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The Key of Maritime Decisions Making

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THE KEY OF MARITIME DECISIONS MAKING www.pushidrosal.id “DI LAUT TERSIMPAN HARAPAN, DI LAUT TERSIMPAN KEJAYAAN, JALESVEVA JAYAMAHE” PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IR. JOKO WIDODO, 2016 INDONESIA JURISDICTION With the very large of Indonesian waters it is the great challenges of Pushidrosal as a national hydrographic institution to provide accurate and up- to-date marine spatial data that contains hydrographic information that is not only to support navigation and shipping, but also to the potential greater support for national maritime policies and greater benefits for the nation and state. “Hydrography is much more than just nautical charts, it is a Principal key of economic gate and the spearhead of national maritime defence” (Rear Admiral Dr. Harjo Susmoro) PREFACE In the development of the maritime sector in national, regional or international level, the role of hydrographic institutions is a must. As it has been stated by international hydrographic community that without hydrography, there is no ship sails safely, no port is built, no coastal infrastructure is developed, no marine environmental plan is implemented, no coast or island is defended, no marine rescue is attempted, no inundation model is developed, no maritime boundary is delimited or enforced. Historically, Pushidrosal as a hydrographic service that have passed so many decades and mature has a very important role in the development of the maritime sector in Indonesia with its essential contribution to the safety of shipping, defence, and diplomacy especially REAR ADMIRAL on establishing national maritime boundaries and Dr. Harjo Susmoro delimitation with the other neighbouring countries. But with the all-digital era and fast-paced demand and CHIEF HYDROGRAFER the need for electronic charts continues to grow at this time, hydrographic products and services must be available quickly in digital form and can be developed into derivative products according to their interests. Therefore, Pushidrosal continuously develop and enhance its capacity in the domain of hydrographic survey, nautical charting and maritime safety information to have a good quality and well-managed hydrographic data that is available and can be easily accessed by multi- users. With the very large of Indonesian waters it is the great challenges of Pushidrosal as a national hydrographic institution to provide accurate and up-to-date marine spatial data that contains hydrographic information that is not only to support navigation and shipping, but also to the potential greater support for national maritime policies and greater benefits for the nation and state. In other simple words, we can say that hydrography is much more than just nautical chart, hydrography is the key of economic gate and the spearhead on national maritime defence. TABLE OF CONTENT ABOUT PUSHIDROSAL - 1 HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL - 2 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY - 5 NAUTICAL CHARTING - 16 MARITIME BOUNDARY - 33 INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES - 33 THE BENEFITS OF HYDROGRAPHY - 35 HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY PUSHIDROSAL ABOUT CENTRE INDONESIAN NAVY (PUSHIDROSAL) POSITION Hydrography and Oceanography Centre of Indonesian Navy (Pusat Hidrografi dan Oseanografi TNI AL-Pushidrosal) is a part of Indonesian Navy which is under the authority of Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff. ROLE Pushidrosal is responsible to support the Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff in organizing national hydrographic and oceanographic (Hidros) role, including survey, research, nautical charting, publication, application of the safety of navigation and marine environmental protection and, both in military and public interests and preparing the data regarding to information of defense at sea for supporting the primary tasks of the Indonesian Navy. FUNCTION a. To undertake military function, as a provider of Hidros data in the creation of military chart in marine aspect to support the military operation and training and to establishment the naval base facility; b. To undertake public service function, as an official provider of nautical charts and nautical publications in Indonesia, Pushidrosal is responsible to support the safety of navigation and marine environmental protection in accordance with SOLAS IMO Convention 1974 in Indonesian waters and jurisdictions; c. To undertake function of Marine Environmental Applications, as a Hidros data provider to support the national development in maritime aspect; and d. To undertake international diplomacy function, as an Indonesian Government’s Representative in Hydrography and as an official technical support of Indonesia in the diplomacy of maritime border. 1 HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL HISTORY HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL DUTCH EAST-INDIES COLONIAL PERIOD 1811- 1787 1796 1816 1821 1823 1848 POST INDONESIA’S JAPANESE INDEPENDECE DAY OCCUPATION PERIODE PERIODE 1942- 1960 1951 1945 1876 1871 1860 1970- 1980- 1990- 2001- 2011- 1980 1990 2000 2010 PRESENT 2 One of nautical charts of the Northern Java Island Number 81 published in 1911 from Melvill and Hydrograaf survey ships data from 1886-1888, from Pushidrosal nautical chart archive. DUTCH EAST-INDIES COLONIAL PERIOD OF PUSHIDROSAL HISTORY The nautical charts Committee Kingdom Hydrographic Office 1787 was established by the Dutch established in 1795 East Indies Colonial Government to produce nautical charts and 1821 Committee for Charts Improvement nautical publications, especially to of the Dutch East Indies Sea provide large scale charts in the (Commissie tot verbetering Indonesian Archipelago der Indische zeekarten) was established by Governor General The first product a nautical chart Van Der Capellen after the British 1796 was made at the Semarang Navy left the East-Indies school, from the results of a survey conducted around Java Island by 1823 Depot of nautical charts was Lieutenant J. T. Busscher founded in Batavia The making of nautical charts was Hydrographic Bureau was 1811 carried out under the control of 1848 established - the government of the United Kingdom, Sir Thomas Stamford Hydrographic Bureau became part 1816 Raffles, with his Hydrographer 1860 of the Royal Dutch Navy in Batavia James Horsburgh who also initiated nautical charting with Hydrographic Bureau was moved more modern survey methods 1871 to the Netherlands with corrected charts, especially in the Makassar Strait, the Dampier 1876 Hydrographic Bureau reopened Strait to Batavia. The survey results as East-Indies Branch under the were written directly by Horsburgh name Bureau of Hydrographic Van in books, journals, writings Het Gouvernment De Marine, with and nautical charts which were hydrographic surveying activities subsequently published in England to produce nautical charts and by Alexander Dalrymple, as Chief nautical publications until 1942 Hydrographer of the United JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia (1942-1945) hydrographic survey 1942 and nautical charting activities in Indonesia were not widely carried out because - they were pre-occupied with Japanese war and defense interests at the time in Indonesia. Some of marine researches which had been conducted by Japanese navy 1945 were the Gulf of Bone and Kolaka in South Sulawesi for nickel mines, the Gulf of Kau (Halmahera), Halong-Ambon, the Strait of Bangka and Palembang 3 HISTORY OF PUSHIDROSAL HISTORY POST INDONESIA’S INDEPENDENCE DAY PERIOD After the end of World War II the marine researches in Indonesia were conducted again by the Dutch Hydrographic Bureau which had its representative office in Indonesia. Marine research activities had begun to be carried out to update the nautical charts. The activity was also assisted by other relevant agencies such as Harbormaster (Haven Masteer). On October 18, 1951 Indonesia the determination of Base Points, 1951 became a member of the IHO and Baselines, Archipelagic Sea Lanes was officially confirmed with the and Indonesian EEZ as a concrete Presidential Decree Number 288 manifestation of Pushidrosal’s of 1968 role in maintaining integrity and the sovereignty of the Republic ALRI’s Hydrographic Service of Indonesian territory and 1960 officially became an Indonesian jurisdiction. In this period also, hydrographic institution based it was the first time to acquire a on Republic of Indonesia’s modern survey ship of the Baruna Presidential Decree No. 164/1960 Jaya class and charting technology using a database, namely CARIS Hydrographic survey activities Geographic Database Manager 1970 were carried out using modern - methods with satellite, electronic During this period, surveys and and acoustic. Some of the 2001 researches for the Indonesian 1980 achievements during this period - nautical chart datum were carried were marine survey and nautical out in order to apply the WGS ‘84 charting activities in the Malacca 2010 global datum in the framework of Strait and the Singapore Strait producing Electronic Navigational with Common Datum Charts Chart (ENC) which was successfully products and finalizing maritime distributed worldwide in 2009 boundary agreements with several neighboring countries It is a period leading to a modern 2011 hydrographic office with two 1980 In this period numerous - sophisticated Survey Vessels cooperation was carried out with Present named KRI Spica 934 and KRI Rigel - other countries, one of which was 933 and a transition period from AMINDO JAYA in the waters of the product centric to data centric 1990 Makassar Strait with the United with the Hydrographic Production States Database system in order to efficiently and effectively manage This period was a transition
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