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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IssueLab WANTED DEAD OR ALIVE? The relative value of reef sharks as a fishery and an ecotourism asset in Palau GMS Vianna1,2, MG Meekan1,*, D Pannell3, S Marsh3 and JJ Meeuwig2 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute (M096) 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009. Australia 2. Centre for Marine Futures (M090), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009. Australia 3. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics (M089), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009. Australia Perth 2010 * Author for correspondence: MG Meekan, Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute (M096), 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009. Australia. Email: [email protected] VALUE OF REEF SHARKS IN PALAU VIANNA ET AL. Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3 PO Box 41775 The UWA Oceans Institute (M096) Townsville MC Qld 4810 Casuarina NT 0811 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 This report should be cited as: Vianna GMS, Meekan MG, Pannell D, Marsh S, Meeuwig J (2010) Wanted Dead or Alive? The relative value of reef sharks as a fishery and an ecotourism asset in Palau. Australian Institute of Marine Science and University of Western Australia, Perth. © Copyright: Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and the University of Western Australia (UWA) 2010 All rights are reserved and no part of this document may be reproduced, stored or copied in any form or by any means whatsoever except with the prior written permission of AIMS and UWA. -
The Ecological Significance of Giant Clams in Coral Reef Ecosystems
Biological Conservation 181 (2015) 111–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Review The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems ⇑ Mei Lin Neo a,b, William Eckman a, Kareen Vicentuan a,b, Serena L.-M. Teo b, Peter A. Todd a, a Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore b Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore article info abstract Article history: Giant clams (Hippopus and Tridacna species) are thought to play various ecological roles in coral reef Received 14 May 2014 ecosystems, but most of these have not previously been quantified. Using data from the literature and Received in revised form 29 October 2014 our own studies we elucidate the ecological functions of giant clams. We show how their tissues are food Accepted 2 November 2014 for a wide array of predators and scavengers, while their discharges of live zooxanthellae, faeces, and Available online 5 December 2014 gametes are eaten by opportunistic feeders. The shells of giant clams provide substrate for colonization by epibionts, while commensal and ectoparasitic organisms live within their mantle cavities. Giant clams Keywords: increase the topographic heterogeneity of the reef, act as reservoirs of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.), Carbonate budgets and also potentially counteract eutrophication via water filtering. Finally, dense populations of giant Conservation Epibiota clams produce large quantities of calcium carbonate shell material that are eventually incorporated into Eutrophication the reef framework. Unfortunately, giant clams are under great pressure from overfishing and extirpa- Giant clams tions are likely to be detrimental to coral reefs. -
Taxonomy of Indonesian Giant Clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae)
BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 13, Number 3, July 2012 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 118-123 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d130303 Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae) UDHI EKO HERNAWAN♥ Biotic Conservation Area of Tual Sea, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Merdeka, Katdek Tual, Southeast Maluku 97611. Tel. +92-916-23839, Fax. +62-916-23873, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 20 December 2010. Revision accepted: 20 June 2011. ABSTRACT Hernawan E. 2012. Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae). Biodiversitas 13: 118-123. A taxonomic study was conducted on the giant clam’s specimens deposited in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong Indonesia. Taxonomic overviews of the examined specimens are given with diagnostic characters, remarks, habitat and distribution. Discussion is focused on specific characters distinguishing each species. From seven species known to distribute in Indonesian waters, there are six species, Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819; T. gigas Linnaeus, 1758; T. derasa Roding, 1798; T. crocea Lamarck, 1819; T. maxima Roding,1798; and Hippopus hippopus Linnaeus, 1758. This study suggests the need for collecting specimen of H. porcellanus Rosewater, 1982. Important characters to distinguish species among Tridacninae are interlocking teeth on byssal orifice, life habits, presence of scales and inhalant siphon tentacles. Key words: Tridacninae, taxonomy, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense INTRODUCTION family (Tridacnidae) or revised to be subfamily Tridacninae, included in family Cardiidae. Recently, based Giant clams, the largest bivalve in the world, occur on sperm ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic studies, naturally in association with coral reefs throughout the the clams are belonging to family Cardiidae, subfamily tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region. -
PETITION to LIST the TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (Excluding Tridacna Rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER the ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
PETITION TO LIST THE TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. 9063 Dunloggin Rd. Ellicott City, MD 21042 Non-official communication of interest Giant Clam Petition 1 NOTICE OF PETITION 7 August 2016 Donna Wieting, Director Office of Protected Resources, F/PROD National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Dear Ms. Wieting, Pursuant to section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b), section 553(3) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e), and 50 CFR 424.14(a), Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. hereby petitions the Secretary of Commerce, through the National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS”, the lead office for implementing the ESA), to list the Tridacninae Giant Clams (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et seq.) throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges. Tridacna rosewateri occurs only in Mauritius and there is no additional information on the status of this species, so it is not considered further as part of this petition. NMFS has jurisdiction over this petition because the petitioned species are marine. This petition sets in motion a specific process, placing definite response requirements on NMFS. Specifically, NMFS must issue an initial finding as to whether this petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A). NMFS must make this initial finding “[t]o the maximum extent practicable, within 90 days after receiving the petition.” Id. -
Giant Clams (Tridacnidae)
#10 Giant clams (Tridacnidae) Elongate giant clam Crocus giant clam (Tridacna maxima) (Tridacna crocea) Bear paw giant clam Fluted giant clam (Hippopus hippopus) (Tridacna squamosa) Species & Distribution Habitats & Feeding Tridacnid clams include several species commonly called Giant clams are distributed in areas of coral reef, where giant clams, which have various distributions in the Indian they lie with the hinge (pointed end) downward. and Pacifi c Oceans. The elongate giant clam, Tridacna maxima, and the crocus Species range in size from the 15 cm crocus giant clam, giant clam, Tridacna crocea, appear to be buried in large Tridacna crocea, to the true giant clam, Tridacna gigas, which corals, the latter to the upper edges of its shells. grows to lengths of more than 1 m and reaches weights of more than 200 kg. Giant clams feed by fi ltering food (small drifting plants) from the seawater that passes through their openings (see The elongate giant clam, Tridacna maxima, has perhaps the illustration). They can also obtain food from the very small widest distribution among giant clam species in the Pacifi c, plant cells (called zooxanthellae) that live within the fl esh followed by the fl uted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. In these of the clam. Because the plant cells within the fl esh require species, the colour of the fl esh exposed when the shells gape sunlight, giant clams can only live and grow in water that is open (the mantle) ranges from browns and purples to greens clear and shallow. and yellows. The bear paw giant clam, Hippopus hippopus, which grows to about 40 cm, has a mantle which is yellow and grey. -
Rock Isl M Lands Manag 201 South Gemen 12-201 Hern L Nt Plan 16 Lagoo N On
Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Management Plan 2012-2016 Koror State Government Republic of Palau Permission to utilize information Permission to use or copy any content from this document must be granted by Koror State Government. Please contact Koror State Department of Conservation and Law Enforcement. Phone: 680-488-4001 Email: [email protected] Koror State Government P.O. Box 116 Koror, Republic of Palau All rights reserved © 2012 2 Foreword The Rock Islands Southern Lagoon is an extremely important area for Palau, supporting biodiversity, fisheries, tourism and cultural values. The area has been recognized as having outstanding universal value, through its inscription as a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site. It is the intent of this Management Plan to maintain these abundant and diverse natural, cultural and historical resources, so they can continue to be used and enjoyed by the community, and so that these values remain strong into the future. The area is an internationally renowned tourist destination, and as such underpins the nation’s economy. It is important that the people of Palau benefit from the revenue generated from such use of the area, and that all management is designed with the community in mind. The Koror State Department of Conservation and Law Enforcement (KSDCLE) is solely responsible for the coordinated management of the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon (RISL), including enforcement and surveillance. Increasing resource uses and pressures within the area has led to the recognition of the need to implement more strategic and integrated management. In 2004, the first Management Plan for the RISL was created, designed to be used as a comprehensive framework for managing the area’s resources. -
KSG Rock Islands Act.Pub
Rock Islands-Southern Lagoon Management Area Fact Sheet (Revised January 2010—Rules and regulations are subject to change without notification) Personal Watercraft: 4 Water sport Zones Ngerkebesang KOROR Conservation Zone (No taking and No disturbance zone) No boat crossing Soft Coral Arch Ngerumekaol No taking and No disturbance of any marine life. Ulong Spawning Cemetery Reef Area No taking and No disturbance (No fishing throughout the year) Ngederrak (No taking and No disturbance. No motorized watercraft operation). L E B Milky Way Ngkisaol A T K U Sardines R Ngeremdiu Todai Trail E G Sanctuary N (No entry) Ngeremdiu Ngerukewid Islands Ngeanges Wildlife Preserve Ngchus (No entry. No taking and No disturbance Ngermeaus of any marine/terrestrial life) Ngchelobel Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim’l Tketau Babelomekang No taking and No disturbance of any marine life R H A E C Ngemelis E R C H Ngeroblobang Island ME Complex Kemur Beab Rock Island Use (No fishing at dive The Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Area in Koror State is designated as a and snorkel sites.) Youlomekang conservation zone. It is a multi-use area for recreational, subsistence, and restricted commercial use. Visitors must have a Rock Island Use or Jellyfish Lake permit to use the NGERCHONG area. These permits allow scuba diving, snorkeling, kayaking, boat tour- ing, and land activities on designated tourist activity areas. For tourists to visit the famous Jellyfish lake (Ongeim’l Tketau), they must Bkul chotuut NGERCHEU have a Jellyfish Lake Permit to enter this unique attraction. Please note that visitors can only go to the designated beach/land areas for tourist use. -
Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Management Area Fact Sheet
Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Management Area Fact Sheet (Revised September 2012—Rules and regulations are subject to change without notice) Rock Island Use Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2012, the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon Area in Koror State is designated as a conservation zone. It is a multi-use area for recreational, subsistence, and restricted commercial use. Visitors must have a valid Rock Island Use or Jellyfish Lake permit to use the area. These permits allow scuba diving, snorkeling, kayaking, boat touring, and land activities on designated tourist activity areas. These Tourist Activity Areas include all land sites shown on the map in blue. All other land is reserved for Palauans and local residents. Visitors may access all water areas except Ngerukuid Islands Wildlife Preserve, Ngkisaol Sardines Sanctuary, Ngederrak, and all marine lakes other than Jellyfish Lake. For tourists to visit the famous Jellyfish lake (Ongeim’l Tketau) they must have a Jellyfish Lake Permit. Please note that visitors can only go to the designated beach/land areas for tourist use at this site. Fishing activities require a different permit. Non-Palauan residents and visitors must have a fishing permit to take part in any fishing activities within the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon. Permits and boat registration can be purchased at Koror State Ranger’s Office (Tel: 488-2150) at Malakal. The Rock Island Use and Jellyfish Lake Permits can also be purchased at Koror State Treasury or at most tour operations. Your contribution helps keep the Rock Islands clean and beautiful by funding the Dept. of Conservation & Law Enforcement to maintain, manage and conserve the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon area. -
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Comparative Study of Available Spawning Methods of the Giant Clam Tridacna Squamosa [Bivalvia: Tridacnidae] in Makogai, Fiji
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of the South Pacific Electronic Research Repository World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5 (3): 353-357, 2013 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.03.72164 Comparative Study of Available Spawning Methods of the Giant Clam Tridacna squamosa [Bivalvia: Tridacnidae] in Makogai, Fiji Navneel, K. Singh and K. Azam School of Marine Studies, The University of the South Pacific, Private Mail Bag, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji Abstract: In this present study, the intra-gonadal injection of serotonin, heat stress and macerated gonads methods were compared to determine the best method of induced spawning in terms of lowest larval mortality rate in Tridacna squamosa. Broodstock were induced to spawn using the three methods. The gametes were collected, fertilized and stocked (10 larvae/ml) into larval rearing tanks to monitor percentage mortality of the different treatments. Larvae were fed twice with the zooxanthellae during the veliger stage. The addition of zooxanthellae was decreased significantly (P 0.05) the mortality in Tridacna squamosa. Initial mortality of the clams was significantly higher than before the first and second additions of zooxanthellae; however, there was no significant difference (P 0.05) between the first and second additions of zooxanthellaes. The macerated gonads, heat stress and serotonin methods of induced spawning differed significantly (P 0.05) with mean value of (6657.56±2766.527%), (7355.56±3045.012%) and (8979.56±3641.121%) respectively. High mortality in the veliger stage (48 hrs post fertilization) may have been caused by bacterial infection. -
Spawning and Early Larval Rearing of Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae)
Spawning and Early Larval Rearing of Giant Clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) By Simon Ellis Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication Number No. 130 Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................1 Foreword....................................................................................................2 Introduction ................................................................................................3 Who is targeted by this manual.......................................................3 What are giant clams? ....................................................................3 What are the uses for giant clams?.................................................6 Why raise giant clams? ...................................................................6 Biology and Environmental Requirements .................................................7 Biology.............................................................................................7 Life-cycle .........................................................................................7 Environmental requirements..........................................................10 Hatchery Considerations..........................................................................11 Site ................................................................................................11 Hatchery hygiene ..........................................................................11 Water -
Are Giant Clams (Tridacna Maxima) Distractible? a Multi-Modal Study
Are giant clams (Tridacna maxima) distractible? A multi-modal study Ryan Doyle*, Jonathan Kim*, Angelika Pe* and Daniel T. Blumstein Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT To properly assess risk, an animal must focus its attention on relevant external stimuli; however, attention can be reallocated when distracting stimuli are present. This reallocation of attention may interfere with an individual's ability to effectively assess risk and may impede its response. Multiple stimuli presented together can have additive effects as distractors, and these include stimuli in different modalities. Although changes in noise and water flow are detectable by some bivalves, this has not been studied in the context of risk assessment or distraction. We experimentally exposed giant clams (Tridacna maxima) to changes in water particle movement through underwater sound (motorboat noise) and increased water flow to determine whether these stimuli, individually or together, modified risk assessment or caused distraction. We found that clams responded to sound, flow, and their combination by increasing frequency of mantle retractions (a potential anti-predator response) when exposed to a stimulus. Sound alone did not change risk assessment in either the latency to close or to reemerge following closure. However, when exposed to both stimuli simultaneously, clams increased their latency to close. We suggest that clams perceive sound and flow in an additive way, and are thus distracted. Interestingly, and uniquely, clams discriminate these multimodal stimuli through a single sensory modality. For sessile clams, anthropogenic noise is detectable, yet unavoidable, suggesting that they be especially vulnerable to marine noise pollution. -
Giant Clams by John L. Munro FFA Report 92/75
Giant Clams By John L. Munro FFA Report 92/75 PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM FISHERIES AGENCY P.O.BOX 629 HONIARA SOLOMON ISLANDS TELEPHONE (677) 21124 FAX (677) 23995 WEB http://www.ffa.int Giant Clam CHAPTER 13 Giant Clams1 by John L. Munro I. INTRODUCTION In the past decade there has been an enormous upsurge in interest in the giant clams (Family Tridacnidae), resulting largely from the realization that their artificial propagation is technically feasible (La Barbera, 1975; Jameson, 1976; Beckvar, 1981; Gwyther and Munro, 1981), that growth rates of the larger species are relatively rapid (Munro and Gwyther, 1981) and that by virtue of their symbiotic relationship with a species or species group of dinoflagellate algae they are the world's only self-feeding farm animals (Munro, 1983). These factors combined with the realization that stocks of the larger species had been dramatically depleted in most parts of the South Pacific, both by poachers intent on supplying the lucrative Taiwanese market for giant clam adductor muscle, and by continuing local harvests by expanding populations of South Pacific Islanders, led to a number of research projects being launched at various institutions in the Region; notably at the University of Papua New Guinea and the Micronesian Mariculture Demonstration Center in Palau (both in 1976), by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in 1983 and by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) in 1984. As a result of these collective efforts there is a substantial body of information available on many aspects of the biology and ecology of giant clams and a reasonable understanding of the factors which constrain the intensive harvesting of giant clam stocks for commercial or subsistence purposes.