THE KEY OF MARITIME DECISIONS MAKING
www.pushidrosal.id “DI LAUT TERSIMPAN HARAPAN, DI LAUT TERSIMPAN KEJAYAAN, JALESVEVA JAYAMAHE” PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IR. JOKO WIDODO, 2016
INDONESIA JURISDICTION
With the very large of Indonesian waters it is the great challenges of Pushidrosal as a national hydrographic institution to provide accurate and up- to-date marine spatial data that contains hydrographic information that is not only to support navigation and shipping, but also to the potential greater support for national maritime policies and greater benefits for the nation and state.
“Hydrography is much more than just nautical charts, it is a Principal key of economic gate and the spearhead of national maritime defence”
(Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro) PREFACE In the development of the maritime sector in national, regional or international level, the role of hydrographic institutions is a must. As it has been stated by international hydrographic community that without hydrography, there is no ship sails safely, no port is built, no coastal infrastructure is developed, no marine environmental plan is implemented, no coast or island is defended, no marine rescue is attempted, no inundation model is developed, no maritime boundary is delimited or enforced.
Historically, Pushidrosal as a hydrographic service that have passed so many decades and mature has a very important role in the development of the maritime sector in Indonesia with its essential contribution to the safety of shipping, defence, and diplomacy especially REAR ADMIRAL on establishing national maritime boundaries and Dr. Harjo Susmoro delimitation with the other neighbouring countries. But with the all-digital era and fast-paced demand and CHIEF HYDROGRAFER the need for electronic charts continues to grow at this time, hydrographic products and services must be available quickly in digital form and can be developed into derivative products according to their interests. Therefore, Pushidrosal continuously develop and enhance its capacity in the domain of hydrographic survey, nautical charting and maritime safety information to have a good quality and well-managed hydrographic data that is available and can be easily accessed by multi- users.
With the very large of Indonesian waters it is the great challenges of Pushidrosal as a national hydrographic institution to provide accurate and up-to-date marine spatial data that contains hydrographic information that is not only to support navigation and shipping, but also to the potential greater support for national maritime policies and greater benefits for the nation and state. In other simple words, we can say that hydrography is much more than just nautical chart, hydrography is the key of economic gate and the spearhead on national maritime defence. TABLE OF CONTENT
ABOUT PUSHIDROSAL - 1
HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL - 2
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY - 5
NAUTICAL CHARTING - 16
MARITIME BOUNDARY - 33
INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES - 33
THE BENEFITS OF HYDROGRAPHY - 35 HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY ABOUT PUSHIDROSAL CENTRE INDONESIAN NAVY (PUSHIDROSAL)
POSITION Hydrography and Oceanography Centre of Indonesian Navy (Pusat Hidrografi dan Oseanografi TNI AL-Pushidrosal) is a part of Indonesian Navy which is under the authority of Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff. ROLE Pushidrosal is responsible to support the Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff in organizing national hydrographic and oceanographic (Hidros) role, including survey, research, nautical charting, publication, application of the safety of navigation and marine environmental protection and, both in military and public interests and preparing the data regarding to information of defense at sea for supporting the primary tasks of the Indonesian Navy. FUNCTION a. To undertake military function, as a provider of Hidros data in the creation of military chart in marine aspect to support the military operation and training and to establishment the naval base facility; b. To undertake public service function, as an official provider of nautical charts and nautical publications in Indonesia, Pushidrosal is responsible to support the safety of navigation and marine environmental protection in accordance with SOLAS IMO Convention 1974 in Indonesian waters and jurisdictions; c. To undertake function of Marine Environmental Applications, as a Hidros data provider to support the national development in maritime aspect; and d. To undertake international diplomacy function, as an Indonesian Government’s Representative in Hydrography and as an official technical support of Indonesia in the diplomacy of maritime border.
1 HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL
DUTCH EAST-INDIES COLONIAL PERIOD
1811- 1787 1796 1816 1821 1823 1848
POST INDONESIA’S JAPANESE INDEPENDECE DAY OCCUPATION PERIODE PERIODE
1942- 1960 1951 1945 1876 1871 1860
1970- 1980- 1990- 2001- 2011- 1980 1990 2000 2010 PRESENT
2 One of nautical charts of the Northern Java Island Number 81 published in 1911 from Melvill and Hydrograaf survey ships data from 1886-1888, from Pushidrosal nautical chart archive. DUTCH EAST-INDIES COLONIAL PERIOD HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL
The nautical charts Committee Kingdom Hydrographic Office 1787 was established by the Dutch established in 1795 East Indies Colonial Government to produce nautical charts and 1821 Committee for Charts Improvement nautical publications, especially to of the Dutch East Indies Sea provide large scale charts in the (Commissie tot verbetering Indonesian Archipelago der Indische zeekarten) was established by Governor General The first product a nautical chart Van Der Capellen after the British 1796 was made at the Semarang Navy left the East-Indies school, from the results of a survey conducted around Java Island by 1823 Depot of nautical charts was Lieutenant J. T. Busscher founded in Batavia
The making of nautical charts was Hydrographic Bureau was 1811 carried out under the control of 1848 established - the government of the United Kingdom, Sir Thomas Stamford Hydrographic Bureau became part 1816 Raffles, with his Hydrographer 1860 of the Royal Dutch Navy in Batavia James Horsburgh who also initiated nautical charting with Hydrographic Bureau was moved more modern survey methods 1871 to the Netherlands with corrected charts, especially in the Makassar Strait, the Dampier 1876 Hydrographic Bureau reopened Strait to Batavia. The survey results as East-Indies Branch under the were written directly by Horsburgh name Bureau of Hydrographic Van in books, journals, writings Het Gouvernment De Marine, with and nautical charts which were hydrographic surveying activities subsequently published in England to produce nautical charts and by Alexander Dalrymple, as Chief nautical publications until 1942 Hydrographer of the United
JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD
During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia (1942-1945) hydrographic survey 1942 and nautical charting activities in Indonesia were not widely carried out because - they were pre-occupied with Japanese war and defense interests at the time in Indonesia. Some of marine researches which had been conducted by Japanese navy 1945 were the Gulf of Bone and Kolaka in South Sulawesi for nickel mines, the Gulf of Kau (Halmahera), Halong-Ambon, the Strait of Bangka and Palembang
3 HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL POST INDONESIA’S INDEPENDENCE DAY PERIOD
After the end of World War II the marine researches in Indonesia were conducted again by the Dutch Hydrographic Bureau which had its representative office in Indonesia. Marine research activities had begun to be carried out to update the nautical charts. The activity was also assisted by other relevant agencies such as Harbormaster (Haven Masteer).
On October 18, 1951 Indonesia the determination of Base Points, 1951 became a member of the IHO and Baselines, Archipelagic Sea Lanes was officially confirmed with the and Indonesian EEZ as a concrete Presidential Decree Number 288 manifestation of Pushidrosal’s of 1968 role in maintaining integrity and the sovereignty of the Republic ALRI’s Hydrographic Service of Indonesian territory and 1960 officially became an Indonesian jurisdiction. In this period also, hydrographic institution based it was the first time to acquire a on Republic of Indonesia’s modern survey ship of the Baruna Presidential Decree No. 164/1960 Jaya class and charting technology using a database, namely CARIS Hydrographic survey activities Geographic Database Manager 1970 were carried out using modern - methods with satellite, electronic During this period, surveys and and acoustic. Some of the 2001 researches for the Indonesian 1980 achievements during this period - nautical chart datum were carried were marine survey and nautical out in order to apply the WGS ‘84 charting activities in the Malacca 2010 global datum in the framework of Strait and the Singapore Strait producing Electronic Navigational with Common Datum Charts Chart (ENC) which was successfully products and finalizing maritime distributed worldwide in 2009 boundary agreements with several neighboring countries It is a period leading to a modern 2011 hydrographic office with two 1980 In this period numerous - sophisticated Survey Vessels cooperation was carried out with Present named KRI Spica 934 and KRI Rigel - other countries, one of which was 933 and a transition period from AMINDO JAYA in the waters of the product centric to data centric 1990 Makassar Strait with the United with the Hydrographic Production States Database system in order to efficiently and effectively manage This period was a transition to hydrographic and oceanographic 1990 modern surveying and charting data and improve product quality - with GPS and Multibeam to support national maritime Echosounder, some of the interests and an active role 2000 profound achievements were internationally survey and charting activities for
4 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Hydrography is one of the branches of applied science that deals with the measurement and description of the physical elements of the sea, coastal areas, lakes and rivers as predicted for changes that occur from the period of time, the main purpose is to support the safety of navigation and environmental protection and also supports all kinds of maritime activities including maritime economic development , defense and security, scientific research and protection of the marine environment. In general, there are 3 hydrographic activities, namely:
• Collection of hydrographic data • Nautical chart productions and nautical publications • Dissemination of maritime safety information According to SOLAS (safety of life at sea) chapter 5 regulations 4 dan 9
KRI SPICA-934 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY ILLUSTRATION
Hydrographic data collection including bathymetry survey activities, geodetic positioning, tide and tide observations, seabed measurements, and other activities is conducted using survey vessels, Pushidrosal currently has 2 new multi purpose survey vessels namely KRI Rigel-933 and KRI Spica-934, these two survey vessels are equipped with modern ocean oceanography survey and charting equipment, including: • Multibeam shallow and deep water (6000 meter) • Remotely Operated Vehicle-Eca Hytec Robotic-ROV (1000 meters) • Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-AUV (Kongsberg hugin 1000) • Conductivity Temperature and Depth-CTD (6000 meters) • Sub Bottom Profiler (7000 meters) • Magnetometer (1000 meters) • Coring ( 2000 meters) • Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler for deep seas
5 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY SURVEY VESSEL AND EQUIPMENTS RIGEL CLASS MULTI PURPOSE RESEARCH VESSEL SPECIFICATION Len th 60 m Ma hine Diesel 2 Propeller Ma Speed 14 kt Cruisin Speed 12 kt 4.400 NM Enduran e 20 Da s Personnel 20
I A I 1. AWS Vaisala 9. Gravit Corer (Osil 2000 m) 2. Crane 50 Tm 10. CTD Rose�e Valeport Bo�le Nansen (Reson) 3. Gantr 5 Ton 11. USBL (Kons) HIPAP 350 4. AUV Hu in 1000 (CTD SSS MBES) 12. SBP SES 2000 5. Side S an Sonar 2094 Kons 500 m 13. ADCP (Kons) Teled ne 6. Ma netometer G882 Geometri 14. SBES EA600 7. ROV ECA H te h 1000 m 15. MBES EM2040 EM302 8. Gra Sampler
HIPAP 350 MAGNETOMETER G882 AUV HUGIN 1000 MBES EM2040 EM302 GEOMETRIC • eter ine target osi�on either in • igh accuracy on etal detec�on • E ui ed with ca era synthe�c • ull coverage ea swath dee water or shallow water • e th ange a erture sonar ul� ea • reate sea ed to ogra hic data • nidirec�onal • igh sensi�vity n √ echosounder oceanogra hic • he result of ea swath is • ransducer dia eter • a i u target detec�on a ility sensor dis layed with high resolu�on dan • etec�on Accuracy c with ini u noise • Autono ous controlled se i accuracy • e th ange un�l autono ous and anually • E is used for dee water controlled sounding • E lore un�l de th • E is used for shallow water • Endurance hours sounding
ROV ECA HYTECH 1000 SIDE SCAN SONAR 2094 CTD ROSETTE VALEPORT GRAB SAMPLER DAN KONS 500 BOTTLE NANSEM GRAVITY CORER
• sed for dee water o serva�on • sed for sea ed i age ac uisi�on • ceanogra hic data ac uisi�on • o get data sa les of sea ed and research E lora�on range • ac sca�er data include conduc�vity te erature sedi ents un�l de th • eter ine sea ed classifica�on de th • o deter ine the sea ed • E ui ed with high defini�on and • owfish di ension • e loyed fro shi dec reach un�l classifica�on wide angle ca eras • ontour to ogra hy and target de th • E ui ed with ro o�cs hands dis lay in the sa e � e • Water sa le ac uisi�on in layers • Auto a�c controlled syste de loy ent
ADCP TELEDYNE SBP SES 2000 SBES EA 600 AWS VAISALA
• se do ler effect on data • is lay the layer and sea ed • athy etry data ac uisi�on • onduc�ng eteorology data ac uisi�on sedi ents • ingle ea echosounder ac uisi�on consist of te erature • a a le of detec�ng and recording • a a le of deter ining co osi�on • e th range hu idity wind s eed and direc�on water current data on each layer and ty e of sea ed sedi ents • Effec�ve s eed ac uisi�on un�l rainfall and sunshine • y using acous�c technology has • ange un�l de th of t a ility to easure wave �de sedi ents layer te erature and salinity • ul� fre uency signal • onnected to osi�oning syste • ul� Ping ode to sta ili e dee 6 include o�o trac ing and sea water ac uisi�on surface
SURVEY VESSEL HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Pushidrosal currently owns 8 Survey Vessels consisting of 5 KRI and 3 KAL to conduct hidrographic surveys in shallow waters in coastal area to deep waters offshore and training vessels with modern equipment capabilities.
KRI RIGEL - 933 KRI DEWA KEMBAR - 932
KRI SPICA - 934 KRI PULAU ROMANG - 723
KRI PULAU REMPANG - 729 KAL VEGA 0 -102
7 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY GEODETIC SURVEY
Traverse measurement using Total Station dan Levelling
The Geodetic Survey was conducted to establish the Benchmark and Hydro-pillar control points used as a reference in the bathymetric surveys which refer to the National Horizontal and Vertical Control Nets. Geodetic observation points become the main control points which will generate other control points with the lower order. Measurements in geodetic surveys are divided into two parts, namely using conventional methods and modern methods. Geodetic survey with the conventional method, using several measuring instruments such as the Theodolite and Total Station, while the modern method uses tools such as DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) static and kinematic. Measurements using conventional methods can be done with the traverse or polygon method whereas for modern methods geodetic observations are carried out using DGPS to obtain high accuracy data. Hydro-pillar control points are also used as a vertical reference for Tidal measurements for bathymetric surveys using levelling method.
DGPS Installation towards Hydro-pillar Points
8 BATHYMETRIC SURVEY HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Sounding with Multi Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) provides a visualization that can record more than one point of data on seabed throughout data acquisition with high resolution results regarding to its excellent recording ability, therefore the surveyed areas could be wider in more efficient period of time. Besides that, it can produce 3-dimensional seabed information and illustration which makes it easier in interpretation of topography and seabed objects. Multibeam data processing with HIPS SIPS CARIS software can process large amounts of data with high accuracy, thus, the data of depth generated is more representative according to the IHO S-44 standard.
AUV Kongsberg Hugin Multibeam Echosounder EM 302 Deep Sea
Wreck identification from KRI Rigel 933 MBES in Sunda Strait
9 Alongside MBES, there is also an underwater detection system using Side Scan Sonar (SSS) to
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY obtain an image of the seabed. The following is an example of the result of seabed imaging analysis using Side Scan Sonar Kongsberg Pulsar and MBES base surface images related to underwater pipe leak in Balikpapan waters, showing similarities with the results of MBES analysis but visually clearer portraying that 4 pipelines have been identified where one of the pipes was broken and has shifted with scratching anchor marks.
SSS Images MBES base surface image
The bathymetric survey in the Malacca Strait is not only for updating the Malacca and Singapore Straits Electronic Navigational Charts (MSS-ENC) but this survey conducted by KRI RIGEL 933 is also done to obtain other information such as sand waves from the analysis of its bathymetry data.
One-Fathom Bank Sand waves Water depth 20 – 40m Amplitude 1-5m Spacing 100-200 m
10 SURVEY FOR DISASTER RELIEF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Anak Krakatoa eruption. Photo taken by KRI Rigel 933 crew about 500 meter from southern part of Anak Krakatoa while conducting hydrographic survey after Anak Krakatoa Tsunami in 22 December 2018. Pushidrosal conducts research on seafloor topography and geological structure by using high-tech survey vessel KRI Rigel 933 and also monitoring activities of volcanic islands of Anak Krakatoa with after Tsunami in Sunda Strait that was most likely caused by an eruption and partial collapse in 22 December 2018.
Chief Hydrographer inspection at Anak Krakatoa by KRI Rigel 933 after the tsunami
Pushidrosal conducts research on seafloor topography and geological structure by using high-tech survey vessel KRI Spica 934 after earthquake and tsunami in Palu Bay in 28 September 2018. The submarine slump (underwater landslide) was assumed to be the cause of the tsunami struck Donggala and Talise Beach. The assumed feature was found on 200-500m of depth in the north of Pantoloan Harbor.
11
Result of bathymetric survey (KRI Spica 934) in Palu Bay HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY TIDE AND CURRENT OBSERVATIONS
Tidal Station Current Data Retrieval
Currents and Tides observations are carried out for at least 29 diurnals or 30 days and/or during the survey activities. The current observation activity aims to obtain data of the pattern, direction, and speed of the current at a certain time. While Tidal Observation in addition to getting data about the high and low water in a particular water area itself, the tidal value is also used to determine the tidal type and chart datum used as a reference in determining the depth value on chart. The observation of currents and tides continues throughout the survey period by taking data on tides and flows every 30 minutes. Tidal observations are used for correction of bathymetry data processing using a nearer time difference of 15 minutes to get a precise corrected bathymetric value. Aside from being supporting data for bathymetry data processing, current and tidal data are also processed in making Co-tidal charts and the main reference in determining the characteristics of currents and tides in the local area. Utilization of current and tidal data in thefieldof oceanography can be used in a wider scope of research for the benefit of maritime and fisheries.
Tide Master - Automatic Tidal Accoustics Current Meter - Flow Tracking Accoustic
12 OCEANOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
Pushidrosal already owns a permanent tidal station that can send real-time data in many locations across Indonesian waters. Pushidrosal also carries out temporary tidal observations to support the Hydrographic survey. Data from tidal observations are used for vertical control of hydrographic surveys and making tidal predictions and calculation of sea currents for national safety of navigation.
Tidal Observations
13 Pushidrosal owns permanent real-time weather observation HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY stations in some critical locations in Indonesian waters, the location of the station is attached to the tidal station. Pushidrosal also carries out temporary weather observations to support hydrographic surveys. Observation data is used for validating daily weather forecasts and nautical publications. In addition, available information on wind and wave forecasts in Indonesian waters obtained using Metoc modeling. Wave height, wave period and wave direction data are used regarding to navigational safety and port development planning.
Wind and Wave Forecasts in Indonesian Waters
14 Pushidrosal with KRI Rigel Class also carried out oceanographic observations to obtain water
column data namely water characteristics such as temperature, salinity, pressure, depth, and HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY density using CTD Niskin Bottle.
Measurement of water column characteristics using Niskin Bottle in KRI Spica 934
Example of Graph resulted from one of the stations measurement
15 NAUTICAL CHARTING NAUTICAL CHARTING
Nautical charting activities include the process of compilation, editing, verification and validation which is carried out in accordance with the rules of cartography and uses production software that has followed IHO international standards.
INPUT Data sources collected by Pushidrosal are not only from survey vessels / units but also from any parties related to the territorial waters of the Republic of Indonesia (bathymetry data, navigational aids, port information, satellite imagery, oil and gas installations, Tides, Flow, Meteorology, etc. )
PROCESS All data entering Pushidrosal will be collected and assessed (Impact analysis and Assessment Process) before being used to update existing databases and products. The main Hidros databases are: the Bathymetry Database (BDB), the Hydrographic Production Database (HPD) and the Oceanographic and Meteorological database. From each of the databases, it was revealed to be products, both paper and electronic.
OUTPUT The distribution system includes broadcast, request and delivery both in printed paper charts and electronic charts.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
16 BATHYMETRY DATABASE MANAGEMENT NAUTICAL CHARTING
Bathymetric data processing from the survey is carried out using a CARIS Bathy-Database (BDB) system to analyze and store bathymetry data in the form of Grid. CARIS BDB can combine all bathymetric data sources as well as the results of Side Scan Sonar, Sub-Bottom Profile and back- scatter MBES for the classification of seabed area. CARIS BDB allows users to collect, analyze and then determine which bathymetric data will be used fro many purposes
Bathymetric data processing using CARIS Bathy-Database Manager
Data cleaning Process using CARIS HIPS SIPS.
17 NAUTICAL CHARTING SATELLITE DERIVED BATHYMETRY (SDB)
The Sentinel Imagery has been implemented to update chart 373 around Pulau-pulau Pasitallu Takabonarate National Park.
Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) has proven itself as a useful reconnaissance and planning tool to get the water depth. Although SDB provides bathymetry products at a coarser spatial resolution compared to traditional acoustic surveying (e.g., multibeam echosounder) or airborne lidar bathymetry, satellite imagery provides very clear picture of reef with advantages for the depiction of shoal which very useful information for the mariners to avoid ship’s grounding caused by limited or old bathymetry data especially in the small islands area with little survey data and applications for chart adequacy assessment and survey prioritization. Pushidrosal has updated some charts with mostly have leadline survey by SDB using sentinel or landsat to get better position and area of shoal to be captured as imprecise shoal area.
18 CROWD SOURCED BATHYMETRY (CSB) NAUTICAL CHARTING
Crowdsourced bathymetry (CSB) is the collection of depth measurements from vessels, using standard navigation instruments, while engaged in routine maritime operations. The Interna- tional Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has a long history of encouraging the collection of crowd- sourced bathymetry, to help improve mankind’s understanding of the shape and depth of the seafloor. The General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (GEBCO) project was initiated in 1903 by Prince Albert I of Monaco to provide the most authoritative, publicly-available bathymetry (depth maps) of the world’s oceans. Over the years, the GEBCO project, now jointly overseen by the IHO and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, has produced maps of the ocean floor from depth measurements collected by vessels as they journeyed across the oceans. These “passage soundings” have enabled the creation of progressively more-de- tailed seafloor maps and digital data grids. More recently, systematic surveys have also been used to improve the maps and grids. Recognizing the relevance of bathymetry to international maritime policy and the blue economy and noting that crowdsourced bathymetry may be useful for many potential users of the world’s seas, oceans and waterways. All data are in the Centre archives and shares depth data contributed by hydrographic offices, mariners and others from across the world. And also CSB is very useful to fill the bathymetry gap on the chart which has never been systematically surveyed.
Pushidrosal as part of East Asia Hydrographic Commission has produced East Asia ENC and contributed the ENC Sounding to improve GEBCO’s global grid 19 NAUTICAL CHARTING HYDROGRAPHIC DATA MANAGEMENT
20 NAUTICAL CHARTING
Nautical charting activities include compiling, editing, verifying and validating
NAUTICAL CHART AND THEMATIC PRODUCT
Nautical Chart is a map specifically designed to meet the requirements of marine navigation, showing depth of water, nature of bottom, elevations, configuration and characteristics of coast, dangers and aids to navigation that is issued officially by or on the authority of a Government, authorized Hydrographic Office or other relevant government institution as a mandate from IMO. May be a paper chart, electronic navigational chart (ENC) or a raster navigational chart (RNC). Nautical Chart is concerned with navigation in hostile waters. Much of the detail and information the navigator requires is beneath the surface, and therefore unseen. The safety of the ship is dependent on the accuracy of the charted detail, depicting features which the navigator has no visual means of checking. Consequently, it become dangerous if out of date. New information is constantly being received and the chart corrected to convey this information to the mariner so called Notices to Mariners. Also the accuracy of the charted detail can be depicted as category zone of confidence (CATZOC).
Pushidrosal has The Indonesian Nautical Charts which covers all waters of the jurisdiction, major routes and ports both in paper charts and ENCs form various scales that are updated weekly based within the Notices to Mariners according to the mandate of the SOLAS IMO convention.
21 NAUTICAL CHARTING
Indonesian Nautical Chart which consists of 580 numbers of paper charts and 525 numbers of ENCs
Indonesian Paper Chart of Surabaya Channel according to S-4 and INT-1 IHO portrayal standards
22 NAUTICAL CHARTING
Indonesian Electronic Navigational Chart display of Surabaya Channel according to S-52 IHO portrayal standards
Pushidrosal also produces thematic charts for various purposes, one of which is a marine tourism maps in collaboration with Ministry of Environment and Forestry to support The Super Premium Tourist Destinations, the government’s main program.
The portrayal of Marine Tourism Thematic Chart of Komodo National Marine Park.
23 NAUTICAL CHARTING PRINTING
The printing activities of the Indonesian Nautical Chart and the Nautical Publication ofthe paper versions through the graphic process using a printing tool to become a paper chart and publication book and ready to be distributed and utilized by users according to established standards of quality both print quality and accurate scale size. Some of the equipment used to print the nautical chart and nautical publications is KBA Rapida-145 and Heidelberg Speedmaster which have mass printing capability in a quick time.
24 ELECTRONIC NAVIGATIONAL CHART NAUTICAL CHARTING
Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) is IHO Flag-Ship product and all hydrographic offices across the world to support the safety of navigation and protection of marine environment as mandated by IMO Convention of SOLAS V Regulation 2,9, and 27. ENC means the database, standardized as to content, structure and format, issued for use with ECDIS on the authority of government-authorized hydrographic offices. The ENC contains all the chart information necessary for safe navigation, and may contain supplementary information in addition to that contained in the paper chart (e.g. sailing directions) which may be considered necessary for safe navigation. (International Maritime Organization-IMO). ENCs are based on the relevant hydrographic offices source of data or official charts, and are compiled, coded and regularly updated in accordance with international standards (International Hydrographic Organization-IHO). As a support for safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment, since 2009, Indonesian Electronic Navigational Charts have been distributed worldwide and must be used by SOLAS ships that sail across Indonesian waters in accordance with the IMO mandate.
ENC portrayal within an ECDIS onboard KRI Rigel 933 (Courtesy Pushidrosal)
ENC is an official electronic navigational chart that can only be created and produced by an official -hy drographic institution of a country with a unique code (ENC cell Code) in accordance with internation- al standards S-52, S-57, S-58, S-62, S-63 , S-64, S-65 and S-66 which have been established by IHO. Indonesian ENC is distributed to Appointed Distributors from IHO such as UKHO, C-MAP, PRIMAR, Garmin and Navionics throughout the world in the form of Base CDs, and Update CDs issued by Pushidrosal monthly for navigational purposes of SOLAS and Non-SOLAS vessels 25 NAUTICAL CHARTING ADDITIONAL MILITARY LAYERS (AML) One of Pushidrosal role is to undertake military function, as a provider of military chart in marine aspect to support the military operation and training and on the establishment of naval base facilities and other defence geospatial products. The flagship of military charts in marine aspect is called Additional Military Layers, initially used by NATO as a back-bridge of navigation in the electronic format. Additional Military Layers (AML) is a unified range of digital geospatial data products designed to satisfy the totality of non-navigational maritime defence requirements and designed to provide Situational Awareness. AML enhances knowledge of the maritime and littoral environment increasing operational effectiveness and the probability of success in military operations and humanitarian missions. It displays a range of features which can be selected for the specific mission in hand. This negates the need to consult environmental information provided in a variety of books, paper charts and overlay products. AML can be displayed on C2 Systems, Warship ECDIS, Head Quarter Planning Systems, SONAR systems, Tactical Decision Aids, Environmental Risk Mitigation and other system such as Standalone GIS Analyist. AML Contains Vector and Grid types of products. In vector data, objects are represented by points, lines or areas. Each object is described in terms of a feature class indicating the object type, its attributes and a geographical position. Gridded AML products show the spatial and sometimes temporal variation in an environmental feature. Gridded information may be presented to the user in a variety of ways, including isolines derived from the grid and colour banding.
Example of vector data contour line bathymetry produced by Pushidrosal on the submarine operation simulation within the Warship ECDIS.
26 INLAND WATER CHART NAUTICAL CHARTING
As is known that, Lake Toba has been established by the government as one of the five national tourism strategic areas with super priority status, besides Likupang, Mandalika, Borobudur and Labuan Bajo. Thus, the provision of both paper charts and ENC become an important part in developing super priority tourist destination facilities in order to guarantee the security and safety of navigation on Lake Toba where there are 35 navigational routes that will be determined by the Government based on this chart.
The Lake Toba inland water chart is the first chart of Lake Toba created by Indonesia both in paper and electronic version using the international standard of inland waterways chart through geodetic high datum determination and hydrographic surveys for approximately two years to obtain data on the depth and characteristics of Lake Toba waters. These paper and digital charts were made using the Approach to Harbor scale, with 10 ENC cells corresponding to the number of paper chart coverage (numbers 522 and 523).
NAUTICAL PUBLICATION
One of nautical publication contents is a port panoramic view along with the information that mariners need to navigate
Pushidrosal produces 21 types of Nautical Publications such as: Nautical Almanac, Sailing Direction , Tides Tables and Currents Information, Indonesian Navigational Aids Information, Indonesian Notices to Mariners, Indonesian Port Information, List of Coastal Radio Stations and several other products associated with the Indonesian nautical charts to be used as a navigation guide .
27 NAUTICAL CHARTING
SAILING DIRECTION INDONESIAN NAVIGATIONAL AIDS INFORMATION Information on routes, navigational dangers, buoyage, pilotage, regulations, port facilities, List of Lights provides light structures including climatic conditions, diagrams and photography lighthouses, lightships, lit floating marks, to help bridge-crews understand critical fog signals and other lights of navigational information during the passage planning significance. Details for all lights listed including stage This information, can help to increase characteristics of lights, location and/or name, situational awareness on the bridge. geographical position, intensity, elevation in metres, range in sea miles and description of NAUTICAL ALMANAC structure. The Nautical Almanac contains astronomical information to support bridge crews in routine INDONESIAN NOTICES TO MARINERS and emergency celestial navigation, as well as the calculation of daylight hours and mandatory Indonesian Notices to Mariners are weekly gyro checks. Includes: tabulations of the updates that provide bridge crews with the Sun, Moon, navigational planets and stars to latest safety-critical navigational information. help determine positions at sea when using They can be downloaded for free on the a sextant, times of sunrise, sunset, twilights, pushidrosal website or purchased as weekly moonrise and moonset, phases of the Moon bulletins from Chart Agent. and eclipses of the Sun and Moon to help bridge crews plan observations, Interpolation LIST OF COASTAL RADIO STATIONS and altitude correction tables, pole star tables and diagrams, and notes for the identification List of Coastal Radio Stations provides of stars and planets. information on all aspects of Maritime Radio Communications, helping bridge crews to TIDE TABLES AND CURRENT manage communications and comply with all INFORMATION reporting regulations throughout a voyage. Tide Tables contain easy-to-use height, timing and tidal stream information to support the INDONESIAN PORT INFORMATION planning of departure and arrival times of ships to a port. Provides information on all ports in Indonesia, major ports and also other ports 28 MARINE TOURISM AND CRUISE VESSELS NAUTICAL CHARTING
On 5 November 2019 at 07.00 WITA, for the first time the Sun Princess cruise ship managed to berth at the Gilimas Port in Lombok. The ship, with a length of 261 meters and an 8.2 meter draft, transported 2000 tourists who would visit Lombok. At present Lombok is a “super priority” tourist destination that becomes Indonesia’s mainstay. The use of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) by ships of various types and sizes in navigating at sea has become a necessity other than an obligation which has been regulated in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Safety of Life at Sea (IMO) convention . As a national Hydrographic Institute, Pushidrosal continues to make efforts to provide ENC throughout the waters of the Republic of Indonesia to improve safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment and marine tourism, especially in the context of supporting super priority tourism destinations. The provision of ENC is one of Pushidrosal’s role in supporting the vision of the government, actualizing Indonesia as the center point of the world’s maritime , while promoting tourism destinations in the country
The Sun Princess cruise ship was successfully berth at the Gilimas Port in Lombok.
Passtrack of Sun Princess Cruise on ENC and ECDIS at the Gilimas Port in Lombok 29 NAUTICAL CHARTING MARINE SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES (MSDI)
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4/2011 concerning Geospatial Information (GI) has governed the policies, decision making and / or implementation of activities related to spaces on earth. GI is very useful as a support system for decision making in order to optimize the development in the economic, social, cultural and national resilience sectors, especially in natural resource management, spatial planning, investment location planning and economic business, boundary delimitation, tourism, disaster management, environmental preservation as well as security and defense. IHO also recommends hydrographic institutions throughout the world to develop Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) which is directed to be able to support the enhancement of the ability of its functions in integrated management of marine space and to create effective and efficient hydrographic service functions to support its users.
Pushidrosal has been developping the IMAGIC (Indonesia Marine Geospatial Information Center) application as an entry portal for actual information and data related to Indonesian Hydrography and Oceanography with Themes: Survey Area, DEM Indonesia, Interactive Sailing Chart, and E-navigation.
MOBILE APPS OF NAUTICAL CHART
Another Indonesian Nautical Chart derivative product is the Indonesian-based Marine Navigation Application (Mobile Apps) based on IOS and android which is a hydro-oceanographic data and information service for safety supporting small vessels or Non-SOLAS vessels and other maritime communities named INDONESEA.
30 MALLACA AND SINGAPORE STRAITS ELECTRONIC NAUTICAL CHARTING NAVIGATIONAL CHARTS
The Malacca and Singapore Straits Electronic Navigational Charts (MSS-ENC) are the three littoral states ENC namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore which have been published since 2005 as the first edition with the Singapore MPA as Coordinator. Based on the mandate of the MSS ENC Steering Committee which was held in February 2018 in Tokyo, Japan, in this case Pushidrosal was appointed as MSS-ENC Coordinator to replace Singapore. Initially, MSS-ENC data are obtained from the Common Datum Charts hydrographic survey conducted in 1970s periode, and it has been riched by the new data from the Joint Hydrographic Survey of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore until 2020. The MSS-ENC is the most widely used ENC of ships throughout the world consisting of 6 ENC cells namely: MS3IK2EB; MS3OF2TT; MS3RS2FC; MS4BR2JS MS4IK2RL; MS4NS2EB within Coastal and Approach category which also has High Density Contour from the survey results using MBES in several locations.
BUFFALO ROCK
ONE FATHOM BANK
CAPE RACHADO BATU BERHANTI
OFF PULAU SEBAROK
31 MSS-ENC Steering Committee meeting Japan 4th February 2020 NAUTICAL CHARTING SHIP’S ROUTING
Historically Pushidrosal played a role in supporting the determination of Ship’s Routing, one of which was Indonesia Archipelagic Sea Lanes (IASL) which was established by IMO in 1998. In addition, Pushidrosal also played an active role together with the Ministry of Transportation and the Directorate General of Sea Transportation as a focal point in the context of proposing the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in Sunda Strait and Lombok Strait. The support is in hydrographic surveys conducted for 2 years in Sunda Strait and Lombok Strait, assessment of the IASL Geodetic Datum and Risk Assessment Analysis, to the publication of a nautical chart and ENC. Until June 2019 the TSS proposal was approved by the 101st IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in London, UK, therefore the Indonesian government had recorded history as the first Archipelagic States to establish a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in the Archipelagic Sea Lanes according to the United Conventions on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. The determination of TSS in the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait will increase the security and safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment. In addition, the existence Chartlet TSS Sunda Strait according to of TSS will make it easier to monitor sea traffic COLREG.2-Circ.74 IMO and Ship’s Routing 2019 that passes through two of the nine important choke-points in the world. SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATION SUPPORT
Pushidrosal as an national hydrographic institution has also shown its role in The Search and Rescue Operation (SAR) for the Lion Air JT- 610 plane crash Jakarta-Pangkal Pinang route in Karawang waters on October 29, 2018, using the existing hydrographic technology on KRI Spica 934.
Indonesian Chief of Hydrographer, Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro handed over the black box of the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) from the Lion Air JT 610 plane to KNKT Chairman, Soerjanto Tjahjono at Tanjung Priok Port and accompanying the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Minister of Transportation, Chief of National Search and Rescue Agency, Commander of the 32 First Fleet when receiving appreciation from President Joko Widodo. MARITIME BOUNDARY MARITIME BOUNDARY
One of Pushidrosal’s tasks as a National Hydrographic Institute is to provide hydrographic technical assistance to support maritime boundary diplomacy undertaken by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The collection of hydrographic data in the littoral waters to redefine or validate maritime boundaries (basepoints and baselines) is carried out by Pushidrosal as a support for the Indonesian government’s foreign policy in the field of Captain Yanuar Handwiono, Director of Maritime Delimitation maritime geospatial. The completion of of Pushidrosal along with Indonesian Maritime Boundaries maritime boundary determination with 10 Delimitation Team in the Maritime Border Negotiations between Indonesia and Palau on March 20-21, 2019 neighboring countries is still incomplete in Manila, Philippines and requires diplomacy efforts supported by technical argumentation as Pushidrosal’s participation and a part of the Republic of Indonesia Delegation Team.
INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Pushidrosal as a representative and focal point in the field of hydrography by becominga member of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) since 1951 and active in various Commissions and Technical Working Groups of the IHO until now. Since 2017 Pushidrosal has officially become a member of the Council of the IHO who can vote in the sessions of the Council in making decisions and policies of the IHO. In the Regional (regional) scope, the IHO IRCC organization has a Regional hydrographic commission under the Inter-regional Coordination Committee (IRCC) commission. Indonesia is geographically located between NIOHC EAHC the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, so SWPHC that Pushidrosal’s position is strategic to join three hydrographic commissions, since 1971 Pushidrosal has been a member of the East Asia Hydrographic Commission (EAHC) and as Boundaries of regional hydrographic commissions a Vice-chair for 2018-2021. In 2017 Pushidrosal joined by Pushidrosal was accepted as a member of the North Indian Ocean Hydrographic Commission (NIOHC) and also as a Vice-chair for 2019-2020. Furthermore, Pushidrosal also became an associate member of the Southwest Pacific Hydrographic Commission (SWPHC). Pushidrosal involvement in the hydrographic office of these three regions, became central to building cooperation while at the same time taking on a role as an effort to support the Indonesian government’s foreign policy diplomacy, including building the role of Navy diplomacy through the field of hydrography.
33 INTERNATIONAL ACTVITIES
Indonesian Chief of Hydrographer, Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro attended the 2nd IHO Council Session in London, England in 2018.
Indonesian Deputy of Hydrographer, Commodore Dr. Trismadi attended the 3rd IHO Council Session in Monaco in 2019.
Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro and Captain Yanuar Handwiono, chairing the EAHC meetings
34 THE BENEFITS OF HYDROGRAPHY THE BENEFITS OF HYDROGRAPHY • Hydrography within the nautical charts and publications contributes directly to the efficiency of maritime transportation by shortening navigational routes from the latest survey data related to these navigational routes and allowing optimal ship loading if the critical depth on a shallow channel can be ascertained. • Hydrography within the nautical charts also have a positive impact on tourism, especially related to the development of the cruise ship and yacht industry. • Hydrography within the nautical charts allow fishermen to not only navigate safely but also to avoid loss of fishing equipment caused by uncharted obstacles, to identify fishing areas and to avoid restricted areas related to fishing. • Hydrography within the special purpose charts is an important element in the characterization and depiction of the marine environment and determining the exact location for aquaculture areas. • Hydrography within the military layers product strongly supports maritime defense and security by providing accurate information to ships to maneuver in the context of Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, surface naval operations, submarines, anti-submarines, military amphibious operations, naval operations and flights and C4ISR . • Hydrography within the marine spatial data provides important primary data for the management and development of coastal zones, including the construction or development of ports and other coastal infrastructure, dredging operations to maintain access to the port, and monitoring and controlling coastal erosion. • Hydrography within the marine spatial data is also a direct contributor to the identification and discovery of mineral resources in the sea. This is also important for route selection for underwater pipelines and cables, site selection for windfarms and for offshore oil and gas platforms as well as for underwater construction and installation. • Hydrography within the nautical charts and spatial data exercises strongly support the importance of delimitation of maritime boundaries between countries based on the convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). • Hydrography within the oceanographic models and products are the main controlling parameters in ocean dynamics and underlying models for predicting natural phenomena such as tides, ocean currents and tsunami. • Hydrography within the oceanographic models and products underlies the prediction of the possible distribution and trajectory of oil as part of the response to an oil spill accident. 35 “Hydrography is much more than just nautical charts, it is a Principal key of economic gate and the spearhead of national maritime defence”
(Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro)