Essays on Current Issues in Community Sport in Canada
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The Sport We Want Essays on current issues in community sport in Canada SPORT © Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport, July 2003 Photo credits: Cover, pp. 52, 104, CAAWS – Marlene Hielema Photography p. 81, Alexander McKenzie Cunningham / National Archives of Canada p. 100, BC Wheelchair Sports p., 108, Dartmouth Whalers Minor Hockey Association p. 114, Dynamic Opportunities for Youth p. 119, Kugluktuk High School Athletic Association Aussi disponsible en français Table of Contents Author Profiles 2 Summaries 4 Realizing the Expectations: 25 Youth, Character, and Community in Canadian Sport By Peter Donnelly and Bruce Kidd Community Sport, Community Choice: 45 The Ethical Challenges of Community Sport By Robert Butcher and Angela Schneider Understanding the Nature of Ethics, 59 Values, and Purposes of Business, Health Care and Law: Implications and Applications for Community Sport by David Cruise Malloy The Changing Face of Sport: 80 From Hometown Heroes to Supermen and Superwomen by Stephen Brunt Watching the Pros vs. Playing the Game: 88 How Sports Coverage Affects Community-level Athletes by Romayne Smith Fullerton Best Practices in Sport: A Vehicle for 102 Positive Values and Ethical Conduct? by Sylvie Turner, Denis Brown, André Buist, Michel Fafard, and Claude Goulet Regional Consultation Report for 126 The Sport We Want Symposium The Sport We Want 1 Author Profiles STEPHEN BRUNT is an award-winning Globe & Mail sports writer and commentator. His 1988 series on negligence and corruption in boxing won him the Michener award for public service journalism. Mr. Brunt has published four books about sport, most recently Facing Ali: The Opposition Weighs In (2002), called “a remarkable examination of the nature of celebrity in popular culture.” He recently wrote the narration for The Last Round (2003), a National Film Board documentary of the 1966 Ali-Chuvalo fight, dubbed “the Battle of Toronto.” He can also be seen on television, most frequently as part of TSN’s “The Reporters” and TVO’s “Studio 2”. He was born in Hamilton, Ontario, where he lives now with his wife, Jeanie MacFarlane, and three children. ROBERT B. BUTCHER received his Ph.D. in Philosophy (Ethics) from the University of Western Ontario in 1992. As a principal of Foundations Inc., he provides consulting expertise on ethics and values to sport and health organizations such as the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport and the London Health Sciences Centre. Dr. Butcher taught ethics and philosophy at the University of Western Ontario for fifteen years. His publications include scholarly and practical articles on medical and health ethics, ethics in sport, doping, a textbook on police ethics and numerous articles on ethics for the popular press. Dr. Butcher coaches soccer to nine-year-olds and spends endless hours watching tyke hockey which is a passionate pursuit for his three young sons. PETER DONNELLY, Ph.D. (University of Massachusetts), is Director of the Centre for Sport Policy Studies, and a Professor in the Faculty of Physical Education and Health at the University of Toronto. He moved to Canada in 1976 from England via the United States. His research interests include sport politics and policy issues (including the area of children’s rights in sport), sport subcultures, and the history of mountaineering. He has published numerous scholarly articles on those and other topics. Recent books include: Taking Sport Seriously: Social Issues in Canadian Sport (1997; 2nd edition, 2000), and Inside Sports (with Jay Coakley, 1999). His current sporting interests include rock climbing / mountaineering (continually proving the inverse relationship between age and risk taking), hiking and skiing; he is a novice golfer, and is now enjoying life as an ‘empty nester’. BRUCE KIDD, Ph.D. (York University), is Dean of the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Physical Education and Health. As Canada's premier middle-distance runner in the 1960’s, Dr. Kidd was elected to the Sports Hall of Fame in 1968. He soon turned his attention to activism, campaigning against apartheid and for athletes’ rights. He is a strong supporter of the Olympic movement, educating and encouraging youth to get involved. Dr. Kidd has published three books, including The Struggle for Canadian Sport (1996). He has written extensively about the history and politics of sport, both for scholarly publications and for many of Canada’s major newspapers and magazines. The Bruce Kidd Award is presented annually at the Canadian Sport Awards to a senior national team athlete who has demonstrated athletic excellence and ethical leadership on and off the playing field. 2 DAVID CRUISE MALLOY, Ph.D., is a full professor of Ethics and Philosophy in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies and the Assistant Dean in the Faculty of Graduate Studies & Research at the University of Regina. His research and teaching focuses upon applied ethics and philosophy in administrative, health, and sport contexts. His interests include ethical decision-making, codes of ethics, personhood, and ethical climate/culture. Both the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Canadian Institute for Health Research fund his research. In addition to numerous published articles and international presentations, Dr. Malloy is the co-author of Sport Ethics: Concepts and Cases and Biomedical Ethics for Health Care Professionals. He is the chair of Ethics and Values for the Commonwealth Games Canada. He lives in Regina with his wife Valerie and their children Connor, Gaelan, Bronwen, and Brigid. ANGELA J. SCHNEIDER received her Ph.D. in Philosophy (Ethics) in 1993, writing her thesis on doping in sport. She is an Associate Professor and former Assistant Dean, Ethics and Equity, in the Faculty of Health Sciences, cross-appointed to the Centre for Women’s Studies and Feminist Research at the University of Western Ontario. She teaches, researches and writes on ethics in sport and gender issues in sport. Dr. Schneider is a member of the Research Ethics Review Board and a member of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario. She is a past President of the International Association of the Philosophy of Sport. Dr. Schneider competed in the 1984 Olympics (Rowing) for Canada, winning a silver medal. She and her husband, Dr. Robert Butcher, are the parents of four children: Emma 17, Rupert 10, Zachariah 8, and Loughran 7. ROMAYNE SMITH FULLERTON, Ph.D. (University of Western Ontario), is an Assistant Professor of Journalism at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. With an academic and professional background in journalism, Dr. Smith Fullerton is involved in teaching and research related to print journalism, journalism ethics and media representations of women. She teaches a variety of courses that explore the function, role, influence, and impact of the media on our everyday lives. At present, she is editing a journalism ethics book that focuses on how Canadian newsrooms make decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas. The topics range from invasion of privacy to public journalism to diversity of voices in the Canadian media. Away from the academic world, Dr. Smith Fullerton, her husband Greg and their six- year-old son Aidan pursue their family interest in all things equine. SYLVIE TURNER has many connections to the world of sport. Having practiced a number of team and individual sports at both the recreational and elite level (basketball), Ms. Turner also has experience as a coach and fitness instructor. Her 18 years of experience in sport and leisure have most recently been focused on issues of safety and integrity with the Québec government’s Direction de la promotion de la sécurité (DPS), where she is responsible for the sport ethics portfolio. For over 15 years the DPS, a department of the Secrétariat au loisir et au sport (SLS), has led the promotion of fair play, supported new models of practice, and become increasingly involved in the prevention of doping, abuse and harassment in the sporting world. Through the DPS’s initiative, an action plan for ethical sport is about to be unveiled in Quebec. The Sport We Want 3 Summaries for continuing with sports and physical activity as they age. Condensed from Realizing the Helps children become more effective learners. In a high Expectations: Youth, Character, school setting, increased physical education and Community in Canadian Sport time is linked to higher educational aspirations By Peter Donnelly, Ph.D. and Bruce Kidd, Ph.D., and achievement, especially for disadvantaged Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University groups. Athletic participation makes students of Toronto more productive, more motivated and better Canadians hold high expectations for sport, organized. Participation in sport reduces the and the contributions sport can make to the risk of dropping out at the secondary level, development of children and communities. which lowers the related costs to Canadian These expectations drive the enormous society of lost taxes, welfare and other social investment we make to sport. Yet many services. Canadians also fear that sport does not always Reduces smoking, drug use, unwanted pregnancy, and achieve its full potential, and few governments delinquent behaviour. Sport provides youth with make sport a significant priority. important leadership opportunities, contributes to a sense of community, and The Potential of Sport encourages self-discipline. Canadians state their confidence in the potential of sport in everyday conversations, Enhances other values of citizenship. Athletes take public assemblies, and letters to the editor. on the role of community representative, Participants recount the joys of effort and learning selfless responsibility. Travel can accomplishment, the emotional dramas of teach about other traditions, and the ethic of competition, lifelong friendships, and the fair play teaches respect for others. adventures and learning of travel. Parents Has a positive effect on psychological health. Sport describe the transformations that sports improves kids’ self-esteem and reduces enable in children.