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An Investigation of International Volcano Monitoring Techniques

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An Investigation of International Volcano Monitoring Techniques AN INVESTIGATION OF INTERNATIONAL VOLCANO MONITORING TECHNIQUES TO PROVIDE AN EVIDENCE BASE FOR FUTURE SUPPORT OF THE RABAUL VOLCANO OBSERVATORY BY THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT Amy L Parker – Curtin University 0 <Insert Report Title> COPYRIGHT NOTICE This document, ‘An investigation of international of volcano monitoring techniques: to provide an evidence base for future support of the Rabaul Volcano Observatory by the Australian Government’ 2018 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence, unless otherwise indicated. Please give attribution to: © Commonwealth of Australia 2018 We also request that you observe and retain any notices that may accompany this material as part of the attribution. Notice Identifying Other Material and/or Rights in this Publication: The author of this document has taken steps to both identify third-party material and secure permission for its reproduction and reuse. However, please note that where these third-party materials are not licensed under a Creative Commons licence, or similar terms of use, you should obtain permission from the rights holder to reuse their material beyond the ways you are permitted to use them under the Copyright Act 1968. Further Information For further information about the copyright in this document, please contact: Intellectual Property and Copyright Manager Geoscience Australia GPO Box 378 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Phone: +61 2 6249 9567 or email: [email protected] Bibliographic reference: Parker, A. 2018. An investigation of international volcano monitoring techniques: to provide an evidence base for future support of the Rabaul Volcano Observatory by the Australian Government. FrontierSI technical report for the Australian Government. Corresponding author: Amy Parker – [email protected] 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 12 Rabaul Volcano Observatory and the volcanoes of Papua New Guinea ........................................................... 12 Indicators of volcanic unrest ...................................................................................................................... 13 3. GROUND-BASED MONITORING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................... 14 Challenges in the use of ground-based instruments for volcano monitoring .................................................... 14 Current use of ground-based monitoring by the Rabaul Volcano Observatory ................................................. 15 Seismic monitoring ....................................................................................................................................15 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................17 Infrasound monitoring ...............................................................................................................................17 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................17 Gas and geochemical monitoring ................................................................................................................ 18 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................19 Ground deformation ..................................................................................................................................19 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................20 Web cameras ............................................................................................................................................20 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................20 Observers within the community ................................................................................................................ 21 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................22 4. REMOTE-SENSING MONITORING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................ 22 Challenges in the use of remote-sensing for volcano monitoring .................................................................... 23 Current use of remote-sensing by the Rabaul Volcano Observatory................................................................ 23 Gas emissions ...........................................................................................................................................24 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................24 Thermal emissions ....................................................................................................................................25 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................25 Synthetic Aperture Radar and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................... 25 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................27 Optical data ..............................................................................................................................................27 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................28 5. OTHER COMPONENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE MONITORING SYSTEM............................................... 28 Information management ..........................................................................................................................29 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................29 Website and social media...........................................................................................................................29 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................30 Volcano activity reports and alert levels ....................................................................................................... 30 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................31 Hazard maps and eruption forecasts ........................................................................................................... 31 2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................................32 Personnel and training ...............................................................................................................................32 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................33 Collaboration with the volcanological community .......................................................................................... 33 Regional observatory networks ............................................................................................................ 33 International volcanological community ................................................................................................ 33 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................................34 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 34 7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX 1 –VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES AND OTHER CONTACTS CONSULTED DURING WRITING OF THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................................... 44 APPENDIX 2 – USGS VOLCANO DISASTER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM THREAT RANKING FOR THE VOLCANOES OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA ................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX 3 – EXAMPLES OF VOLCANO ACTIVITY REPORTS ISSUED BY OTHER VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES ................................................................................................................................................. 48 APPENDIX 4 – EXAMPLES OF VOLCANO OBSERVATORY WEBSITES ............................................... 52 APPENDIX 5 – EXAMPLES OF DERIVED REMOTE-SENSING PRODUCTS AVAILABLE FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA VOLCANOES ............................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX 6 – PRELIMINARY STEPS TOWARDS A NATIONAL-SCALE BASELINE INSAR SURVEY OF ALL PAPUA NEW GUINEA VOLCANOES .........................................................................................................
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