Living with Fire
How can we live with and contain wildland fires in the age of the pyrocene? MFA Advanced Product Design Umeå Institute of Design Umeå University 2020 Elias Thaddäus Pfuner Elias Thaddäus Pfuner INDEX
Abstract 1
01 Introduction
Background Review of Topic 4 Partners & Sponsors 6 Societal Relevance 8
02 Context
Analogous Research What is a Wildfire? 12 The Fire Triangles 16 Costs & Losses 18 Containing a Wildfire 20 What about the climate? 26 Takeaways 28 03 Insights
Qualitative Research Power of Talking 32 Quotes 34 Analysis 36 What is the problem area? 38
04 Direction
Opportunity Systemic Change 44 Approach 46 Direction 48 Aim Goals & Wishes 50
05 Ideation
World Building Create a world, but how? 54 Fire as a Stakeholder 58 How did society accept this change? 60 News from the Future 62 Feedback Loop 66 Introduction of the Fireguardians 68 06 Prototype
FireGuardian Prototype 72 Global Ideas 74 Analysis 78
07 Concept
Overview Core Idea 82 Creative Process Process Insights 84
08 Final Result
Outcome Identity 94 Monitoring 102 Field Work 106 Environment Based Planning 114 Overview 120
09 Reflection
Review Reflection & Conclusion 124
10 Appendix
Detail Workshop Pamphlet 128 Timetable Week-by-Week 130 Sources References 132 Figures 134 4 1
ABSTRACT
Wildland fires are a natural process with fire to living with fire. I used FLIR, a leading manufacturer for from nature. Even though they are design fiction and speculative design infrared cameras and detection natural, humans inherently fear methods to visualize this systemic devices, was the cooperation partner them and started to suppress them change and give it a platform of for this project. They supported until recent years successfully. provocation for good. The project me during the research phase with More and more countries are seeing describes a future in which humans contacts and continuously during unprecedented fires all around the are in coexistence with wildfires the design process with feedback and globe. Emergency response agencies and are part of the ecosystem again. input. are struggling to keep up with wild During the world-building process, to and forest fire response due to probe and verify ideas with experts significant and fast-spreading fires. and wildfire survivors, different During the research phase, I not only creative methods have been used. All conducted interviews with people the factors which are influencing the who have experienced wildfires but preferable future and outcome are also experts from the frontlines. Also, built upon findings from the research I made a scan of the literature to find phase and repeated interviews I valuable studies regarding this topic. conducted during the project. The I discovered that the current wildfire year of the created preferable future problem is deeply rooted in the is 2025, when the world experienced social aspect of how we, as humans, massive wildfires and has arrived are placing us above nature. Nature in the pyrocence. In this preferable needs wildfires and forest fires to future, the introduction of a new have healthy forest ecosystems. season happened: the 5th season - fire Sadly humans have been suppressing season. The outcome is a proposal for wildfires for the last decades that lead how FireGuardians are conducting to the fact that we created a bigger their work and what tools they are problem than before. This project is using. It displays a new uniform, a set right in the center of this change. soft robotic enhanced exosuit, and an It challenges the paradigm of how advanced information system to plan we interact with wildfire so we as a and coordinate large-scale prescribed society can move from having a war burns. 2 3
01 INTRODUCTION 4 01 Introduction
REVIEW OF TOPIC
“There is no way to prepare for this; it’s incomprehensible. It feels like the apocalypse; Black, burned and decimated...a devastating emptiness... like a hydrogen bomb...the end of the world.”
- Ted Silverberg, Califronian Resident and Fire Survivor (Farrell, Green, Knights, & Skeaping, 2019, pp. 48-49)
Wildland fires a process by nature the single most destructive fire in to support itself and maintain the history of the state of California forests as well as create biodiversity. (Siegler, 2019, November 9th). In History showed that wildland the same year, California had four fires occur as long as humans have more devastating fires, the Carr Fire, existed. Indigenous people in North Mendocino Complex Fire, Woolsey America used wildfire in symbiosis to Fire, and the Hills Fire (Insurance maintain their land and create food Information Institute, n.d.). sources. But the more sophisticated California Department of Forestry and advanced human civilization and Fire Protection [CalFire] became, the more advanced the statistics suggest that in 2018 strategies became to contain and 1.963.101 acres (7945 km2) burned, suppress wildland fires. The US 100 fatalities happened, and 24.226 Forest Service upgraded its existing structures burned (CalFire, n.d.). But policy with the 10 o‘clock rule, which not only California was perturbed by ordered firefighters to have a wildfire wildfires. The European Union [EU] under control the next day at 10 am activated the EU Civil Protection (Struzik, 2017, p. 66). This rule had Mechanism five times to respond the effect that more and more fires to wildland fires (EU Science Hub, were suppressed and contained 2019, October 31st). Sweden had the instead of letting it burn. If we fast second-highest burnt area with over forward into the present and the year 21.605 ha (216,05 km2) in the EU, 2020, we realize that since 1930 a which is a very unusual position for a lot has changed. As the Journalist, northern country (EU Science Hub, Struzik wrote, „The difference 2019, October 31st). between what is happening now and In 2019 Brazil was devastated by what was happening in the 1980s and the wildfires in the Amazon region. earlier that megafires are occurring California had to evacuate 200.000 more often, displacing more and people, and it declared the State of more people, and reshaping forest Emergency (Insurance Information and tundra ecosystems in ways that Institute, n.d.). Late 2019 and the scientist don‘t fully understand beginning of 2020, the wildland fires (Struzik, 2017, p. 2)“. A wildfire, in Australia broke out. Australia’s which is a megafire, has to burn at wildfires killed 24 people, half a least 100.000 acres, which equals billion animals and burned an area roughly 405 km2 (Struzik, 2017, p. 2). roughly the size of West Virginia (The The USA had in the year 2018, the New York Times, 2019, January 13th). worst wildfire in a century, and it was
Fig. 1: Campfire Fire Rages in California. NASA Landsat 8 Image Gallery. 2018. Background 5
Fig. 2: Alder Fire in Yellowstone National Park. Photo by Mike Lewelling, National Park Service. 2013. 6 01 Introduction
PARTNERS SPONSORS
During this project, a close UID did their first project with collaboration together with FLIR, them. The other research partner Umeå Fire Department, and will be residents and firefighters in Californian residents and firefighters California, which gave me feedback happened. on the initial direction and also FLIR - The Global Leader in the validation. These are either wildland Design, Manufacture, and Marketing firefighters or firefighters from city of Thermal Imaging Infrared fire departments. They are coming Cameras (FLIR, n.d.). FLIR was from different fire departments and established in 1978 to pioneer high are also working in different areas of performance and low-cost thermal the state of California. Next to that, imaging solutions for airborne a big part was talking to residents systems (FLIR, n.d.). A lot has in California who were affected by changed since then, and the relatively wildfires. This way, it was possible to young company has broadened its cover the big spectrum regarding the spectrum and “invested in numerous wildfire problem with a qualitative adjacent markets, technologies, research approach. and products to expand its sensor This collaboration was explicitly solution set and its ability to picked because the intent was service a broader set of customers that this could lead to the right (FLIR, n.d.)”. As their website combination and symbiosis. Another states, “currently, FLIR operates big part was because FLIR is in many locations around the globe operating in the field of firefighting. It and employs a total of over 3,000 is giving the project more impact and dedicated employees (FLIR, n.d.)”. depth by visualizing that companies The purpose of the other two partners are thinking about this topic and is was for research and validation. giving the project the right amount of Umeå Institute of Design [UID] has credibility. a close relationship with the local fire department. This Relationship is going back to the year 2009 when
Fig. 3: Flag of Sweden, Wikipedia, 2014 Fig. 4: Flag of California, Wikipedia, 2018. Background 7
Fig. 5: Fireman K2 Camera, FLIR, n.d. Fig. 6: FLIR Logo, FLIR, n.d. Fig. 7: Umeå Kommun Logo, Umeå Kommun, n.d. Fig. 8: Umeå Institute of Design Logo, Umeå University, n.d. 8 Background SOCIETAL IMPACT 01 9
01 SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Wildfires are a disaster for us humans but also natural. They are essential for nature and occur in normalcy in regular time intervals. For us humans, they cause devastation, but for the environment, it is the key to new life. New plants can grow after wildfires happened, similar to a phoenix who is rising out of ash. Society is slowly changing their habits to a more sustainable life to fight anthropogenic climate effects. At the same time, we try to adjust us to a sustainable lifestyle, and we have to allow nature to be lasting itself and not suppress it. The project is focusing on how we can live with something we inherently fear. This fear is in the center of this project, and it started with the research question: “How can we live and coexist with wildland fires instead of fighting and fear them in the age of the pyrocene?”. The project facing questions like: How can we adapt to fire? How can firefighters use fire to fight fire? What are the current drivers to focus on suppression instead of prevention? How can we become part of the ecosystem again? It is unravelling those issues to allow for the creation of a preferable future we can work towards to. Nature needs wildfires, and we should not remove ourselves from the ecosystem and impose our beliefs on it; instead, we should become part of the ecosystem again. 10 11
02 CONTEXT 12 02 Context
WHAT IS A WILDFIRE?
“Wildland fire is any non- structure fire that occurs in an area in which development is essentially non-existent, except for roads, railroads, power lines, and similar transportation facilities.” (NWCG, 2007)
The Definition of a Wildfire Ground fire is a fire that is burning Wildfire is a general term, and it can inside the soil feeding on roots be distinct by what vegetation it uses and sustaining through glowing as its primary resource. It can burn in combustion (National Park Service forests (forest fire), grasslands (grass [NPS], 2017). fire), and savannahs. They have been The next stage is surface fires (see around for as long as humans exist Fig. 11). Surface fires are burning and are a normal process from nature. surface litter and other fuels that Wildfires occur all around the world are on ground level (NPS, 2017). on every continent or environment. They are spreading with an active flaming front at either high or slow Categories of Wildfires speeds depending on the fuel load and National Wildfire Coordinating weather conditions. Group [NWCG] is categorizing wildfires into three different The last stage is crown fires (see Fig. categories (NWCG, 2007): 10). They occur when the fire reaches the canopy of trees and ignites them. Wildland Fire is an unplanned and Crown fires are the most intense fires unwanted fire. and also very fast-moving; this is Wildland Fire Use is unplanned but what makes them so hard to contain managed a fire. and control. For their fire spread, they need strong winds, steep slopes, Prescribed Burn is a planned and or high fuel load to continue burning managed fire. (NPS, 2017). Types of Wildfires Wildland fires usually occur in areas Wildfires can either burn above the where there are no human-made ground or inside the soil. Dependent structures except infrastructure. on how dry fuels are and how This definition means it occurs in wildfires ignite, they burn in different areas where humans have not yet types of fire spread. settled and is also not threatening for communities. This description leads
Fig. 10: The Pioneer Fire. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2016. Fig. 11: Surface Fire. Photo by Unknown, USFS. 2013. Fig. 9: Photo by Filippos Sdralias on Unsplash. 2018. Analogous Research 13
“Fires do not imply death, but rather change.” (NPS, 2017)
to the fact that wildland fire is very Purpose different from a structure fire. Wildfires often have negative Wildland fires are moving solely by headlines in the media and news. using vegetation as fuel material, Wildfires though, are a natural but as we have witnessed, they also process to restore its ecosystem and spread close to communities. promote plant growth (see Fig. 13). Megafires Fires can clear out dead vegetation in For a wildfire to become a megafire, forests and give room for new plants it has to burn at least 100.000 acres, to grow. They help ecosystems to which equals roughly 405 km2 clear out invasive species that have (Struzik, 2017, p. 2). The journalist not yet adapted to fire. Plants and Edward Struzik wrote that megafires animals in fire-prone areas usually are occurring more often and have adapt to fires and even benefit from more and more often an effect on them. Trees, especially pines, and communities than in the 1980s and other plants need fire to spread their earlier (2017, p. 2). CalFire’s top 20 seeds and open up their cones. Fire, list of the most significant fires in in this case, is the only way they the state shows that 15 out of those can reproduce and provide food for fires can be defined as megafires other species and animals. To say it (2019). These fires have the effect of with the words of the National Park burning incredibly hot that they are Service, “Fire does not imply death, creating a weather system (see Fig. but rather change. (NPS, 2017)”. 12). This way, they fuel themselves Fire brings change to an ecosystem, with wind and can produce fire and wildfire is a catalyst for them. tornadoes. Fire tornadoes occur Sadly due to the fact of destructive on rare occasions and have been wildfires, people still see it as the witnessed only a couple of times from enemy and negative force. A correctly emergency personnel in recent years. managed fire can be a useful tool, Fire tornadoes occur when fires are especially for nature, but also for burning with immense intensity. humans.
Fig. 12: Smoke Plumes Tower Over California. Photo by NASA Earth Observatory. 2018. Fig. 13: Regrowth after the 2017 Sprague Fire. Photo by Unknown, Glacier NPS. 2018. 14 02 Context
Prescribed Burn is reaching its limit. A prescribed A prescribed burn is a planned fire. burn is getting more frequent and Fires may be prescribed to certain slowly accepted again because areas by fire managers to restore it is a natural method to reduce nature or for research purposes. wildfire risk. By using controlled Before a prescribed fire can ignite, burning, fire personnel can reduce a detailed plan is needed, and the accumulated fuels in the forest and weather conditions have to align harden the landscape. But not only with the goal. The prescription plan are prescribed fires reducing the has to include everything that can wildfire risk, but they also help the be affected by the fire and what is forest to regenerate and reduce insect needed to contain the wildfire. The infestations. Forests are getting burn plan should consist of how the thinned, leaves, surface litter, and fire will inflame, how the smoke will dead trees are getting burned and develop, how to inform the public, make space for new plants to grow. what protective equipment might As written before, some plants are be needed, and what firefighting heavily dependent on fire in their resources should be standing environment. Forest ecologists are by (National Geographic, 2019). using fires to restore forests and give Controlled burns happen in two them the strength they had. ways; one way is to light up a surface fire. This way, the fire can burn the surface litter and clear the forest. If conditions are not right, personnel can also use a pile burn method. With piling up, the debris personnel can control the fire better and are not so heavily dependent on weather. Controlled burns are significant for the ecosystem. Recent years show that wildland fire suppression
Fig. 14: A Tahoe Hotshot using a drip torch during a burn operation around Camp One. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Analogous Research 15
“Controlled burns seek to accomplish the benefits that regular fires historically provided to an environment while also preventing the fires from burning out of control and threatening life and property.” (National Geographic, 2019)
Fig. 15: Helitorch. Photo by USFS Pacific Southwest Region 5. 2010. Fig. 16: James Griffin - Florida Panther NWR burns a prairie at Florida Panther NWS. Photo by Josh O’Connor, USFWS. 2009. 16 02 Context
THE FIRE TRIANGLES HEAT
FUEL OXYGEN
The Fire Triangle wildland fire, this can be either the Its purpose is to visualize the sun or the fire itself. “Radiation interaction between the three main accounts for most of the preheating components which are needed of fuels surrounding a fire (NWCG, to keep a fire going. Those three 2007)”. components - water, heat, and fuel - Conduction is the transfer between are equal, and all three are necessary different fuel types. In the case of a for a fire. In case of an unwanted wildland fire, this would mean that fire, fire personnel is trying to the heat would also transport through control either one or more of those vegetation. For a wildland, fire components. conduction usually is not the primary Heat is the first source of the fire mechanism of heat transfer (NWCG, triangle and needed for the ignition 2007). of wildland fires. Fire is also creating Fuel is the next type that influences heat and is, therefore, one of the fire. It includes not only dead and sources of the wildland fire spread. living vegetation but also human- For it to spread, heat needs to transfer built structures. The NWCG is to the initial and surrounding fuel characterizing fuel into four different (NWCG, 2007). Three different segments - moisture content, size transfer types of heat exist. and shape, quantity, and arrangement Convection is the transfer of heat (2007). through the flow of liquids or gases Moisture Content: The more (NWCG, 2007). Convection current moisture a fuel has, the harder it is to in the case of wildland fires is hot air ignite. If a fire is burning live trees or streaming upwards. Convection is grass, more heat is needed to turn the responsible for preheating a higher moisture into vapor. fuel layer, like the foliage of trees. Size and Shape: Bigger fuel loads like Radiation transmits heat by rays trees need more heat to ignite than (NWCG, 2007). In the case of a smaller fuel loads like surface litter.
Fig. 17: The Fire Triangle. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Analogous Research 17
FUEL
TOPOGRAPHY WEATHER
Quantity: This defines how heavy the how fast a fire is moving due to slopes fuel load is in a particular area. and also shade and sunlight direction. Arrangement: The vertical The good thing about topography is arrangement defines the different that it mostly never changes and is fire types mentioned in the chapter staying constant during a fire event before. compared to the other parts. Oxygen is the last part of the fire Weather is the ace of the fire triangle triangle. Fire needs oxygen for it to - the weather is trumping everything. survive and the chemical process of It can not be controlled and is combustion. Air roughly has about continuously changing. Big wildland 21% oxygen content, and most fires fires can create weather systems and, can burn with approximately 16% of therefore, fuel on the fire. oxygen content (NWCG, 2007). Emergency personnel is very good at managing the fuel by removing it. The Behavior Triangle During the recent wildfire events, “Weather is the king - Fire behavior is essential for the emergency personnel came to its it trumps all!! management of a wildland fire Firefighter limits. Topography and weather because it is dictating how a fire are too strong of an influencing is going to behave. Fuel, Weather, factor, and especially the weather and Topography are the three main is controlling the wildfire. If a fire components that are prescribing a reaches a specific size, emergency fire. personnel can not do much anymore Fuel is similar to the one in the except wait for the weather to change fire triangle described earlier. It is since the weather is the critical explaining what fuel is available and driver for every wildfire. If the how fast it can ignite. winds are high and no rain is in the forecast, most likely, the weather will The topography is an inherent part of trump everything if the firefighting the behavior triangle. Fire is heavily personnel is not immediately at the influenced by how the landscape is point of ignition. shaped. The landscape is dictating
Fig. 18: The Behvaiour Triangle. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 18 02 Context
COSTS & LOSSES
BURNED SURFACE AREA Loss massive fires are causing the most In recent years wildfires have created damage, and there are a lot of smaller an immense loss and also devastation ones who don’t burn as far because for communities. In 2018 wildfires they are either suppressed well by destroyed 178000 hectares (ha) in the humans or hit a natural barrier. What EU. This number was less than the we can see is that these fires have a SEASON 2018 long-term average, but in 2018 more high cost on communities but also countries than ever were affected on suppression. California spent an EUROPE: 176.000 ha by the fires (EU Science Hub, 2019, estimated $635 million in the fires USA: 3,5 mio ha October 31st). In the US, roughly 8,7 season 2018-2019 (CalFire, n.d.). million acres burned in the year 2018; In the year 2018, the costs for the these are 3,5 million ha (National US Federal firefighting suppression Interagency Fire Center [NIFC], was $3,1 billion (NIFC, n.d.). The US n.d.). When we are looking now to Forest Service [USFS] has calculated SEASON 2019/20 Australia this Season 2019-2020, that the fire budget will be taking up roughly 12,35 million acres burned, 67% of the annual budget by 2025 AUSTRALIA: 12,35 mio ha which translates to approximately (USFS, 2015). After recent years they 5 million ha (Time, 2020). In concluded that the fire budget would comparison, the Netherlands has a consume two-thirds of the annual surface area of around 4,1 million ha budget by 2021 - four years sooner (Holland, n.d.). than expected (USFS, n.d.). Some of these numbers are smaller Suppression cost is rising mostly than the years before, and some are because more people are living in bigger. All in all, this is showing the these areas. Big wildfires are not surface area burned. What goes hand beneficial for communities and also in hand with the surface area burned not for nature. They are burning is that only 2-3% of all the wildfires with such a high intensity that they are responsible for 95% of the area are harming the soil and plants. This burned in the US (NPS, 2017). This way, they don’t have the reproductive statistic shows that the few rare measures we would typically see after a fire event.
Fig. 19: Toys and house items that survived the Carr Fire in Redding California. Photo by Cecilio Ricardo, USFS. 2018. Analogous Research 19
“To put this into perspective, the 2017 Thomas Fire in Ventura, California, burned two thousand homes. It was the most destructive in our history. In the last two years it has been surpassed four times.”
(Farrell, Green, Knights, & Skeaping, 2019, p. 47)
Fig. 20: Lava Mountain Fire. Photo by Kirsten Honig, USFS. 2016. Fig. 21: Lava Mountain Fire. Photo by Kirsten Honig, USFS. 2016. 20 02 Context
CONTAINING A WILDFIRE
History Ground Wildland fire fighting has a long Ground strategies include vehicles history all over the world. Indigenous and different types of firefighters. communities lived in coexistence Hand Crews are responsible for with wildfires and also used them. containing a wildland fire at the But the more sophisticated and frontline. They can use different advanced human civilization tactics by either attacking the fire became, the more advanced the directly or indirectly. strategies became to contain and suppress wildland fires. The US Engine Crews usually are coming Forest Service upgraded its existing with an engine. They have different policy with the 10 o‘clock rule, which responsibilities than hand crews ordered firefighters to have a wildfire because the fire engine has a water under control the next day at 10 am tank either filled with water or fire (Struzik, 2017, p. 66). This rule was retardant. They are responsible for a turning point because from then Mob-up (cleaning and guarding on, we shifted towards a war on fire the area after the fire), protecting mentality to control and suppress structures of patrolling fire lines. every fire as quickly as possible. Helitack Crews are used if the terrain Containing a wildfire is a massive of the fire area is not accessible by workforce job. It involves different any other transportation method. Due agencies and also different types of to the efficiency of helicopters, they wildland firefighters. In this report, can often be used as first responders I used the strategies commonly used to wildfire events. Helitack Crews in the US as an example because they can also be used for transporting have perfected their system since resources to fire lines. the early 1900s. You can split the Hotshots crews count to the elite of containment forces into the ground wildland firefighters (see Fig. 22). and air.
Fig. 22: Silver City Hotshots - Taylor Creek and Klondike Fires. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Fig. 23: A C-130J Hercules. Photo by J.M. Eddins Jr., US Air Force. 2017. Analogous Research 21
Hotshots are highly trained and 24). Special helicopters that focus skilled hand crew and can be sent only on fire suppression, similar to on independent assignments. a water tanker, are also available. Hotshots can stay for a long time on a Helicopters can be used for ignition mission and are useful in a variety of during prescribed fires too. applications. Airplanes have a lot of different Smokejumpers are the other elite purposes in the cause of wildland wildland firefighting unit (see Fig. firefighting. One main objective is 27). They parachute into remote fire suppression from above (see Fig. areas to drive the first initial attack. 23). The water tanker airplanes come They are having extensive education in different sizes to store different and training before they can go to real amounts of water or fire retardant. fire events since it is a dangerous job. Another primary purpose of aircraft is surveillance of the fire to provide Air the best possible intelligence for air Those different fire crews typically attacks. work in parallel or symbiosis with Air support is very crucial and each other. Each of those crews essential for successful containment gets separate assignments from the and suppression of a wildfire. command center and executes it to the best of their abilities. Since wildland fires have such an immense size, the fire departments use not only ground troops but also air support. Air support can be split into either Helicopter or Airplane support. Helicopters can either be used for resource transport - Helitack Crews - or together with a water bucket to fight fires also from above (see Fig.
Fig. 24: Helicopters dropping water - Taylor Creek and Klondike Fires. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Fig. 25: Smith River Hotshot Forestry Technicians. Photo by Lance Cheung, USFS. 2016. 22 02 Context
Fig. 26: Cal Fire Dozer - Ferguson Fire. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Fig. 27: Smokejumpers at Base - Redmond, OR. Photo by Cole Barash, USFS. 2017. Analogous Research 23
Fig. 28: Engine Crew - Thomas Fire. Photo by Unknown, USFS. 2017. 24 02 Context
Prevention and happened from time to time. Suppression is not the only thing Governments currently are very good that is important for successful at suppressing fires. Suppressing fires containment of a wildland fire. can work to a certain degree and is The best suppression strategy is reaching its limit. Fire can be used to prevention. Prevention can generally fight a fire and harden the landscape go in two directions, one is the focus through prescribed burning. As on what is in nature, and the other described earlier, controlled burns one how nature can interact with can be used to harden the landscape fires. The other strategy is how and thin fuels. By restoring the we can adapt ourselves to fire and landscape and forests to their prevent these massive wildfires. initial status, the fires will reduce Hardening our structures is one way in intensity. If unintentional fires to reduce the damage wildfires are are happening, they can be better producing. Hardening structures managed because of this. means building fire-adapted homes and infrastructure. Preparing our homes for wildfires means to have a defensible space around it. A defensible space means to have at least 100ft - roughly 30m - of no significant vegetation around the house. Also, residents have to maintain their homes and regularly clean the rain gutters from debris. Vents should be covered with a fine mesh to prevent embers from flying in and igniting the attic or similar. Harden landscape is the other way. The fire was a regular part of nature
Fig. 29: Structure Prep. - Pioneer Fire. Photo by USFS. 2016. Fig. 30: “Definsible Space is Sensible Space”. Photo by Kevin Schultz. 2013. Analogous Research 25
Prediction In the most fire-prone countries wildfire prediction is currently one of the main focus areas. This way, emergency personnel can focus and plan better ahead. NASA joined the effort and is supporting firefighters with satellite imagery of events and weather predictions. The US Forest Service and others have created simulation models to calculate how wildfires will spread. During the planning of prescribed fire the usage of such models is significant. They can also simulate fires ahead of time to give a prediction by using available data. Another method by researchers is currently in the testing. They are using LiDar to detect embers and how they are moving to predict how the fire will mitigate. What is interesting, though, most technology advancements are focused on the point after the ignition of a wildfire. This follows the strategy of suppression rather than focus on prevention.
Fig. 31: Drone takes off to sample smoke. Photo by Jesse Juchtzer, Desert Research Institute. 2019. Fig. 32: Satllite visulasizes Wildfire. Photo by Jeff Schmaltz LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC. 2017. 26 02 Context
WHAT ABOUT THE CLIMATE?
Climate Effects wildfire has more fuel to eat. Climate Change affects wildfires Another point that is driven by and their behavior. It is still hard to climate is beetle outbreaks. Warming pinpoint which effects are coming summers and winters are driving from climate change and which are beetle populations. They are allowing from the mismanagement of forests. beetles to live in habitats that have Both of those factors are often playing been controlled by cold temperatures together and are hard to separate. We before (Bentz, B.; Klepzig, K. 2014). can see that fire weather seasons have These disease outbreaks effect that lengthened across roughly 25% of trees are weakened by droughts and Earth’s vegetated surface, resulting in can not defend themselves against an approximately 20% global increase those outbreaks, which is leading to in the fire weather season (Jolly et al. high fuels for wildfires because more 2015). Another study shows that if we trees are dying due to that. reach 1.5 degrees Celsius warming, All in all, I didn’t want to dive deeper we can witness a roughly 40% into the topic of climate change- increase in the burned area in the related to wildfires since this would Mediterranean (Turco et al. 2015). be a different thesis. I still tried to The National Aeronautics and Space cover it in my research because I Administration[NASA] is suggesting think it is an important part to show that global climate change will what the trajectory is going to be if change precipitation and evaporation the climate is warming and that the patterns (2019). This temperature wildfire weather season will probably affects that some areas will be drier lengthen. Climate change has the than others, and some climates will effect that the earth will get more fire- be wetter than others. Looking at prone areas. that, we can say that a drier future will lead to more wildfires because they are heavily dependent on fuel. If the fuel is already dry because there was not enough precipitation, the Analogous Research 27
“Human-induced climate change promotes the conditions on which wildfires depend, enhancing their likelihood and challenging suppression efforts.” (Jones et al. 2020) 28 Analogous Research TAKEAWAYS
01 SCIENCE Even though fires science is still a young knowledge and research area compared to others like physics, researches start to grasp what are the core elements of it. Researchers are also starting to learn more and more about fire with the help of emerging technologies.
02 PURPOSE Since wildfires existence society knows what the purpose of wildfires are and why they are happening. Nevertheless people have somewhat removed themselves from the ecosystem and thereby removed natural wildfires from the ecosystem.
03 HERITAGE Wildland firefighting has a long heritage and uses quite proven work concepts. These strategies are getting now adapted with emerging technology and advancements. 02 29
04 REACTIVE Current Strategies are very reactive based and also understandable. Preventative measures are on the rise but not yet established and very dependent on politics and societal perception.
05 SIZE The size of wildfires is getting to the point where firefighting strategies have no effect anymore. Weather patterns are out of control and leading to unprecedented fire events.
06 CLIMATE Climate effects are recognizable and are having impact on fire behavior. Wildfire season has lengthened and droughts are taking their toll. 30 31
03 INSIGHTS 32 03 Insights
THE POWER OF TALKING
Overview research, a strong focus put on to Due to the political nature involve female firefighter. In total, it During the research, different of the conversation around was possible to be able to have three interviews with 11 people were climate change and wildfires women as interview partners for the conducted. Those people were and a fear of raising project. This is a chance to highlight experts in their field or wildland potential employment those women who are often forgotten fire survivors. The occupation of issues, I removed names in this sector. One of them was very experts was forest ecologists, fire and pictures intentionally. generous and partnered throughout scientists, and firefighters. Three These profile photographs the whole project. interviews were with people in are representations of the Europe and 8 in the United States. Distribution people I talked to. By talking with the participants from It was essential to talk to the very Europe, it was possible to establish opposite sides of the world to get an an overview of how firefighters are overview of how they are dealing dealing with wildfires and forest with it. The interviewees were from fires in Central Europe. With the different fire stations and institutions interviews conducted with people in - some had more experience and the United States, gave an overview others less. It was especially exciting of the causes and strategies in the to see if there was a common ground Mediterranean climate region. This between different experience levels way, It was possible to cover most of or not. It was also possible to talk to the strategies used around the globe. forest ecologists and fire scientists. Most of the wildland firefighting This way, more information about strategies are shaped by how the the science behind wildfires could be Mediterranean climate region is obtained. dealing with wildfires since they are most pronounced in that region. Scientists Gender Distribution Four of the interviewees were scientists. Two were working as The sector of wildland firefighting is forest ecologists, and the other still a very male-dominated field. This two were fire scientists. One forest factor is why, during the qualitative ecologist was working in Umeå
Fig. 33: Sierra Hotshots Captain directing crew members. Photo by Kari Greer/ USFS. 2018. Fig. 34:Wildland FIrefighter - McLeod Fire. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Qualitative Research 33
at the SLU, which is the Agriculture Two in Europe and three in the University in Sweden, Europe. United States. Visiting the station The other one works at the Nature in Umeå during the research phase Conservancy in Oregon, USA. The was part of learning how to deal with Nature Conservancy is a non-profit forest fires in Sweden. Since wildfires organization which is focusing on the are not as frequent in Sweden as restoration of forests and nature. in other parts of the world, it was It was a significant part to talk to quite interesting to learn about their forest ecologists because fire is part struggles. On the other side, talks of forest ecology. They gave insights with firefighters from the United into the connection of fire to nature States were arranged. They were and society. Both of them have coming from different departments specialized in fire ecology. and areas in the USA. All of them The other two were fire scientists, were highly trained, skilled, and had both situated in the United States. fought wildland fires for multiple A fire scientist is somebody who is seasons. Some of them worked in working with how fire behaves and its various agencies and could share properties. The exciting part here is their views on different aspects of that those people also were wildland different agencies. firefighters before they started to Reflection work with fire science. This way, It This approach painted a clear was possible to get their input and picture of the contrast between combine both worlds - firefighting Central Europe and the Western and the science behind it. Both talks United States. The most exciting were highly attractive because they part was that it visualized some were more focused on human-fire commonalities from both worlds. interaction. This strategy gave a good overview Firefighters of how the situation is today and also Five people were firefighters from about how people are dealing with it both the United States and Europe. locally and how it reflects globally.
Fig. 35: Wildland Firefighter - McLeod Fire. Photo by Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Fig. 36: USDA Scientist. Photo by Lance Cheung, USFS. 2016. 34
Due to the political nature of the conversation around climate change and wildfires and a fear of raising potential employment issues, I removed names and pictures intentionally. Qualitative Research Qualitative
“People must become part of the ecosystem again, accept fire and demand it.” QUOTES Forest Ecologist
“Most forests have economical value in Europe that’s why they are so well maintained and trimmed.” Firefighter
“Community outreach is the key to success of conducting good preventative measures like prescribed burns.” Fire Scientist
“If you have the community on board you can conduct good prescribed burns but you still have to deal with politics.” Fire Scientist 03 35
“You can train as much as you want, if you add smoke and fire to it, people forget what they learned.” Firefighter
“Instead waiting for climate change to kick in we can be proactive and use fire to harden landscapes.” Forest Ecologist
“If a fire reaches a certain size you can’t do anything!” Firefighter
“If fire behavior changes, that is were people make mistakes because they don’t “People are moving recognize it.” into areas with high fire Firefighter danger rating - they should be aware of it and also prepared.” FIre Scientist 36 03 Insights
EDUCATE FOR AWARENESS ANALYSIS PROACTIVE PREVENTION
AWARENESS PREVENTION
EDUCATION EXPERIENCE
Local on the wrong end. One point which Locally, in Umeå, we have the issues also came up during interviews was of “Education & Experience”. It that countries in Central Europe have means that the public and also a lot of water available. Therefore firefighters are lacking proper most of the firefighters are relying education regarding the topic. on it instead of using dry methods. Education is ranging from Global preventative measures for the Globally we can see the local issue public to reduce ignition by humans and, on top of it, the problems of and creating defensible space “Awareness & Prevention”. The around their homes. Education for difficulties around awareness are firefighters is harder to build except most visible in rural and suburban theoretical. Firefighters can not communities. Most communities correctly train because a big part are still not willing to accept fire of wildland firefighter training is and adapt appropriately to it. They exposure, which leads to the next have removed themselves from the local insight - experience. Not ecosystem. The awareness issues many firefighters in Scandinavia are also going hand in hand with or Central Europe (Germany, the problems around preventative Austria, Great Britain) have skills measures. Often prevention is with wildland fires. It leads to the hindered because people don’t fact that firefighters often don’t have the right awareness and trust identify fire behavior correctly, and the system to execute it properly. based on this, they don’t make the Firefighters are still running in right decision. Another part where the NIMBY - Not In My BackYard experience matters most is when to - problem. People know what is make a direct attack and when to use necessary, but they don’t want to have natural (creeks, gravel) and unnatural it in their backyard. Prevention is the (bulldozer lines, streets, clear cuts) other big problem on the global level. fire breaks. It is crucial, especially not to drain out resources or waste time Qualitative Research 37
LOCAL GLOBAL INSIGHTS
For many years it worked out and has awareness, the firefighter has how people have fought and dealt a more straightforward job. with wildfires. Now looking back, Proactive Prevention governments and agencies realize that maybe we should have shifted This means not to wait until the to a more preventative strategy. For unprecedented fire is happening years fire has been seen as an enemy instead work in advance. This way, and not as part of nature. It means communities can be ready for what slowly they are using more and more is to come and work with the fire. prescribed burning to restore the Landscape size prescribed burns forest. Prescribed burning is still not and fuel reduction has to be in place as widely used as it should be and to resolve the fire problem we have comes with a lot of political issues. built up. Communities have to adapt to living with fire if they are moving Analysis into fire-prone areas. It is also looking During the qualitative research, two towards anthropogenic climate main topics crystallized. Those are effects since it will affect nature. combining both the insights on the So instead of waiting for climate local and global levels to create two change to alter our forest ecosystems. main focus areas. Society can be proactive and be ready when negative climate effects are Educate for Awareness happening or already are happening In the sense of communities have to and work with fire to harden forests be better educated and prepared for and landscapes. wildfires. Firefighters have to get the exposure to make the right decisions and now what tactics to use. Communities and firefighters are two stakeholders who are intertwined and are working into each other’s hands. If the public is adequately educated
Fig. 37: Local-Global-Insights. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 38 03 Insights
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM AREA?
Wildland Urban Interface causing more spot fires than regular The conducted interviews revealed vegetation fires. Interface fires the problem area. The problem area were very pronounced in the year is, at the same time, the area where of 2018 when we had events like the the most significant loss is happening, CampFire, the fires in Portugal, and the wildland-urban interface [WUI]. Greece. WUI is a term that is mainly used WUI Disaster Sequence in the US but can be applied all over In the future, communities and the world. The WUI is where houses people can expect to see more and wildland vegetation intermingle interface fires because we will (Radeloff et al. 2018). It is the fastest- have more severe wildfires due to growing land-use type in the US, with climate effects and fuel build-up. a 41% growth in homes and a 33% This potential inevitably leads to the growth in land area (Radeloff et al. fact that firefighting resources will 2018). This growth is because people be even more overwhelmed. This are starting to move out of cities for scenario will lead to extreme burning privacy and establishing families. conditions, and this is reducing the Cities are also slowly running out effectiveness of firefighting strategies. of space for housing and have to It will ultimately lead to residential expand their outskirts. With the fires and then to a WUI disaster, as it spread of the WUI, a new fire type was witnessed during the Camp Fire. established. The “interface fire” is These fires are extremely challenging a fire where buildings contribute to for firefighters. They not only have the fire load, and the fire is not only to focus on wildland firefighting but dependent on vegetation (Coleman, also structural firefighting. Wildland R. Dragan, K. 2010). Especially when fires and structural fires have very houses are part of the fuel load, different strategies in firefighting, and the fires can snowball and gain on that is why it makes it so hard to fight intensity because of the heat output. a fire in the WUI. Some studies also suggest that houses are casting more embers and
Fig. 38: Unnamed. Photo by Henry Dixon on Unspalsh. 2019. Qualitative Research 39
SEVERE EXTREME RESIDENTIAL WILDFIRE BURNING FIRES POTENTIAL CONDITIONS Conditions
FIREFIGHTING FIREFIGHTING WUI RESOURCES EFFECTIVENESS FIRE DISASTER OVERWHELMED REDUCED Consequences
Fig. 39: A burnt down house in the foreground, while two houses in the back were untouched by the Carr Fire in Redding California. Photo by Cecilio Ricardo, USFS. 2018. Fig. 40: WUI Disaster Sequence. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner after Calkin, D., Cohen, J., Finney, M., Thompson, M. 2013. 2020. 40 Qualitative Research Qualitative SYNTHESIS
01 PROBLEM SPACE The research showed that the most critical space where wildfires have the most impact is the wildland- urban interface. This is an area where humans are living close to vegetation. It is obvious that in this space, the wildfire “problem” is most pronounced. It has the most impact and adverse effects on communities because of structural damages and losses. Focusing on this space allows this opportunity to have the most impact on this project. 04 41
02 OPPORTUNITY AREA The conducted interviews visualized that currently, no technology is stopping these wildfires. The project started with the thinking of designing something for firefighters. Now, after the research, it was clear that this is probably not the right way to go. The deeper a conversation went during the interviews, the more it revealed that they do not lack tools. It visualized that currently, firefighters and forest managers are having too many struggles with communities and regulations. 42 43
04 DIRECTION 44 04 Conclusion
SYSTEMIC CHANGE
Conclusion adapted our houses and lifestyles and not smaller. The public opinion The research showed that the as well as possible to earthquakes, about fires is so strong that it is current “War on Fire” is no longer tsunamis, and tornados. Shifting needed to shift completely to solve sustainable. All the resources are our paradigm to a proactive and the problem. The public has to see mostly focusing on suppression and symbiotic coexistence with fire an option of how they can live with removing wildfire from the landscape. can make the society prepared and fire. This way, hopefully, people will The years 2018/2019 showed that aware of wildfires. Entirely ready understand that each stakeholder has emergency personnel is overwhelmed emergency personnel in case a big fire to pull on the same string to solve the by the size and unpredictability of the is happening, and they respond in the problem. If they don’t do it, the most fires. Governments and communities best way possible. This way, the fear potent stakeholder nature is showing are realizing it and are slowly can be removed from it, and this can them who is in charge like in recent transitioning to “Work with Fire”. lead to a better future for humans but, years. In the long run, this would mean more importantly, for nature and the to entirely focus on containment planet. and use fire to our good since it is a Why? natural part of the landscape. The “I don’t think our fire problem is a ultimate and preferred step would be technology problem. It is a social to “Live with Fire” and let it become problem!” part of the landscape again. A result of this is to focus on the symbiosis This quote is one of the quotes which with fire and acceptance of it as part lead to this point and conclusion. The of the natural surroundings. fire has always been around humans, and it is a natural process of nature. Three Steps If humans are continuing to remove Looking at these three steps, it is it from the landscape, the problem identifiable that a paradigm shift is getting bigger and not smaller. is necessary. Acceleration needs to The western part of the US is seeing happen, so society can fast forward now the effects of decades of fire to the paradigm “Live with Fire”. suppression. Adding anthropogenic Society has to accept that fires climate effects into the mix makes it are part of the landscape. We have evident that these things get bigger
Fig. 41: The Woolsey Fire, California. Photo by Peter Buschmann/ USFS. 2018. Opportunity 45
Fast Forward
War on Fire Work with Fire Live with Fire
Fig. 42: Wildfire Paradigm Shift. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 46 04 Conclusion
APPROACH
Design Fiction is the possible one. It is the realm This scenario should be on the edge of Working with systemic change is of science fiction, this future is provocation to have the most impact. often very hard, and entry points somehow connected to the world how It will then be packaged into a story are often not easy to identify we know it, and the transition to the to convey the idea as well as possible. because everything is intertwined. new world is made believable. The So instead of taking the artifact All stakeholders in this project far future is the preferable one. It is driven approach and focusing on a are affecting each other, and if one not a future that is trying to predict single solution for an only problem. changes, the other changes with how it should be; instead, it creates a The focus is on the idea to have the it. The approach to work with the platform to show how it could be. The most impact and show people that problem of systemic change in this aim is to create a future people can it is possible to breach the current context is design fiction. work towards and have a platform paradigm and move forward to new for debate and discussion around waters. The aim is to allow people to The four P’s it to find where the pain points are. shift away from their contemporary Currently, people are in the present. Design used as a catalyst to accelerate perspective through imagination. The next step would be to look into the future, and people are starting to the probable future. To design for the build on it and use their imagination. probable future would be creating A preferable future is in the paradigm something for the paradigm “War “Live with Fire”. on Fire” which focuses on how Idea Driven firefighters can better suppress wildland fires in the near future. For this project, the start is going The next future is a plausible one. to be to work with the idea of “Live A plausible future describes what with Fire”. Visualizing the world could happen and is the space of in which the idea is living in, to planning and foresight (Dunne, A. make it tangible for others. It will Raby, F. 2013). This future would be happen through different pieces/ a solution situated in the paradigm prompts (e.g., newspaper, video clips) “Work with Fire” which would out of this world to stimulate the support firefighters but also give imagination of people and let them fill my cooperation partner a foresight the gaps. The next step is to identify on their business. The third future the catalyst in it to propel this future. Opportunity 47
Possible
Plausible
Preferable Probable
Present
Fig. 43: PPPP. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner after Dunne, A. Raby, F. 2013. 2020. 48 Opportunity DIRECTION
“It is like winter, summer, spring, and fall - it is the fifth season.” Californian Resident - Tubbs Fire Survivor
01 Exploring the 5th Season The direction for the project is to explore the fifth - the fire - season. By using methods from design fiction to create an exciting world and to visualize a preferable future, we can work towards it. In this future, communities in the wildland-urban interface are living in symbiosis with fire. They have accepted nature’s way of cleansing itself from dead vegetation, invasive species, and giving space for new trees. A new profession will no longer be fighting wildfires but rather use fire in a large-scale landscape size way. They will not be called firefighters but rather “fire guardians’’. Fire guardians will work proactively together with communities, forest managers, and nature itself to be prepared for the climate effects to happen. This way, people are living in symbiosis with nature and are part of the ecosystem again. The fifth season will be a preferable future where wildfires are accepted to create a sustainable future not only for us
05 but also for the planet. 49 Idea Driven Idea Fig. 44: From Artefact to Idea. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Pfuner. by Elias T. to Idea. Illustration Artefact From 44: Fig. STORY IDEA ARTEFACT Artefact Driven Artefact 50 04 Conclusions
GOALS WISHES
01 One Story The goal is to have one story line which is using artefacts as catalysts.
02 Make it Graspable The project should still be graspable and easy to understand. Even though it will be placed in the realms of design fiction it should not be too abstract so people don’t understand it.
03 Vision The project should point towards a vision for FLIR and showing them what is possible maybe even outside their product line.
04 Impact The project should be a platform for impact around the topic and show how the world could be. Aim 51
01 Telling multiple Stories One wish is to have more than one story to really highlight the new paradigm.
02 Remove the Fear A wish would be to make it possible to show people it is possible to live with fire and remove the fear they have when they are prepared for it.
03 Implement Implementing “Design Fiction” at my cooperation partner and department to show that its usefulness for future forecasting.
04 Continue One of my biggest wishes is that this project is not only a project for my portfolio but also that it continues after my degree. 52 53
05 IDEATION 54 05 Ideation
CREATE A WORLD, BUT HOW?
Workshop I The second group had the scenario one was around a utopian scenario. For kicking off the ideation, the first “Live with Fire”. Their task was to This approach was also interesting thing was to conduct a workshop. think about how it could be if people because it showed similarities around Second-year students from are living with wildfire in the future. how quickly something could be seen Advanced Product Design were the The last group had the most extreme as “good” and “bad”. participants. Instead of having a situation with “Fire is a god”. This standard, “How might we” workshop, statement was to probe how the more the students created scenarios. This radical of the future could be. way, the workshop was not only to Outcome generate ideas but also to probe the participants what they are thinking Each scenario was very different about the topic. The significant from each other. At the end of the point was to see what they came workshop, the students recorded up immediately, to filter out what a one-shot video of the scenario the oblivious ideas are and what so the results could be filtered for are less clear ideas. The plan was to information afterward. For the split the group of eight into smaller project, of course, the most exciting individual groups of two times three scenario was the second one, of people and one time two people. Each how to “Live with Fire”. Here it was group became a scenario headline. interesting that this group actually Each group then got Lego figures as went a step further and also used characters, which they had to craft fire, fo energy harvesting, which was their story around. Next to that, an idea which was a completely new they were encouraged to draw out a angle until then. They also brought scenario. up many ideas on how to use wildfire for heating and cooking in the “5th The first group had the task of season”. The group with the last working with the headline “Fire scenario had an exciting approach like today”. They should think of a to creating two different Mindmaps. scenario of today in the situation of a One was a mind map around a forest fire. dystopian scenario, and the second
Fig. 46-48: Ideation Workshop. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 45: Ideation Workshop. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. World Building 55
Fig. 49-50: Ideation Workshop. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 56 05 Ideation
Allow Wildfire
Restrict Restrict Healthy Control Control Climate Communities Logging Forest Ecosystem Desease Invasive Species Effects
Scientific Base Cultural Change The most significant part was to For defining the cultural change, point in the same direction as science it was essential to create a value is leading while creating the future landscape of the new world to world. Currently, with the exclusion understand what it means if of wildfire, invasive communities the scenario and baseline are and harmful logging are putting a that wildfires are part of forest lot of stress onto forest ecosystems ecosystems. and adding to that the anthropogenic The meaning for accepting fire for climate effects, invasive species, and society was that fire is used in a more disease outbreaks, which are also proactive approach to support nature taking its toll. All of this ultimately and minimize unprecedented fires leads to a very unhealthy forest and act on behalf of climate effects, ecosystem. As scientists suggest, which created a new value landscape governments and agencies need to and understanding of looking at the disrupt that and turn it around. By wildfire. Wildland urban interface allowing wildfire, disease outbreaks, communities have accepted wildfire and invasive species are more as part of their life. Society is looking controlled. We can not prepare the at the fire as its stakeholder, and forest for climate effects, but we can it is also appreciated by it. Some harden forests for them, by allowing cities even demand fire to have a fire. Then, of course, governments healthy forest around the settled and municipalities have to restrict area. The most significant part of logging and also have to limit the value landscape was that people communities and housing zones to don’t remove themselves from the reduce stress. ecosystem, instead are an active part of it, which means that they are participating in it and actively thinking about what effects their community has on the forest.
Fig. 51: Allowing Wildifre. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Creating a Future 57
01 Question The main starting point for the ideation was the question: “What if wildfires are part of the landscape, and we have accepted them?” This question was the question which was used to explore around, to create the world envisioned for the preferable future. This starting point was building upon the previous research and realization that wildfires have to become part of the landscape again. The most important part was to create a world that is believable and also a preferable vision. The first conducted workshop was part of setting the baseline, paired with this question for the future world.
02 Baseline The baseline, which is setting the stage of the future vision is: “Fire is a necessity for the ecosystem, and the people should not exclude it; rather, we should adapt and include it.” After the first workshop and research phase, this was the baseline for the preferable future and also the ideation and concept generation. Since creating a world was an essential part of this project, I had to think about how society would accept the change and what the baseline of society’s understanding of wildfires is. With the baseline in the back, it was possible to continue crafting the future world. 58 05 Ideation
FIRE AS A STAKEHOLDER
If society is accepting wildfire is burning. What does fire communicate to and has made it to its stakeholder, If a wildfire is burning very hot and us? it was crucial to understand of large area size, as the world has Fire is the last link in the chain of how fire is communicating and experienced in the last years, it a lot of processes in the ecology. what information is wildfire communicates to the people that they It is visualizing to society the communicating to it. This method have excluded it, which means that health of a forest ecosystem, and it was beneficial to paint the bigger people have suppressed it and also reflects factors like anthropogenic picture of a preferable future where have not correctly managed forests. If climate effects, disease outbreaks, society is living with fire. then a fire is happening, it will reach droughts, and mismanaged forests. the point where there is too much What does fire want? By analyzing how fire is burning and dead debris, invasive species, and how often unprecedented fires are Fire wants to rejuvenate the forest trees weakened by anthropogenic and bring it back to a healthy state. happening, people can understand climate effects and disease, that it is the health of a forest ecosystem. It It is a catalyst for many ecological out of control and burning too hot and processes and is even necessary also reflects how long we excluded it strong that it does more harm than from the ecosystem. As mentioned for some species to reproduce. It good. wants to burn, and also, especially before, if a fire is burning very hot, in the Mediterranean climate has If a fire was burning with low it is mirroring how long it has been to burn. If a wildfire is allowed in a intensity and very controlled, people removed and suppressed. forest or wildland area, it is thinning included it in the ecosystems. The It is crucial to understand the out invasive species and also helps more often fire is burning through signs and methods of what fire controls disease outbreaks. If a a forest or wildland, the better its is communicating. If people are tree is healthy, it will withstand plants will adapt to it, which means ignoring the signs nature is trying a low-intensity fire and actually that trees will be better spaced to visualize, they then should not will become more durable due to it and therefore have more space for be surprised. I needed to consider because ash has a lot of nitrogen in it, growing. Unhealthy trees will burn these things during the creation which is a natural fertilizer. away during this process, and disease of the preferable future and the outbreaks will be controlled due to introduction of the 5th season. In the What does fire communicate? this. proposed future world, people and Wildfire is showing us how included society have understood what fire is it was in the ecosystem by how hot it trying to communicate and how to read it. World Building 59
01 ?
What does fire want?
02 ?
What does fire communicate?
03 ?
What does fire communicate to us?
Fig. 52-54: Wildfire as a Stakholder. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 60 05 Ideation
HOW DID SOCIETY ACCEPT THIS CHANGE?
Creating a future world has to be have demanded a shift in perspective, deeply founded in current events and scientists have provided enough and science. It is crucial to set the evidence and strategies to change time frame for the created world public opinion. They realized that and to explain how the systemic current approaches to wildfire shift in society has happened. It was suppression are not sustainable on established after the year 2025 when many levels. Big wildfires are costing technology made advancements, and too much money and workforce to also society has changed because of suppress and, at the same time, are catastrophic wildfire events. responsible for a lot of losses. They only destroy forests and are not 2025 supporting the ecosystem the way 2018 was the first time the world they should. had experienced severe wildfires all around the globe in unprecedented size and behavior. These events increased in the years after, and natural phenomena have become more unpredictable. Climate change started to affect more climate zones and also shift them around the globe. Central Europe’s climate began to more and more behave like the Mediterranean climate. The same has happened all over North America, where states are battling to understand how to cope with severe wildfires. With January 1st of 2025, after long the debate of politicians, the 5th season has finally be approved. Communities and citizens World Building 61 Symbiocene Fig. 55: From Anthropocene to Symbiocene. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Pfuner. by Elias T. Illustration to Symbiocene. Anthropocene From 55: Fig. OF OUR LANDSCAPE? WHAT IF WILDFIRES ARE PART IF WILDFIRES ARE PART WHAT SOCIETY Anthropocene 62 05 Ideation
NEWS FROM THE FUTURE
To understand this future more and Symbiotic Wildfire Mandatory Service probe it, three news articles from The first article is about how one The last article describes that in the the future were crafted. They are all city is now living in a symbiotic year 2033, the US would introduce watermarked, so it is obvious these relationship with wildfire 15 years a mandatory service for people who are not real news and can not be after the devastating wildfire. The turn 21 to do one year of compulsory used to anybody’s advantage. The newspaper article describes how wildfire work. This service would conducted interviews during the this community accepted wildfire create awareness and, at the same research phase are the foundation and has become an advocate for it by time, educate people. The idea behind for those articles. During these being a testbed for new technology. it was to see how far people would talks with different experts and The introduced technology would be go and if they would be receptive individuals, people got the question thermoelectric generators, which are to something like this. It basically asked what their vision regarding this producing the electrical energy for should highlight if the need for such topic would be—these visions than the whole town during the 5th season. a drastic change is welcome and how translate into these different stories willing people are to accept it. and also the preferable future. FireGuardians 2033 was the chosen year for each The second article is an interview. Feedback Loop news story, so five years after the fifth The idea behind it is to introduce All three articles were shared with season has been introduced. Each of a new profession, which is an three residents and two fire scientists the articles is reflecting one global evolvement of firefighters. Instead in California. This way it was possible concept or idea. It was important of fighting the fire, they rather work to see what reaction people would during crafting them, that they are with it and be in symbiosis with it. have to a certain reality. To read more reflecting the preferable future. It describes how the founding of the about the feedback loop please look Next to that, they also should convey FireGuardians was and how they on page 66. the same feeling as reading a news are working. This article is built article. The idea was before even on an interview conducted during creating artifacts to understand what the world-building. This article is people think about the preferable building on the idea which came up future. This would then give and during one interview, which was realizing how far the preferable about how we can give fire scientists future can be pushed regarding a better voice and platform. It than artifacts and storylines. developed into a preferable future. World Building 63
FAKE NEWS
Fig. 56: News 1. Elias Pfuner. 2020. 64 05 Ideation
FAKE NEWS
Fig. 57 News 2. Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. World Building 65
FAKE NEWS
Fig. 58: News 3. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 66
“So I happily write that I can once again Ideation during the Fifth Season enjoy the view of the hills above us without scanning for a fire coming over that ridge and wondering how many minutes I have to escape.”
Californian Resident, Oakland FIre wittness
“It was like if somebody from within my circle is writing his desired future, but I don’t have any faith at all that it will come out like that.” Forest Ecologist Feedback LoopFeedback
“I wish they would do prescribed burns more often and communities would be engaged.” California Resident - Tubbs Fire Survivor 06 67
REVIEW Sending out the future news was an integral step in the world-building process. 01 It visualized what people think about it, and I could integrate it into the ideation process. What was interesting is that all of the people, three residents in and two fire scientist in California, were accepting this change, especially when they have witnessed wildfires themselves. People have been very receptive to the terms FireGuardian and 5th season. During this process, they validated that this would be the preferred future and also wanted one. The remark has to be made that especially scientists did not know or could imagine what is necessary to change society’s opinion about wildfires. Both of them had the belief that a significant event has to happen to change how people are looking towards wildfires entirely. This was a satisfying insight. Because they verified the created world and brought up more ideas on what to include, because of this, the world-building process went into the direction of continuing with the FireGuardians. FireGuardians are representing change and at the same time are also resembling a significant event that changed society. 68 05 Ideation
INTRODUCTION OF THE FIREGUARDIANS
So, in a nutshell, a FireGuardian is a translator for the fire but also nature and forest ecosystems. They are the representatives for wildfire and spokesmen and spokeswomen for wildland fire. Essence
After the feedback loop and since they have such great respect. of fighting it. FireGuardians will discussions with the collaboration FireGuardians are the spokespeople conduct large scale prescribed burns, partner, the FireGuardian idea was of fire and forest ecosystems. They a planned and very well managed the chosen one to move forward don’t see wildland fires as something fire. Of course, there will be natural with. This decision was not an easy negative in our landscape. With wildfires and unplanned ones too. one, since it was the first step to the establishment, they started to If those occur, FireGuardians are narrow down my scope from focusing reintroduce fire in the landscape and ready to work with it and use it on multiple story lines. Though work to bring forests to a healthy to their advantage. So instead of the FireGuardians idea evolved state. In the years 2020-2025, people starting a strong suppression tactic, from multiple interviews during made such significant advancements they will begin to use a containment the project. It was also very well in fire prediction and prevention tactic. FireGuardians will then try appreciated during the feedback loop that they could make large-scale low to stir the fire into a direction where and is in line with the cooperation intensity prescribed burns, compared it is not close to communities. A partner. At the same time, it would to the years before that. This change FireGuardian is only as good as the demonstrate an evolving natural in technology and mentality was a team that she or he is working with structure. game-changer, and the approach of together. They are usually a crew the proactive fire policy. Large-scale out of 10-20 people who are fire What are FireGuardians? controlled burns are what they have experts and trained to be in tune A FireGuardian is an advocate for been doing since 2025, and each year with the nature of the fire. They the fire, who uses wildfire positively at the fire season from the beginning are still working in a hierarchical and beneficially, in the form of of March till late August, they are order because it is a high-stress controlled burning. Together, burning large pieces of the landscape. environment. During the fire season, with a proactive approach to This way, they adapt and harden they have a different mission, then wildfire incidents, the concept of the ecosystem to the anthropogenic during the offseason. A wildfire FireGuardians has been proposed, climate change, and prepare it for mission during the fire season can a fire crew who will transition from possible unintended, yet natural be as long as up to two weeks in the wildland firefighters over time. The wildfires. In essence, FireGuardians field. They are planning to stay in the plan has been to convert Hotshot are the translator for fire. field as long as possible so they can crews and Smokejumpers first. They monitor prescribed burns and try to How do they work? are the elite in wildland firefighting, control natural wildfires. and people would follow their lead They use and work with fire instead Creating a Future 69
01 Summary In summary, by having repeated interviews and feedback loops, it was possible to create a preferable future. Validation of this future was gathered during a feedback and iteration loop, which allowed making a decision on which direction to move forward with. The usage of currently conducted and published scientific research was a reliable resource for this preferable future. Science is the backbone of this preferable future. The next step was to look into how society would shift their perspective on this topic. After exploring the shift in the mentality of society, the creation of a new profession was the next step. This profession would then carry out this shift and allow it to happen. This new profession is FireGuardians, the advocates for fire and nature. Looking deeper into the new profession is explained in the next chapter on how do FireGuardians work and what tools they are using. 70 71
06 PROTOTYPE 72 06 Prototype
PROTOTYPE
The next step was to prototype first the topic of communication on body area, and the other one was FireGuardians and how they are their own. Since this workshop’s focusing on the hand and head area working. Since, during this time, the main goal was to ideate around the alone. After this exercise, they were COVID-19 Pandemic fully started to interaction between humans and making a scenario and recorded a happen in Europe and the US, it was nature, it was crucial to set the stage. one-shot video where they explained only possible to meet with people Each group had big pieces of paper their concept. digitally. For kicking off this phase, so people could start writing on it Outcome a second workshop was organized at and create one big mural. After they Umeå Institute of Design. had answered this question, they got The outcome of this workshop was the next question, which was more diverse, and a lot of different little Workshop II focused on the FireGuardian him/ snippets of information that brought This workshop was more herself. “If a FireGuardian had a the project forward. The most narrowed down and focused on the superpower, what could that be?”. significant part of it was the one- FireGuardians. Nine people from This question triggered the future shot videos each group made. One the interaction design and advanced scenario this project is designing group made a whole scenario of how product design program joined. They for, and current technologies did a day in the life of a FireGuardian is were encouraged to form two groups, not restrict participants. It also looking. They included different steps and they had different tasks. At first, revealed what the perception of and stakeholders. The other group they were asked to ideate around FireGuardians was and what were focused more on the specific situation two questions alone, and then they the most important “features of when FireGuardians are out in the got the next task which they had “needed. For both of those questions, field. Both groups did an incredible to fulfill as a group. A presentation participants worked alone and wrote job of digesting a lot of information was shown about the background, down and sketched out their ideas. quickly and turning it into new and and also a created pamphlet with After this, they should share their exciting ideas. The whole workshop information was on each table so ideas and maybe cluster them if they ran for 60 minutes. they could look up the core pieces had similar ones. The last question of information. The first question which they got introduced was: “How for them was: “In 10-15 years, what would the communication between would be your perfect way of long- a FireGuardian and fire look like?”. distance communication?”. With Each group got different action cards this question, the idea was to explore for it. One group focused on the upper
Fig. 60 Pamphlet. Illustration Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 59: Sketching. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian 73
Fig. 61-63: Prototyping Workshop. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 74 06 Prototype
GLOBAL IDEAS
Five global ideas were the outcome of know everything what could happen, ask what they see on the picture. The the workshop. where different structures are, and next question was what they would also where people are in danger. This use it for and how they would use it. Fire Bender: This idea came up repeatedly in both groups from idea is very close to the concept of It was possible to show these probes different people. It describes that “Information Gatherer”. to two wildland firefighter in the US, one forest ecologist, and one fire FireGuardians know how to control The Flash: This was quite a fire and move fire. Especially surprising global idea. Both groups scientist interesting for this idea was that and in those groups, several people Advanced Information people imagined it as a superpower. imagined FireGuardians as having What if we could transport live data They can control wildfire with their some sort of technology for moving in an immersive, multisensorial, and hands and mind. superfast across landscapes. People intuitive way? in the workshop developed all Nature Whisperer: This was the kinds of concepts for the movement This question was behind this probe second idea that formulated into a and built on the two global ideas of global idea. The concept behind this from jet packs or gliding on the hot airstreams of the wildfire itself. “Information Gatherer” and “Big idea is that FireGuardians know Brother”. The picture shown to how to communicate with nature, Probes experts is a collage of two images. especially animals. Both groups had The next step after generating global One picture is showing people different thoughts on how to warn ideas was to test them with experts talking over a volumetric display, animals if a fire is approaching. in the field. The used technique is and the other one is a glove with a Information Gatherer: Another called photo bashing, which means volumetric display projected. Experts global idea that came up during the that different pictures from were appreciated this idea and would love workshop was that they are not only imported into Photoshop and packed to have one in the field. Of course, the using data and information but also together. This method allowed concern was that it is not currently gather them. In the sense that each to generate quick results for the possible because one would need FireGuardian is a beacon for input best possible impact during user quite a substantial computing power and output of data. testing. Five different probes were to compile all this data. During the the outcome of this exercise, each talks, it also came up that not every Big Brother: If we talk about information gathering, the “big of them either merges ideas or are person in the field needs a map like brother” idea is not far away. The building on them. The strategy for the that. The leader of a group or captain global idea is that FireGuardians probing was to show it to users and of a unit would be enough since they FireGuardian 75
are in charge. Experts also told what approach to real live data? Experts welcomed this concept and, they would like to see in a volumetric The idea of the “Information at the same time, viewed with caution visualization. Gatherer” and “Big Brother” was the because they always had the concern of overheating and similar issues. My Little Friend basis for this concept. The picture What if we could focus on the collage is showing somebody holding Wood Wide Web essential things, and something a contact lens and a person with What if we could do what nature would help us out? having a contact lens in their eye. On is telling us and not what we think the right side, an empty picture is nature needs? The picture collage here showed visible. This picture is intentionally different images of firefighters in the just a photo so the interview partners This probe was by far the most field having a robotic helper, which could answer the question what they experimental and also one which would either assist them in carrying would like to see if they had a heads is pushing the boundaries. It was loads and cargo. This concept came up display. This idea was not at all only shown to the fire scientist and from the global idea, “The Flash”. appreciated by the experts. They saw also the forest ecologist, not to the Currently, people have to bring a lot it as too fragile for hiking, and if they firefighters since they had no relation of utilities into the field since the are in a harsh environment with a lot to it. The core idea behind this probe areas are so remote that no vehicle of dust, they don’t want to deal with was to see if they think tapping into a could access it. By taking away the anything in their eyes. forest ecosystem through a mycelium toll of carrying, it would significantly network would work. Currently, impact how quickly people can move Iron Legs scientists find that mushrooms are forward. This probe was also much What if we would never be tired, often connecting vast arrays of trees, appreciated by experts on one side and we could work more efficiently and they are sharing nutrients and because they could see the benefit because our body is not holding us signals over this network. It is very of it. On the other hand, people said back? experimental research and still not showing a robot in this scenario “The Flash” was the idea behind entirely explored, but scientific would paint the wrong picture. It this probe. The picture here shows evidence is there. The experts had would instead highlight the image of people having different exoskeletons mixed feelings about this one, and “War on Fire” instead of connecting and supportive structures. The idea they see it as an ethical problem of humans with nature. behind this probe was to see if people deciding what is right or wrong after you get information. Heads Up appreciate being stronger and more What if we could have a hands free efficient during their work time. 76 06 Prototype
ADVANCED INFORMATION
MY LITTLE FRIEND
HEADS UP
IRON LEGS
Fig. 64 - 67: Advanced Information, My Little Friend, Heads Up, Iron Legs. Photo by Various see Reference List 2020. FireGuardian 77
WOOD WIDE WEB
Synthesis Two interesting things came up The strategy of showing people during my interviews. One was that pictures and then asking them what people still saw “War on Fire” in the they see and imagine proved itself pictures. Mostly because the photos as beneficial. Instead of imposing portrayed firefighters, and they had any stigma, they explained what the same colors and uniforms as they would like to have and how today. The other one was that if we they would use it. They told all the would remove the human, it could user requirements and also pointed paint a negative picture too. In the out things which won’t work. The form that people actually would “Advanced Information” probe was disconnect more from nature than I by far the one, which was appreciated want to. the most during all of my reviews. People saw the benefit of it and wanted it immediately. Right after this was the two probes of “My Little Friend “and “Iron Legs”. Both of them were also appreciated but often with a bit more concern and respect, especially around the usability, and it would convey to the public. These probes helped to identify what could evolve from the current problems they are facing today into a future world, where the project is settled in. These probes can be translated very literally but also abstracted, and it was my choice in the next step to do that.
Fig. 68: Wood Wide Web. Photo by Various, see Refernce List 2020. 78 06 Prototype
ANALYSIS
After the prototyping, the next perspective on this topic. As my Equipment step was to analyze and translate it research showed, the most critical The last stage is on the equipment into a concept. Looking back at the part of having prescribed burns and level, which is used by the new process and progress, the realization a better understanding of wildfire is profession. Since the project happened that after creating the community engagement. It is vital is proposing a new job, the world and the profession, the to portray different elements to FireGuardians would also need touchpoints needed to be identified visualize community engagement. new tools and strategies on how for the project. A lot of time was spent Professional to conduct their work. This stage to ideate and prototype around how is building on the prototyping, the future world would look. To sum The second stage is at the professional level. It is the proposal of described in the chapter earlier, on up different touchpoints, time was what tools could be placed in this devoted to cluster them and give a new profession, the Fireguardians, and it is essential to create an identity future based on current problems. them structure before moving into In this stage, it was also important the concept phase. around them. This also came up during the prototyping phase of how to point out that it was necessary to There are three stages where the the uniform would look like in the consider the uniform and identity project could have touchpoints, and future. The visual identity is not only of the FireGuardians before moving all of them are equally important. giving this new profession a base. It forward. Also, for the cooperation The power of design fiction is that also intertwines with the societal Partner FLIR, the equipment would it is giving the viewer the puzzle aspects of the project. It is essential be the section where they would have pieces, and they are filling the gaps to point out that during the research, the most influence. Since they are the themselves in their mind. For this it was mentioned multiple times that provider of equipment in the future, project, it was crucial to have the firefighters have a strong image of allowing FireGuardians to do their right puzzle pieces in places to paint hero’s in our society. People believe job smartly and efficiently. the correct picture. in them and trust them. Breaking Societal this paradigm and creating a new The first stage is on the societal hero image was as important as level. The systemic change and considering the old hero image. mentality shift is essential to tackle top-down but also bottom-up. People and society have to shift their FireGuardian 79
EQUIPMENT PROFESSION SOCIETAL
Fig. 69: Three Stages. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 80 81
07 CONCEPT 82 07 Concept
CORE IDEA
The core idea of the concept is to so rethinking how the uniform would Digital Cartography focus on the new profession and look like and what CMF it had was This part is the developed artifact create an identity for FireGuardians, substantial. from the global idea of advanced as explained in the previous chapter. Brand / Identity information, which is discussed in Since these fire workers are the the chapter “Prototype”. To allow central part of the storyline, it was The next part was to create an identity around them, similar to a FireGuardians to conduct large scale essential to start with them and prescribe burns so that they can work create a world around it. The concept brand. Creating a logo identifiable with them and highlighting it. This with the fire, they use an advanced was to create different pieces of their map which is showing the topography equipment and tools to shape the should be similar to how astronauts have patches for each mission and and different vital elements that world and their job in this world to influence fire, for example, vegetation give them a new identity since they trip. FireGuardians should have their patch to give them an identity they and weather, through a volumetric are not firefighters. It is important display. to note here that the outcome is not can live with, and also, people should fully engineered products. They are recognize them immediately. a representation and artifacts which Soft Robotic Exosuit are supporting my story. This is the The Soft Robotic Exosuit is built difference between an Industrial upon the global idea of iron legs Design project and a Design Fiction mentioned in the prototyping project. chapter. FireGuardians are working Uniform for multiple days in the wilderness The uniform was a crucial part to and often spend up to two weeks design since FireGuardians are not on one assignment. They have to firefighters. This part was essential carry all their equipment fuel and and also highlighted during a supplies into a hard to reach terrain. feedback session with experts. They A soft robotic exosuit is a lightweight underscored that current uniforms solution to help them during this task and appearance strongly had and allowing them to cover a more inherited the paradigm of “War on extensive territory. Fire” rather than living with it. It was
Fig. 70: Keysketch. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Overview 83
IDENTITY
UNIFORM FIREGUARDIANS DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY
SOFT ROBOTIC EXOSUIT
Fig. 71: Creating a World. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 84 07 Concept
PROCESS INSIGHTS
Fig. 62 - 64: Creative Process. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Creative Process 85
The creative process was highly iterative but also very fast-paced since, for this project, the goal was to design a variety of products. At the early stages of the design process, quick physical prototyping was a preferred method but quickly disregarded because of the aspect it is a vision project. During the design phase, multiple software has been used to detail and to move forward in the process thoroughly. A combination between Marvelous Designer, a softgoods software, and Fusion 360, a parametric modeling software were the key to success. For quick iterations, digital sketching came to help to define shapes and details. Quickly jumping into 3D software and trying out forms with accurate measurements has been proven to be a good strategy. With Marvelous Designer, it was possible to precisely simulate garments without wasting any material and iterate quickly with different cuts and layouts. Similarly, in Fusion 360, a rapid iteration of different shapes and details was possible due to high-grade adjustability.
Fig. 75 - 80: Creative Process. Photo by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 86 07 Concept
Functional Honest Solid Patterns Form Strength
One step during the creative process Visible Durable was to seek inspiration on the internet Technology High-tech by researching different products. After this, the next step was to define not only pictures but also keywords which are representing the aesthetics of the artifacts. Functional patterns describe that the products should use structure or visual identicators, not in the way of surface treatment, but rather have a use. Honest Form is referring to the fact that the form of products should always be honest and not overcome by styling measures. The combination of Solid Strength highlights that these products are living in a harsh environment and should, be Seamless developed in a way to withstand that. Innovation Visible Technology and Durable High- Tech go hand in hand. The products should highlight the technology they are using, but at the same time, the technology should be durable enough to withstand in a harsh environment. Seamless Innovation is referring to, that the artifacts are blending seamlessly into peoples lives. They feel as if they have always been there and are not an addition.
Fig. 81-86: Moodboard. Photo by Various see reference list. Moodboards 87
Next to looking for the physical hardgoods, it was also necessary to look into softgoods. Since part of the outcome will be the uniform and how FireGuardians are dressing and what they represent. It was a deep dive into different aspects of softgoods. Techwear was one sector which brought a lot of inspiration since this sector is actively highlighting technical elements. Another inspiration source was outdoor gear, military equipment, and actual firefighting equipment. It was essential to find a balance between fashionable and extremely functional, inspired clothing. For the final direction, a healthy inspiration was found in deconstructed elements and layered textures. This decision happened because one part was to look into how the different zones of the body behave during exercises, like sweating and body temperature. Which ultimately shaped how the different cuts of the uniform are structured. One important note as a result of this was also to acknowledge that this project is not a fashion design project. This part of the process was purely for inspiration.
Fig. 87 - 92: Softgoods Board. Photo by Various see reference list. 88 07 Concept
Potential Wildfire Operational Delineations [PODs] is a system developed by the US Forest Service and the Missoula Fire Lab. It is a system which is used to calculate the wildfire risk potential of a wildfire. It uses different data streams and then analyzes the landscape on the topography, vegetation, and also if communities are present. With this analysis it is possible to draw potential containment lines and also evaluate the risk of a wildfire. This was crucial to incorporate in the planning device since it allows for a safe and controlled manner of working and living with fire. It allows a perfect way of analyzing the wildfire risk also on the go since you already know beforehand which part of the landscape is a more risk prone area than another one. The figure on the right is an example from a research paper which was made available for me. It shows the different areas and also data visualisations made. In the reference list some can find the author and also resources to read more about it.
Fig. 93: Maps describing risk potential with Pods System by Christopher J Dunn et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 025001. Reprinted from Wildfire risk science facilitates adaptation of fire-prone social-ecological systems to the new fire reality. Foundation 89
During the creative process, a detailed look was taken on current wildland firefighting garments and also equipment. Critical parts of the uniform were identified and highlighted to indicate what components could be artifacts. The key elements have been broken down into the jacket, pants, shoes, backpack, communication harness, boots, and personal protection equipment [PPE]. For the project, the jacket and pants are the essential parts. Next to that, the communication harness and backpack. A decision was made not to focus on any PPE during the project since this would be an own task in itself. For further development, during the process, the different products were analyzed on functions. Special attention was put on finding functional zones like ventilation areas. During this time, various companies have been compared to see the varied range on the market. Ultimately one illustration has been made of all the different components.
Fig. 94-101: Uniform Parts. Photo by Various see reference list. 90 07 Concept
Seismic Clothing
Part of the creative process was also to identify different principal technologies that could advance the artifacts. For the soft robotic exoskeleton, multiple different concepts and solutions were studied. Of course, there are a lot of advancements made in this sector, which are for military use. Lockheed Martin is one company that has an example of a developed exoskeleton for the defense Harvard department. On the other hand, more and Univ. more companies are developing different supportive devices for warehouse workers and for rehabilitation. One new company was Seismic Clothing, which is designing a garment that adapts and supports older adults. It gives measures and supports each movement dialed to the help you need. The most interesting one was from Harvard University, which is using a pulley system to support the wearer, which was also an essential inspiration for my project. Same as before, it was necessary to note that it is not about making a fully functional product, so these parts were an inspiration to design what could be possible in five to ten years.
US Bionics Lockheed Martin
Fig. 102 - 105: Exoskeleton board. Photo by Various. Technology 91
Voxon Photonics
The same strategy happened for digital cartography. A scan of literature and concepts was made. Different companies and research institutions are pushing the boundaries of interaction currently. Very intriguing were ideas around volumetric displays. This was also most intriguing to experts during the prototyping phase. Due to the fact they are creating a volumetric Materiability representation of an object, it makes way more comprehensive and easy to understand. Voxon Photonics is here a leading company which is providing different solutions for volumetric displays. On the other hand, you have examples like Materiability, which is exploring electroactive polymers. They are shape- shifting their form depending on the electric current. And last, you have the MIT Media Lab, which has multiple different research projects regarding interfaces and interactions. Same as for the exoskeleton, it is relevant to remark that this scan of products is an inspiration for the artifacts and hint of what could be possible.
MIT Media Lab
Fig. 106-108: Interaction Board. Photo by Various. 92 93
08 FINAL RESULT 94 08 Final Result
IDENTITY
The final result is a first ever identity and uniform fully designed for fire workers, FireGuardians, supported with products and technology by Flir, which is the first company who is equipping them. This way the help to create the heros of our future. Identity EST. 2025 The identity is resembling the phoenix which is a sign for rebirth through fire. The yellow background is resembling on one side the rising sun on the other it is resembling a progressing future. This patch is from the first crew [CREW 01] of FireGuardians as it is embraided in the patch. This is the first identity and on the following pages the future tools for fireworkers, FireGuardians, are presented. With these tools and identity FireGuardians allow us to F CRE 01 IR W N live in symbiosis with wildland fires E IA and be part of the eco system again. G U D The uniform is an integral part of the A R FireGuardians and a completely new take on fire protective garments. It uses cutting edge garment fabrication technology. It is a suit consisting out of a shirt, pants, and jacket.
Fig. 110: FireGuardian Identity. Illustration by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 109: FireGuardian Patch Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Outcome 95
Fig. 111: FireGuardian Uniform. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 96 97
Durable Garment
Patch
FLIR FG HR
Breatheable Garment
Extra Reinforced Garment
Storage
Extra Reinforced Garment
Breatheable Garment
Durable Garment 98
collect
shred & mix
respin
knit & weave
Fig. 113-116: CMF Process. Photos by Various see Reference List for Detail Fig. 112: FireGuardian Uniform Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Identity 99
Durable
Breathable
CMF happens through collecting old The CMF behind the uniform and firefighting garments, shredding identity was crucial. It should not them, and mix the old fibers with new resemble war on fire and therefore ones to get the perfect protective have the same colors as todays ability. Yellow and green are two firefighters. Still it should include of the most commenly used colors the heritage of firefighting since for wildland firefighters. The green most FireGuardians are former resembles a deep connection to the wildland firefighters. To keep the forest and at the same time the yellow heritage, FireGuardians uniforms are is used as a warning color. After this, consisting partly out of old recycled the garments can be spun into the firefighting uniforms. This way they garments of FireGuardians. This bring their heritage into their new way, it also highlights the fact that profession. FireGuardians are an evolvement from firefighters and respect their Also, aramid fibers, which are past. mostly used to create fire-resistant garments, are not degradable. This Above, Fig. 117, is a sample piece. fact has to the effect they are taking The transition from top to bottom is a a heavy toll on the environment long gradient which is a breathable fabric term. Looking into the different fiber at the bottom and at the top is more producing companies, it was clear durable. that making completely new coats would have a significant adverse effect from a sustainable perspective. Nevertheless, the new uniform has to be fire protective; there is no way around that. So the final concept proposal for the CMF is not to give them one distinct color instead give them multiple ones. This color
Fig. 117: Fabric Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 100 101 102 08 Final Result
MONITORING
When FireGuardians are in the field to learn more about their environment and also about their health, the uniforms have an integrated monitoring device. FLIR FG HR The Flir FG HR is an integrated monitoring device for health data but also environmental data. It can be easily taken off in case a FireGuardian needs to change their shirt or for charging. On the right side, Fig. 120, is a picture of Elise with the uniform. The monitoring device is positioned right underneath the sternum. It tracks GPS, environment data, and health data. This leads to the fact that FireGuardians and forest ecologists can also learn from this data and use it for a better planning and managing forest eco systems.
Fig. 119: FLIR FG HR. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 118: FireGuardian Group. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG HR 103
Fig. 120: Elise with FLIR FG HR. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 104 105 106 08 Final Result
FIELD WORK
As mentioned before FireGuardians and support during working. The are spending most of their time cable which is connecting the thigh during the 5th season in the field. This part and shin part is covered with includes spending up to three weeks protective stretch garment to allow in the wilderness conducting large the system being used by different prescribed burns. Meaning, they body sizes. The center part, on the have to carry a lot of equipment and shin and thigh guard with the exposed supplies in the area they are working cable, is protected but also exposed in Mostly these areas are so remote for easy repair in the field. The cable that no vehicle can approach it. is covered in reinforced metal mesh. The batteries are meant to work up to FLIR FG SR Flir is supporting the FireGuardians one week due to the advancements in with the FG SR. A Soft robotic battery technology. Both batteries are exosuit. It utilizes the principles easy to remove and can be recharged of body mechanics to help support in the field through the help of FireGuardians carry heavy loads into technologies like thermoelectric the field so they can conduct their generators and solar energy from work without any problem. It consists companies like GoalZero. out of 4 structural pieces which are connected. On the back side you can see it has integrated Cobra buckles which allow for easy take on and off. The straps for the boots are utilizing the Boa fastening principle. All straps are made out of stretch material to allow the best fitting. They are also integrated to not get tangled with any brush during hiking. On the next page, Fig. 123, is a detail shot of the shin guard. The blue cable system must be loose to allow for the best movement
Fig. 121: FireGuardian hiking. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR 107
Fig. 122: FLIR FG SR. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 108 08 Final Result
Fig. 123: FLIR FG SR Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 109
Fig. 124: FLIR FG SR Front. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 110
Fig. 125: FLIR FG SR Back. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 111
Fig. 126: FLIR FG SR Battery. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 112 113 114 08 Final Result
ENVIRONMENT BASED PLANNING
The planning for the job of the FireGuardian is as important as conducting their work. FLIR FG DC A digital cartography which allows for better planning. It has the monitoring data integrated from Flir FR HR which was emntioned earlier. On the right, Fig. 129, you can see Darious wearing his radio communication harness, where FLIR FG DC can easily be mounted on. FLIR FG DC is a digital mapping device which allows FireGuardians to plan and conduct large scale prescribed burns. This devices makes it possible since it is combining all live data in one device. It uses volumetric imaging technologies. On the next page, Fig. 130, it is visualized, that when it is mounted on the communication harness from Darius it can be folded open halfway. This allows for easy checking during their work with out finding a surface.
Fig. 128: FLIR FG DC. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 127: FireGuardian Precsribed Burn. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG DC 115
Fig. 129: Darius with FLIR FG DC. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 116 08 Final Result
Fig. 130: FLIR FG DC Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 117
Fig. 131: FLIR FG DC unfolded. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 118 119
FireGuardian Crews
On / Off
Topography
PODs System
Fire Advancement
Navigation Gimball
Control Line
Fire Spread 120 08 Final Result
OVERVIEW
Identity FLIR FG HR This is the first identity fireworkers, FireGuardians, which FLIR FG HR is an monitoring device for health data but allows us to live in symbiosis with wildland fires and be also environmental data. It is integrated in the uniform part of the eco system again. which is a new take on fire protective garments.
Fig. 133: FireGuardian Patch Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 134: FireGuardian Uniform. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 132: FLIR FG DC Description. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Summary 121
FLIR FG SR FLIR FG DC FLIR FG SR is a soft robotic exosuit to help support FLIR FG DC is a map, which utilizes volumetric imaging FireGuardians carry heavy loads into the remote areas technologies, to allow FireGuardians to plan and conduct where not vehicle can access. large scale prescribed burns.
Fig. 135: FLIR FG SR Front. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fig. 136: FLIR FG DC Detail. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. 122 123
09 REFLECTION 124 09 Reflection
REFLECTION& CONCLUSION
For me, a project in my education is I have to say this also worked better process of creating the objects of my especially about learning new skills than imagined. To accomplish this, storylines, I used an iterative process and new methodologies. I started I switched more to a digital method of sketching and afterward moving in this project, thinking I would and created prompts in photoshop quickly into CAD software to try out design something for firefighters rather than physical mockups. The different concepts. This process was and helping them fight a wildfire. hardest part for me in the whole familiar to me, and I felt comfortable During my research, I quickly learned project was to keep in mind that I was with this process. I did not include that the “problem” lies in systemic creating a design fiction. Meaning any significant physical prototyping change and paradigm shift rather I created a future vision of how we because for this specific specific than continuing to fight wildfires. can live with wildfire, which leads design study, since it is a vision This finding was a turning point for to the fact that there are many project. me in the project. I actively decided pieces I could tackle for my project, Including sustainability into my not to go the conventional design and I had to always keep in mind project on a higher level than just route and try something new and that I can not design all of them. I thinking about specific products push myself one last time. I was continuously reminded myself that I or human-related issues was also very fortunate to get the support I am creating a vision, so my products a welcome surprise. I would have needed from my cooperation partner are representations of what it could never thought that in this project, and also the university to create a be and not the actual product. This I would work with the thinking design fiction and try visualizing a thinking established itself mostly about how humans relate to nature preferable future. I sometimes felt because I have never done a real and how we impose ourselves on it. lost in the process and doubting fiction project, and I usually am For me, sustainability is more than the decision I made. Thinking back focusing on the here and now in materials or how we live. For me, to those moments, I would say this projects, meaning I create products sustainability starts at the beginning was a feeling which comes naturally with design for manufacturing in of everything, which for me means at different stages in a project. I mind. This new process was also the nature and the earth itself. Including triggered these moments because most significant difference in my this perspective into my thesis made I used new ways of engaging and typical design process since I created it even better for me. probing ideas with people. I had artifacts that are a representation of Overlaying the goals and wishes I to think about a different strategy how it could look like and work but wrote at the start of the project with of testing ideas since most of my are not fully engineered or designed the result and feedback from my interview partners were in the US. for manufacturing. For the design cooperation partner, I think I fulfilled
Fig. 137: FireGuardian Group. Image by Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Review 125
most of them, at least from the graduation. I sadly did not fulfill two project and the outcome of it. I goals. I created one story of how wishes. I did not have time to tell pushed myself to try something new FireGuardians are working with multiple stories, and also I think I did and tackle a complex problem. The wildfire rather than fighting it. The not remove the fear from wildfires. process was sometimes scary, but result is a fiction piece, but it is still For creating various storylines, I did now I know that this kind of work graspable and has not entirely drifted not have the time, and I knew this of envisioning futures, pushing the into a science fiction vision. If I could happen at the beginning of the boundaries of social aspects, and created a platform for the impact, it project. Removing the fear was a bit complex high-level sustainability is hard to judge for me at this stage of a long shot from my side, I have aspects are topics I want to work because I have not fully published to admit. We, as humans, have an with in the future. One part which I the result, nor have I gotten feedback inherently ingrained fear from fire, so especially liked about my thesis was from people I talked to at the start I think I would need a lot of resources that I stepped out of my comfort zone of the project to the final result yet. and strategies to remove that. and tried something new, something I think I have accomplished two of I acknowledge that all the artifacts/ I have not done in the past. For me, my wishes. I showed my cooperation products I created for this project are my thesis project and the process partner the power of design fiction using current research and products behind it is a reflection of myself and world-building. I know for a which are either already on the as a designer, and that is one of the fact that they enjoyed the part of market or concepts from companies most significant accomplishments envisioning a future and how to as inspiration. The innovation of this project for me. I also think shape a world around it. They also in this project is not so much the this project made me a more holistic have gotten a lot of insights during product itself rather what they are industrial designer because I added the research phase for their typical enabling and how people use them in another layer to my expertise, day to day design work. Another the proposed story and future. The which is working with system- wish I think I accomplished in my innovation lies in the fact that we, as level innovation, systemic change, opinion is that this project will humans, are accepting nature as it is, high level problem-solving, and continue after my graduation. There and these artifacts are allowing us to sustainability. is so much opportunity to design do this. They are allowing us to create different products and interactions a sustainable future by putting us in the preferable future I created, back into the ecosystem rather than which makes me excited to continue removing us. working on different parts after my All in all, I am delighted with my 126 127
10 APPENDIX 128 10 Appendix
WORKSHOP PAMPHLET
Fig. 139: Workshop Pamphlet Front. Illustration by Elias Pfuner. 2020. REI presents: Women in Fire. Photo by REI. 2018 Fig. 138: The Thomas Fire, Ventura, CA. Photo by Kari Greer/ USFS. 2017. Detail 129
Fig. 140: Workshop Pamphlet Back. Illustration by Elias Pfuner. 2020. REI presents: Women in Fire. Photo by REI. 2018 130 10 Appendix
WEEK-BY-WEEK
January February March April May June 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
20 24 27 31 03 07 10 14 17 21 24 28 02 06 09 13 16 20 23 27 30 03 06 10 13 17 20 24 27 01 04 08 11 15 18 22 25 29 01 05
Immersion & Research Ideation & Validation Refinement Refinement Execution Packaging
UID20 Prep Week
Project Kicko Research Gateway Half-way Gateway Concept Gateway Exam Report Examination Rehearsal Day UID Design Talks 2020 Graduation Dinner Party Final Report Deadline
Flir Feedback Flir Visit Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback
Design & Ethics Design & Ethics Design & Ethics Tutoring Brief Tutoring Tutoring Tutoring Tutoring
Prep Prep Prep Prep Prepare Pres Pres Pres Pres 3min pitch
Report Report Report Report Report Report Report
Research Synthesis Analysis Ideation Validation Refinement Concept Validation Refinement Finalize Freeze Polish Preparation
Schedule and Conduct Schedule and Conduct Conduct Co-creation Possible US Trip for Visualize & Define Freeze Concept Direction Freeze Concept Direction Co-Create Implement Finalize Execute Interviews, Round 1 Interviews, Round 2 Workshops Validation Prototype Concept Umea Fire Station Umea Fire Station Co creation workshops in Umea and Meeting with firefighters to California Firefighers California Firefighers remotely to brainstorm, test out initial get feedback in California concepts, ideas
Interview Guide 1 Interview Guide 2 Visualize Ideas 3 Ideas Execute Direction Execute Direction Adjust Questions, Material, Questions, Material, Prototype, Sketch, Mockups Visualize Three CAD CAD Implement Feedback Equipment Equipment Directions
Interview 1 Synthesize Research Prepare Workshop Prototype Start CAD Validate Concept Finish CAD Firefighter T.L. Mapping, User Journey Presentation, Material, Foam, Cardboard, Mockup, Sketching Mockups, Questionaire Design Freeze by week 17 Questions VR/AR, Electronics
Interview 2 Define Opportunities Define Deliverables Visualize Speech Interview J.L. Visualize First Ideas, Identify Plan out visuals, prototypes, Rendering, Animation, Visual, Graphics Visuals Problems user journies, movies, video, etc.
Interview Christer Summarize Research Summarize Ideation Visual Umea Fire Video, Graphics, Bullet Points Video, Graphics, Bullet Points Video, Slides
Plan Validation Plan Validation Get Confirmations, Tickets? Presentation, Material, Questions
Immersion & Research Ideation & Validation Refinement Refinement Execution Packaging Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: - Focus on Research - Generate three direction - Define Concept - Refine Concept - Visualise - Identify relevant areas - Validate directions - Almost Finish CAD - Finish CAD - Exhibition - Build realationship with target group - Identify possible final direction - Validate Concept - Finish Visualisation - Compelling Speech - Generate first rough possible ideas - Prototype - Plan Examination - Think about UID Talks presentation - Video Timetable 131
January February March April May June 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
20 24 27 31 03 07 10 14 17 21 24 28 02 06 09 13 16 20 23 27 30 03 06 10 13 17 20 24 27 01 04 08 11 15 18 22 25 29 01 05
Immersion & Research Ideation & Validation Refinement Refinement Execution Packaging
UID20 Prep Week
Project Kicko Research Gateway Half-way Gateway Concept Gateway Exam Report Examination Rehearsal Day UID Design Talks 2020 Graduation Dinner Party Final Report Deadline
Flir Feedback Flir Visit Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback Flir Feedback
Design & Ethics Design & Ethics Design & Ethics Tutoring Brief Tutoring Tutoring Tutoring Tutoring
Prep Prep Prep Prep Prepare Pres Pres Pres Pres 3min pitch
Report Report Report Report Report Report Report
Research Synthesis Analysis Ideation Validation Refinement Concept Validation Refinement Finalize Freeze Polish Preparation
Schedule and Conduct Schedule and Conduct Conduct Co-creation Possible US Trip for Visualize & Define Freeze Concept Direction Freeze Concept Direction Co-Create Implement Finalize Execute Interviews, Round 1 Interviews, Round 2 Workshops Validation Prototype Concept Umea Fire Station Umea Fire Station Co creation workshops in Umea and Meeting with firefighters to California Firefighers California Firefighers remotely to brainstorm, test out initial get feedback in California concepts, ideas
Interview Guide 1 Interview Guide 2 Visualize Ideas 3 Ideas Execute Direction Execute Direction Adjust Questions, Material, Questions, Material, Prototype, Sketch, Mockups Visualize Three CAD CAD Implement Feedback Equipment Equipment Directions
Interview 1 Synthesize Research Prepare Workshop Prototype Start CAD Validate Concept Finish CAD Firefighter T.L. Mapping, User Journey Presentation, Material, Foam, Cardboard, Mockup, Sketching Mockups, Questionaire Design Freeze by week 17 Questions VR/AR, Electronics
Interview 2 Define Opportunities Define Deliverables Visualize Speech Interview J.L. Visualize First Ideas, Identify Plan out visuals, prototypes, Rendering, Animation, Visual, Graphics Visuals Problems user journies, movies, video, etc.
Interview Christer Summarize Research Summarize Ideation Visual Umea Fire Video, Graphics, Bullet Points Video, Graphics, Bullet Points Video, Slides
Plan Validation Plan Validation Get Confirmations, Tickets? Presentation, Material, Questions
Immersion & Research Ideation & Validation Refinement Refinement Execution Packaging Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: Deliverable: - Focus on Research - Generate three direction - Define Concept - Refine Concept - Visualise - Identify relevant areas - Validate directions - Almost Finish CAD - Finish CAD - Exhibition - Build realationship with target group - Identify possible final direction - Validate Concept - Finish Visualisation - Compelling Speech - Generate first rough possible ideas - Prototype - Plan Examination - Think about UID Talks presentation - Video 132 10 Appendix
CITATION
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Jolly et al. 2015. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat Commun 6, 7537. https:// doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537 (Accessed 2020-02-10). Turco et al. 2018. Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non- stationary climate-fire models. Nat Commun 9, 3821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z (Accessed 2020- 02-10). Dunne, A. , Raby, F. 2013. Speculate Everything: design, fiction and social dreaming. Massachusetts: MIT Press Coleman, R. , Dargan, K. 2013. Wildfire: Past, Present and Future - Why traditional solutions to combat wildfires are losing effectiveness and what can be done. https://www.sfpe.org/page/2010_Q3_2/Wildfire-Past-Present-and-Future. htm (Accessed 2020-01-15) Radeloff et al. 2018. Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314 (Accessed 2020-01-15) Calkin, D., Cohen, J., Finney, M., Thompson, M. 2013. How risk management can prevent future wildfire disasters in the wildland-urban interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1315088111 (Accessed 2020-01-15) National Geographic. 2019. Controlled Burning. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/controlled-burning/ (Accessed 2019-02-10).
134 10 Appendix
FIGURES
Figure 1: NASA Landsat Image Gallery. 2018. Camp Fire Rages in California [Photography]. https://eoimages.gsfc. nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/144000/144225/campfire_oli_2018312_crop_lrg.jpg (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 2: Mike Lewelling, National Park Service. Alder Fire in Yellowstone National Park [Photography] https://flickr. com/photos/npsclimatechange/14503287131/in/photolist-o6B8YF-2gW1Xcr-B4huWN-oY5g6v-2bEQXXW-WQzJGT- 6GxCQX-6GxBjt-XdDyfD-5YD4Wq-x75uR8-5YyPyp-gf5rg-6WE5JD-W88YLh-e2eC1d-8Ar2nA-kZxVQ-9MxPUs-9Mv2jV- 8jVvsK-CzoATy-9Mv2dc-2cMyGUG-dnFpXc-oy7fpL-owfE85-oyhy9V-9thZ1t-9tkWR3-6BchoH-9tkWFE-9KjVh2- 2cMyJKf-wDPAxc-29Nuqmj-f7vAaH-6Ps6GU-6PoQ7x-9MxPR1-6Ps6G5-6VQxQ4-ce4s89-6Ps8mb-2cMyHXU-6Ps6Fu- YZ62Um-28YU2HQ-83Uetr-AxU6z9 [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 3: Wikipedia. 2014. Flag of Sweden [Illustration]. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_ Sweden.svg (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 4: Wikipedia. 2018. Flag of California [Illustration]. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_ of_California.svg (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 5: FLIR. n.d.. FIreman K2 Cmaera [Photography]. https://www.flir.com/globalassets/press-kits/top-products/ flir-k2/flir_k2_fireman_13-1.jpg (Accessed 2020-02-15). Figure 6: FLIR. n.d. FLIR Logo [Illustration]. https://www.flirmedia.com/campaign/flir-brand/flir-logo.html (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 7: Umeå Kommun. n.d. Logotyp [Illustration].https://www.umea.se/umeakommun/kommunochpolitik/ pressochinformationsmaterial/grafiskprofil/logotyper.4.1a076b78142b1f0d54a1d3e.html (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 8: Umeå University. n.d. Umeå Institute of Design Logo [Photography]. https://unsplash.com/photos/V6e2PJf6mxU (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 9: Filippos Sdralias. 2018. Unnamed [Photography]. https://unsplash.com/photos/V6e2PJf6mxU (Accessed 2020-01-15). Figure 10: Kari Greer, US Forest Service. 2016. Crown Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/28431969917/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 11: Photographer unknown, US Forest Service. 2013. Surface Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/28431969917/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 12: NASA Earth Observatory. 2018. Smoke Plumes Tower Over California. [Photography] https://flickr.com/ photos/gsfc/30098513638/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 13: Glacier NPS. 2018. Regrowth after the 2017 Sprague Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ glaciernps/43406521695/in/album-72157659212705340/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 14: Kari Greer, US Forest Service. 2018. A Tahoe Hotshot using a drip torch during a burn operation around Camp One. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/43966661341/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 15: US Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region 5. 2010. Helitorch. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usfsregion5/4256813717/[Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 16: Josh O’Connor, USFWS. 2009. James Griffin - Florida Panther NWR burns a prairie at Florida Panther. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/usfwssoutheast/4971830074/[Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 17: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. The Fire Triangle. [Illustration] Figure 18: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. The Behavior Triangle. [Illustration] Figure 19: Cecilio Ricardo, USFS. 2018. Toys and house items that survived the Carr Fire in Redding California. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/42788587180/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 20: Kirsten Honig, USFS. 2016. Lava Mountain Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/42396563515/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 21: Kirsten Honig, USFS. 2016. Lava Mountain Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/29431133108/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] References 135
Figure 22: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Silver City Hotshots - Taylor Creek and Klondike Fires. [Photography] https://flickr. com/photos/usforestservice/29097028397/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 23: J.M. Eddins Jr., US Air Force. 2017. A C-130J Hercules. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/40144797230/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 24: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Helicopters dropping water - Taylor Creek and Klondike Fires. [Photography] https:// flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/29118318677/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 25: Lance Cheung, USFS. 2016. Smith River Hotshot Forestry Technicians. [Photography] https://flickr.com/ photos/usforestservice/36609167825/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 26: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Cal Fire Dozer - Ferguson Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/42145051980/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 27: Cole Barash, USFS. 2017. Smokejumpers at base - Redmond, OR. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/26971992349/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 28: Unknown, USFS. 2017. Engine Crew - Thomas Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/25268190838/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 29: USFS. 2016. Structure Prep. - Pioneer Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/107640324@ N05/28862482551/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 30: Kevin Schultz. 2013. “Defensible Space is Sensible Space”. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ schultkl/9198400554/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 31: Jesse Juchtzer, Desert Research Institute. 2019. Drone takes off to sample smoke. [Photography] https:// flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/48323812381/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 32: Jeff Schmaltz LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC. 2017. Satllite visulasizes Wildfire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/gsfc/38877780771/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 33: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Sierra Hotshots Captain directing crew members. [Photography] https://flickr.com/ photos/usforestservice/31709553740/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 34: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Wildland Firefighter - McLeod Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/31709553740/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 35: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Wildland Firefighter - McLeod Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/31709553740/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 36: KLance Cheung, USFS. 2016. USDA Scientist. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/45923164272/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-18] Figure 37: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Local-Global-Insights. [Illustration] Figure 38: Henry Dixon, Unspalsh. 2019. Unnamed. [Photography] https://unsplash.com/photos/-oMmWwh6fkg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 39: Cecilio Ricardo, USFS. 2018. A burnt down house in the foreground, while two houses in the back were untouched by the Carr Fire in Redding California. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/44548853162/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 40: Elias T. Pfuner after Calkin, D. Cohen, J. Finney, M. Thompson, M. 2013. 2020. WUI Disaster Sequence. [Illustration] Figure 41: Peter Buschmann, USFS. 2018. The Woolsey Fire. [Photograph] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/45923164272/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 42: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Wildfire Pardigm Shift. [Illustration] Figure 43: Elias T. Pfuner after Dunne, A. Raby, F.. 2013. 2020. PPPP. [Illustration] Figure 44: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. From Artefact to Idea. [Illustration] Figure 45: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Ideation Workshop. [Photograph] Figure 46-48: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Ideation Workshop. [Photograph] 136
Figure 49-50: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Ideation Workshop. [Photograph] Figure 51: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Allowing Wildfire. [Illustration] Figure 52-54: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Wildfire as a Stakeholder. [Illustration] Figure 55: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. From Anthropocene to Symbiocene. [Illustration] Figure 56: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. News 1. Photo: Henry Dixon, Unspalsh. 2019. Unnamed. [Photography] https:// unsplash.com/photos/-oMmWwh6fkg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 57: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. News 2. Photo: Kari Greer, US Forest Service. 2018. A Tahoe Hotshot using a drip torch during a burn operation around Camp One. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/43966661341/in/ album-72157674964330963/[Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 58: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. News 3. Photo: David Kosling USDA. 2012. Kelsey Chaloupka, North Haines Volunteer Fire Dept. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/41233490774/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 59: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Sketching. [Photograph] Figure 60: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Pamphlet. [Illustration] Figure 61 - 63: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Prototyping Workshop. [Photograph] Figure 64: SOSV. Nuada EXOSKELETON GLOVE. [Photography] https://res.cloudinary.com/hlsr7ls49/image/upload/ v1525218021/k8fmofxttkohzlif28yv.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Futuristic Holographic Terrain environment. [Illustration] https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/futuristic-holographic- terrain-environment-futuristic-holographic-terrain-environment-geomorphology-topography-digital-data-151484523. jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Kari Greer. 2018. Task Force Leader Jason Thivener giving direction on a tablet. [Illustration] hhttps://www.flickr.com/ photos/usforestservice/43126062775/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 65: Kari Greer, USFS. 2018. Silver City Hotshots - Taylor Creek and Klondike Fires. [Photography] https://flickr. com/photos/usforestservice/29097028397/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Kari Greer, USFS. 2017. Thomas Fire, Ventura, CA. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/39136748892/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Photographer unknown, US Forest Service. 2013. Surface Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/28431969917/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Boston Dynamics. Big Dog. [Photography] https://www.bostondynamics.com/sites/default/files/2019-09/bigdog-with- load-white_0.png [Accessed 2020-01-18] Boston Dynamics. Spot. [Photography] https://sparmsdc-static.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2019/11/SPAR-IMG- 2019-11-27-spot-trimbel.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Boston Dynamics. Spot. [Photography] https://www.bostondynamics.com/spot [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 66: Photographer unknown, US Forest Service. 2013. Surface Fire. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/28431969917/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Mark Thiessen. 2015. Mayson Lisonbee. [Photography] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/ proof/2015/08/20/firefighters/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Mojo Vision. AR contact lenses. [Photography] https://static.designboom.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/smart- contact-lenses-ar-designboom-1.jpg [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 67: Seismic Clothing. Seismic Clothing. [Photography] https://exoskeletonreport.com/2019/01/seismic- powered-clothing-a-consumer-wellness-experience/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Lockheed Martin. Exoskeleton. [Photography] https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/mfc/ photo/exoskeleton-technologies/mfc-k-srd-1-h-2.jpg.pc-adaptive.1920.medium.jpg [Accessed 2020-02-19] Kari Greer, USFS. 2016. The Pioneer Fire. [Photography] https://www.flickr.com/photos/usforestservice/42399030125/ in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-02-19] Art.Lebedev. Exoatlet Exoskeleton. [Photography] https://www.artlebedev.com/exoatlet/exoatlet-side.jpg [Accessed 2020-02-19]
Figure 68: Marcel G. A. van der Heijden 2016 Vol. 352, Issue 6283, pp. 290-291. Mycorrhizal Network. Reprinted from Underground Network. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/352/6283/290/F2.large. jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1 [Accessed 2020-01-18] UntamedScience. Mycorrhizal Network. [Photography] https://untamedscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ myco.jpg [Accessed 2020-02-19] Art.Lebedev. Exoatlet Exoskeleton. [Photography] https://www.artlebedev.com/exoatlet/exoatlet-side.jpg [Accessed 2020-02-19] 137
Figure 68 continued: Lance Cheung, USDA. 2016. Fire Ecologist Alicia Reiner. [Photography] https://www.flickr.com/ photos/usdagov/29379842556/in/photolist-LLcnBA-2ioGEBo-LEmvda-2ioGEYa-LEmwrx-25FNBP8-LMndJi-LkUCp3- ZVf88E-LGbXqD-LMn8HX-LEmxmi-LBNY6W-KS6uks-LnMxR7-ZVf84G-LMmX1p-WSMnP4-HHMSdp-HHRpEh-ZVf9cy- UFssZ1-djKLRY-ZVf87h-ZVf8E1-ZVf8ss-29cjP8c-ZVf88Q-LkUE7m-LEmtZZ-LEmsE4-XFVhNA-se2cEg-JbFA9H- 2gvcHLs-Y4iBT3-2gMb1Kk-2gMaYxE-eaPFPG-eaPEQm-ioCwP9-29cjNSn-ZVf8T7-6F6qJf-e6BJwC-29cjN7V-ZVf8fJ- 29cjNrc-Ldd3hD-29cjP3c [Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 69: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Three Stages. [Illustration] Figure 70: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Keysketch. [Illustration] Figure 71: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Creating a World. [Illustration] Figure 72 - 74: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Creative Process 1 - 3. [Photograph] Figure 75 - 80: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Creative Process 4 - 9. [Photograph] Figure 81: Festo. Festo Powergripper. [Photography] https://www.festo.com/net/SupportPortal/Images/ document_71306_4.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 82: DesignListicle. Cake Kalk. [Photography] https://www.designlisticle.com/cake-kalk-bike-a-light-off-road- performance-and-innovation-bike/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 83: Core77. Apple Monitor Stand Detail. [Photography] https://s3files.core77.com/blog/ images/932774_81_88726_FdHDpfA2v.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 84: Sydney Hardy. 2017. ELIS. [Photography] https://www.instagram.com/p/BT3VzunDlSJ/ [Accessed 2020- 01-18] Figure 85: Garmin. Garmin InReach mini. [Photography] https://static.garmincdn.com/en/products/010-01879-01/v/ cf-lg-f49db9f7-705e-43cd-9b1c-3035895727ba.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 86: goTenna. goTenna PRO-X [Photography] https://scontent.fume1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0- 9/100812601_2311522815809487_3472078878078402560_o.jpg?_nc_cat=101&_nc_sid=2c4854&_nc_ ohc=dA0EKPwjXRgAX9YwgBk&_nc_ht=scontent.fume1-1.fna&oh=d2ff98b2baff6ffff8caf5661741ff8c&oe=5F0751EB [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 87: Janis Sne. Synthesis/Prototype 04. [Image] https://d2kq0urxkarztv.cloudfront. net/5af600f7c420c7007d69f616/1057313/upload-2adbba8d-49c7-43bc-9865-ef7374a7a8b5.jpg?w=1310&e=webp [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 88: Tobias Birk Nielsen. ISO.POETISM by Tobias Birk Nielsen FW20. [Image] https://image-cdn.hypb.st/ https%3A%2F%2Fhypebeast.com%2Fimage%2F2020%2F02%2Fiso-poetism-tobias-birk-nielsen-fall-winter-2020- collection-31.jpg?q=90&w=1400&cbr=1&fit=max [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 89: Nike. NikeLac ACG Women Cargo Pant. [Image] https://i.pinimg.com/564x/dc/7f/46/ dc7f46eb6b8f103cae1a1771aaffb772.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 90: Pattern Fabric. [Image] https://i.pinimg.com/564x/3b/03/f3/3b03f37004e88d92783b8629bd5ca3e9.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 91: Half Jacket Black. [Image] https://seriouswapanese.com/post/187172450580 [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 92: Nike. Nike Gyakusou Jacket 2018. [Image] https://i.pinimg.com/564x/07/a4/ e4/07a4e421046c64db26f3900f37ad963e.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18]
Figure 93: Christopher J Dunn et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 025001. Maps describing risk potential with Pods System. Reprinted from Wildfire risk science facilitates adaptation of fire-prone social-ecological systems to the new fire reality. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6498#erlab6498f2 [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 94: Vimpex. R7H Helmet. [Image] https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/_nIegBQANmwZUC4GLaN4- AFcKB_DYQuB3cY2Wg8EHqHi7FldG_06hbUF-m3kABH2Z8Esr8VCtMwXTH_JTIbhbdEUs3_NuqdEU71Cdpsx [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 95: North Ridge Fire Equipment. Hotshield HS 2. [Image] https://cdn.shoplightspeed.com/shops/622638/ files/11723434/hot-shield-usa-hot-shield-hs-2-wildland-firefighte.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 96: Vallfirest. Wildland Firefighter Jacket. [Image] http://shop.vallfirest.com/38-2171-thickbox/firefighter-jacket. jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 97: National Wildland Firefighter. Wildland NFPA 5002F Gauntlet Proximity Gloves. [Image] http://www. wildlandfirefighter.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/173/2016/06/5002F_Back-hires.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 98: Aussie Storm Shop. 102L Wildland Firefighting Trousers. [Image] https://www.aussiestormshop.com.au/ assets/full/T540_102L.png?20191127163401 [Accessed 2020-01-18] 138
Figure 99: LaSportiva. Glacier WLF. [Image] https://lcdn.sportiva.com/pub/media/catalog/product/ cache/85aaf6b7fae7099299cfca62d95aac7e/1/1/11c_tan_glacierwlf_1_6_7.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 100: Linegear. Coaxsher Operator Backpack. [Image] https://www.linegear.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ Operator_BLK_TAN_1024.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 101: Coaxsher. DR-1 Commander dual radio chest harness. [Image] https://esowltia.sirv.com/Spins/RP201/ RP201-01-04.jpg?scale.option=fill&scale.width=3000 [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 102: Seismic Powered Clothing. [Photograph] https://i.pinimg.com/564x/89 ba/3f/89ba3fc143013ce2926ce987998c47c2.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 103: Fred Merz. SoftWearable Exosuit, Harvard Univ. [Photograph] https://www.braceworks.ca/wp-content/ uploads/2016/11/conner-walsh-description-rolex-awards-2016-cover.png [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 104: U.S. Bionics. suitX. [Photograph] https://media2.s-nbcnews.com/j/newscms/2017_07/1906431/170217- exoskeleton-mn-1810_4dd2c55b55e6a2f68a53ba767777cf04.fit-2000w.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 105: Lockheed Martin. Exoskeleton. [Photograph] https://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed- martin/mfc/photo/exoskeleton-technologies/mfc-k-srd-2-h-2.jpg.pc-adaptive.768.medium.jpg [Accessed 2020-01- 18] Figure 106: Voxon VX1. [Image] https://theawesomer.com/photos/2017/09/voxon_vx1_display_2.jpg [Accessed 2020- 01-18] Figure 107: Materiability. Electroactive Polymers. [Image] http://materiability.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/m_ SHAPESHIFT_PROTOTYPE_15.jpg [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 108: Stanford University School of Engineering. Sean Follmer: Designing computers that let us think with our hands. [Image] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6aUeOw7ESs [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 109: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Patch Detail. [Image] Figure 110: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Identity. [Illustration] Figure 111: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Uniform. [Image] Figure 112: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Uniform Detail. [Image] Figure 113: © chalerpr / Adobe Stock. yellow uniform of firefighter. [Photograph] https://stock.adobe.com/images/ yellow-uniform-of-firefighter/171135486 [Accessed 2020-04-12] Figure 114: © Sondem / Adobe Stock. Fabric scraps, old clothing and textiles are cut into strips waiting for recycle. [Photograph] https://stock.adobe.com/images/fabric-scraps-old-clothing-and-textiles-are-cut-into-strips-waiting-for- recycle/254213087 [Accessed 2020-04-12] Figure 115: © Hakan Tanak / Adobe Stock. Group of bobbin thread cones on a warping machine in a textile mill. [Photograph] https://stock.adobe.com/images/group-of-bobbin-thread-cones-on-a-warping-machine-in-a- textile-mill-yarn-ball-making-in-a-textile-factory-textile-industry-yarn-spools-on-spinning-machine-in-a-textile- factory/247144690 [Accessed 2020-04-12] Figure 116: © Prin / Adobe Stock. Loom weaving colors threads : Closeup. [Photograph] https://stock.adobe.com/ images/loom-weaving-colors-threads-closeup/143023556 [Accessed 2020-04-12] Figure 117: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Fabric Detail. [Image] Figure 118: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Group. [Image] Figure 119: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG HR Detail. [Image] Figure 120: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Elise with FLIR FG HR Detail. [Image] Figure 121: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Hiking. [Image] Figure 122: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR. [Image] Figure 123: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR Detail. [Image] Figure 124: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR Front. [Image] Figure 125: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR Back. [Image] Figure 126: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR Battery. [Image] Figure 127: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Prescribed Burn. [Image]. Josh O’Connor, USFWS. 2009. James Griffin - Florida Panther NWR burns a prairie at Florida Panther. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usfwssoutheast/4971830074/[Accessed 2020-02-19] Figure 128: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG DC. [Image] 139
Figure 129: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Darius with FLIR FG DC. [Image] Figure 130: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG DC Detail. [Image] Figure 131: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG DC Unfolded. [Image] Figure 132: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG DC Description. [Image] Figure 133: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Patch Detail. [Image] Figure 134: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Uniform. [Image] Figure 135: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FLIR FG SR Front. [Image] Figure 136: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Darius with FLIR FG DC. [Image] Figure 137: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. FireGuardian Group. [Image] Figure 138: Kari Greer, USFS. 2017. Thomas Fire, Ventura, CA. [Photography] https://flickr.com/photos/ usforestservice/39136748892/in/album-72157674964330963/ [Accessed 2020-01-18] Figure 139: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Workshop Pamphlet Front. [Illustration] REI. 2018. REI presents: Women in Fire. [Photography] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnzMdzmlYuo [Accessed 2020-03-04] Figure 140: Elias T. Pfuner. 2020. Workshop Pamphlet Back. [Illustration] REI. 2018. REI presents: Women in Fire. [Photography] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnzMdzmlYuo [Accessed 2020-03-04]