was provided by the Office of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Global Programs, Field Support, and Research, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Award No. LAG-A-00-99-00045-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. Cover design: Hirasaki Nakagawa Design Text Editing: Susan Arritt Available from: The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Region Coastal Marine Program 923 Nu‘uanu Avenue Honolulu, HI 96817 Or via the worldwide web at: www.conserveonline.org THE LIVE REEF FISHERIES OF PALAU HISTORY AND PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT Thomas Graham DECEMBER 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tridacna Squamosa Lamarck, 1819
    AC22 Doc. 10.2 Annex 8g Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 FAMILY: Tridacnidae COMMON NAMES: Fluted Clam, Fluted Giant Clam, Scaly Clam (English) GLOBAL CONSERVATION STATUS: Listed as Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent in the 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2004). SIGNIFICANT TRADE REVIEW FOR: Australia, Comoros, Egypt, Fiji, India, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mozambique, Myanmar, New Caledonia (France), Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom), Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Tonga, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam. Range States selected for review Range State Exports* Urgent, possible Comments (1994-2003) or least concern Australia Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Comoros None Least concern No trade reported Egypt Minimal trade since Least concern Minimal trade since 1999 1999 Federated States Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade of Micronesia Fiji 2,851 live wild, Least concern Current status unknown though level of export low. Significant 1,097 live captive trade reported at family or genus level. India Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Japan Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Kenya Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Kiribati Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Madagascar Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Malaysia Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Marshall Islands 5,077 live wild, Possible Commercial harvest banned; nevertheless considerable trade 6,935 live captive concern continues to be reported Mauritius Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Mozambique Minimal trade Least concern Minimal trade Myanmar None Least concern No trade reported New Caledonia 1,539 shells Least concern Continuing relatively low level of export of shells of wild origin, reported to be by-product of considerable domestic market for meat.
    [Show full text]