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126
Chapter
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The fairest experimentever tried in human THESTRENGTHOFTHENEWNATION
aftairs willmiscarry;and. . . a REVOLUTION Amid the social and political upheaval of the 1770s, whichhad revivedthe hopes of goodmen and observers differed on whether the United States would promisedan openingto better times,will continue as a countty. become a discouragementto allfutureeffortsin favorof liberty,and proveonlyan openingto a UnfavorableOpinion Favorable Opinion new scene of humandegeneracyand rnisery. —Richard Price, 1785 “I[see]insurmountablecauses “Letusview[America]as itnow forweaknessthatwillprevent is—anindependentstatethat In fact, it was General Washington’s Amencafrombeinga powerful hastakenanequalstationamid understanding of history and his respect for state. . . . Inshort,suchisthedif thenationsoftheearth.. ..ltisa this greater cause that had led him to give up ferenceofcharacte manners, vitality[livingthing],liable, religion interestofthediffer indeed,to manydisorders,many his command to the civilian government so and entcoloniesthatiftheywereleft dangerousdiseases;butitis promptly. He did not want to play the role of tothemselves,therewouldsoon youngandstrong,andwillstrug Julius Caesar of ancient Rome, a general who be a civilwarfromoneendofthe gle . . . againstthoseevilsand became a symbol of tyranny by replacing a continenttoanother.” surmountthem.. . . Itsstrength republican government with a dictatorship. —Britishclergyman willgrowwithitsyears.” AndrewBurnaby, —FormerMassachusetts The Annapolis Convention In 1786, Burnaby’sTravelsThrough governorThomasPownaI Nationalists held a convention in Annapolis, NorthAmerica,1775 The NewRelationBetweenthe Maryland, to discuss economic problems that Oldand the NewWorld,1780 could not be solved under the limits of the Articles. These included issues such as inter state and foreign trade. But the convention ANALYZINGVIEWPOINTSCompare the main arguments rally interest in dealing with the failed to weak made by the two writers. nesses in the Articles. Only 12 delegates from five states attended the convention. Those who came took only one step, but it would be an important one: They agreed to call another convention in Philadelphia the following year, The lawmakers and merchants who sup 1787, to try to fix the government. ported the tax generally lived in eastern coastal regions of the state. Opposition came from farmers in the western part of the state Shays’ Rebellioi most hard-hit by the new tax. To these citizens the situation brought tWain 1d-e In the meantime, a crisis occurred in back memories of the British taxes Massachusetts that would boost support for that had helped spark the American the Nationalists’ cause. It is known as Shays’ Revolution. Whydid Shays come Rebellion. Farmers complained bitterly to into conflictwith the Massachusetts the state legislature to take back the government? The Causes of the Rebellion In the years tax. The state refused. Overloaded following the war, merchants and wealthy with debt, farmers grew desperate as people who had loaned money to the states the courts seized their possessions. started to demand their money back. They Like many farmers in the region, Daniel pressed the impoverished states to pass high Shays was a war veteran who now found taxes in order to collect the money to pay off himself facing jail for his debts. In 1786 he led their debts. a rebellion that quickly spread through the In Massachusetts, legislators passed the local area. Citizens drove off tax collectors heaviest direct tax ever. It was to be paid in and protested the new taxes with petitions specie—gold or silver coin—rather than in and public meetings. When the state courts paper money. Compared to paper money, specie rejected their petitions, the rebels forced the was far more scarce, and worth much more. courts to close.
Chapter • Section 1 127
128
SECTION
3
2.
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to
Shays’
and
of
two
Far
in
I
his
was
appear
the
could
the
they
the
it
money
authority from
I
a
demonstrated
force
crowds
Americans
rebels
to
state
January
or
the
where
reform,
states
Review
it
wrote
few
As
Essay
freedom.
sent
marched
city
opinions sentence
sent
more
1787,
delegates
to
strengthen
opposed
are
acted
and
their
only
of
Choose
Rebellion,
Opinion
open
states
government
Rebellion
others
government.”
in
of
“decide to
it
where
delegates.
the
and
related.
to guns
key
rioted.
with
avoid
to
a
Philadelphia.
1787.
raise
Shays’
the
look
12
for
the
commitment
of
important,
against
newspaper
If
urgent
the
about
and
delegate
to
that
death.
conflict
to
states
their
you were
were
time
it?
at
any
any
it
Vermont
on
lower
an
civil
western
pay
convention
the
forever
Shays
would
the
quieted
Annapolis
Write eventually
Write
to
The steps
Rebellion
helplessly.
army
had
two
need
people’s
line
the
stored
gathered
govern arrested
nation For
families
(all
for
unrest.
city
James
many
Shays
raged,
taxes.
busi
and
This
had
one.
part
but
the
the
and
the
for
the
to
or
of
at a being steps provide the way a state newspaper set discusses
Usually, problems
Central LdenhIvrn I parable, dentifying recognizing them family distance where their ents, protection. and petition many gerous Philadelphia, not and however, ing forth Constitutional Read The with that to discussed, The story:—An lived built thirteen identify and excerpt governments, clues met difficulties all the consisting they the in a did in voyage, are conduct in their from story long grew a each the a symbols. by central Rhode excerpt central The not large piece lived to connected the sons. agreement below father the the problems in in old of weary August the upon venerable send Convention. of this and which of and main in them of central family Island, As issues. man the may and
safety tsses central issues a appeared The to information. way, wants. the soon commodious wife, delegates of United be built arrived, a 25, topics be use the upon in mansion-house. coast a lesson symbols the issues. for [honorable] before admitted as a means illustrated writer issues 1787 . company some these a few they only . several It States, in a cabin . of after or to At plain, is is a they choice America, landed, dwelling-house, last again for 2 what the the bols represent? symbolized the between (b) “thirteenth and (a) 1. period years. a with by of old began and long twelve himself, old What What their They the Identify addition subject parents when Identity in man under they do respect agreed with The or servants, and follow to the the the event par is had of historical joined son” sons, was suffer a (d) at dan the his by the story to and three and building the to to a is Who the the represent? subject subject it the meaning date, the published? rooms (a) house? period events or writer the over; and brothers opened prosperous. life preserve use members of Who sons what what of of the —Providence The to whole of . fortifying of the of the . referring added or or (c) the that . the represent? house the by the thirteenth does (b) his historical excerpt. event what to their excerpt, Who of limb family old himself house occur doors sym Given his two his and the to? dignity the do man or father’s is of family. more Gazette became to a old son, in and to the sent? 3. house” (a) parable per idea ing does of point tree them, Saturday, H,toricaI Cwaph the and the mansion-house. rooms the They Critical What to house, who article addition his Summarize near this does and woods, join and (c) respectable, central authority. and excerpt. wife, symbolizes? illustrates refused first How excerpt to do in his address? Country the after September identify they a it, of joined in you cabin. was issue do common parable for and order the living (a) to again the From from these Thinking think found this the They, happy, Journal, Evidence accompany (b) of What the two in message thereby (b) 8, a make a the this separate repairing Explain became Charts effort? point. symbols “repairing miserable 1787 central rooms more 1787, hanging central What and parable? time Vol. about (c) newspa to or how p. his 24 repre might relate issue main 2 What issue fail 129 the the
The
640
est
lot divided
township was
New
Territory
into to before
passed
To
Divided
How
tem
affordable tors was
page, This
shown area
1785.
ii.
be
first
set
unit
government
area
The
achieve
As
based
acres.
undivided
a
needed
England
land
of
townships.
Continental
of o
surveyed
the
aside
Land
huge
This
the
land
you
on
for
help
geographic
into
public
public
apart
dividing
could
was
was
on
Northwest
The
the
segments.
sale.
Land
for
its
can
in
36
region
to
law
pay
the
36
towns.
map
known
Was
from
and
minimum
a
land
lands
goal,
the
lots
be
townships
Each
develop
divide
square
see
public
Ordinance
principles
This
off
stated
Congress
sold,
it
on
divided
Northwest
(now
theme
so
for
on
others.
lot
Congress
Territory
northwest
as
Revolutionary
up
the
system
legisla
miles.
school.
it
was sale
it the
the
a
called
price
up?
that
next
into
had
sys
were
of
used
up
Northwest
of
a
The
map,
after
decided
regions
Townships
square
Lots
was
sections),
bought in
of
region
the
the
the
the
were
$1.00
mile, War
to
examines
American
laying
size
Ohio
Territory.
in
Ohio
who
was
called
by
The
were sell
the
of
to
per
with
debt,
or
their
of
groups
small
out
New
about
off
Ohio
River.
first
Company,
persuaded
purchased
acre.
each
sub
the
one
the
the
As
of
an Revolution.
region
Northwest
Englanders
tract
with
characteristics
became
welfare
there
acteristics.
tion,
Ohio
Ohio
Marietta,
buy
divide
tradition, wishing
to
them.
of
As
a
a
property,
never by
others
River.
move
township,
group
with
General
land
How
into
Territory (/
a
of to
4
the
successful,
where
I
(f/Q
were or
such know
4—
individual
start
did
them.
that
by
and
George
men
the
the
which
a
communities
people
many
was
set
strength
Muskingum
community.”
even
They
better
one
ders
in pany,
purchased
The
New
million
f
tract, labeled
on west
first land
Western
the
Washington
farm
of
they
thriving
their
pooling
the
the
Congress
calculated
to
will
first
on
who
founded
a
units.
Englanclers
which
Territory.
themselves
group
settlers
“Area
acres. be
map
the
be
region
in
River
tract
by
sold
persuaded
Land
settlement.
their
[the
Indeed,
Ohio
the
noted,
totaled
the
chose
of
of
is
personally,
to
the
flows
in
town’s]
New
of
New
First
to part
promote
resources
Ohio
River
would
the
The
“Informa
land
a
move
town
Marietta
A
Buy about
Englan
into
England
Survey”
tract
of
North compass
others
Com
as
char
later
area
and
that
was
the
the
the
of to
of
to 5
years
did
other
of
of
passed
on
some el
Between
new
Marietta
The
the
farther
the
their
Despite
of divided
sections between
in apart
of surveyors
settlers.
First
settlements
Marietta’s
town
20,000 $1
townships.
settlers
through
national
way
per
Each
grew
1788
west,
into
and
two
acre.
the
Settlement
lasted
It
west.
was
settlers range
38
sold
and
meridians
was
and
rapidly
Townships
Marietta, and
influences
elections,
residents a
1square-mile
in
strip
well
for
made
determined
Each
also
their
1790,
Ohio
thus
a
passed
of
minimum
into
because
six
range,
up
a
were land
developed
descendants
the
jumping
miles
and
a
nearly
voted
of
Succeeds
rather
the
row
by
along
as
the
New
nearby
1800s,
it
as
many
900
than
was
England
off
Marietta’s
New
a
Kentucky
Voting
boats
thriving
point
show
a
travelers
as
magnet
Englanders
people
character
for
carrying
that
records
shores
trade.
did.
trav
who
for
for
in
b
Therne
3.
2.
1.
in
Regions town
What
How
this
was
of
factors
region? £
Marietta,
How
the
h
contributed
was
Northwest
Geography
Ohio?
public
Territory
education to
the
success
divided
promoted
of
up? the
ed
chair
wondered
132
During
jamin
decoration
a Washingtons
vention,
or
sun
represent
America.
rising
2
the
SECTION
Franklin
setting
:
Chapter
if
Ben
con
federal;
ances;
the Compromise;
Analyze
under agreements
Identify Constitutional
Key
on Describe
on
The
Terms
United
duced
months, Constitutional
This
They
the
Electoral
rjihe
PREVIEW
I
separation
divisions
the
the
3
Constitution.
Convention Constitutional
1y
House
were
structure
that
historic
Define:
animals
the
Three-Fifths
role
•
Convention.
ConstiftuioiaI
States
air
labored
the
College.
Section2
produced
at
document
building
of
;3
was
of
outside
the
begins
the
amend;
James
Philadelphia
powers;
of
is
and
meeting
for
modest
Convention.
convention
wigs
hot
Room,
through
the
now
Gathered
Compromise;
Hall,
a
a
onlookers
more
Madison
rotten
veto;
government
the
lasting New over
and
Convention
government.
that
Despite
checks
the
and
called
brick
could soldiers
Jersey
men
Virginia
is
Pennsylvania
Great
closed
heat,
sticky,
the
has
of
than
and
convention
June1787
garbage.
document.
in
voices
heavy
known at
one
building,
and
splits
Plans
long
In
the
Independence
at
in
governed
the
eavesdrop the the
and
the
kept
200
so
smelling
bal
room
a
only
powdered
Assembly
withering
summer.
windows
clothing
distance.
no
Around
within.
as
curious
years,
which
reached
Great
pro
four
were
State
the
the one
Iy
the
nesses
of
created
In
Organizing
on
of
Compromise
the
1787,
Constitutional
;j
United
of
ical
familiar
able
rich, the
delegates
Island,
government.
responded
nation
Shays’
among
begin a
delegates.
They
decided
Confederation,
for
Maryland,
of
chapter.) plete
the delegates
Conviflioa
the
new
Information
thinkers.
men
The
an
addressing
During
United
The
but
living.
States.
Articles
called
text
in
plan
Rebellion
which
unsuccessful
states
with
might
to
Constitutional
some were
May
Constitutional
Convention
from
to
tackle of
of
in
for
States
to
Many
a
the
of
the
government,
Constitution Convention
the
1787,
1786.
and
I
over convention
chose
had
a the
the
Confederation.
collapse.
As
all
the
convention
theories
the
raised
December
passing
Constitution
Constitution.
problems
violent
you
were no
the
call
age and
Failing
Annapolis
addressed
issue
not
meeting
approves
more
read,
states Convention
42.
Convention
fears
invited
to
L
well
in
of
to
the
again
This
months,
outbreaks
to
A
in Philadelphia
fix
European
than
list
r
of
attend.
Constitution
that
stir
few
educated Philadelphia
except
the
in
the
following
delegates
states
(See ways
the
the
time,
a
up
Annapolis,
weak
were
the
Articles
comfort
next
grew the
national
drew
disputes
Half
that
such
support
17B7
to
Rhode
polit
fragile
states
com
very
year.
send
and
had
this
out
55
of
as
to
of I
James
draft
served were
like
early
He
Dolley polite. Virginian
found sometimes
Man
modesty—with
Madison
in
ing tutor.
New
European landowner,
Orange knowledge
how
the
Later
the
these
notes
(1751—1836)
81O113AP11Y
AMERICAN
debate,”
served
the
A
Education,
Constitution.”
Madison
proceedings.
for
to
Jersey
happily
the
of
leader
Madison
sessions,
that
generations
small-boned
In
a
Payne
He
in
four-year
craft
Politics
public
good
County,
Articles
the
1769
the
in
later
did
remained
political
to
frail
(now
as
the
in
he
a
“best-informed
married
Todd,
build
Virginia
match
new
a
not he
had
he
speaking, would
Man
the
a
talent,
Continental
health,
grew
fellow
of
His
Princeton
program
could
remarkable
would
left Virginia.
Despite
thinking
he law.
Constitutional
was
history,
marry
government.
man
a
Confederation. upon.
One
of
ness
independence
nings
thought
a
36
of
name
in
26-year-old
Madison
“a
for
become
home Philadelphia
up
Mountains
superb
the
cue
legislature,
had
a
delegate
foot
be
and
Knowledge
the ernment.
Madison
to
By
for
came
when
with
quiet man
call
Gentleman
42
Madison
until
poring
The
seen
on
his
in
attend
was
convention.
the
University),
lively
the
government,
There
years.
of
specifically the In
Congress hard
for
invested
Man
him
under
two
sweet
a
shyness our
made
a
bachelor
son
better
busily
foundation
his
had
he
struggling
the James
thin he
task.
noted.
the
plantation
over
widow.
time
every
was
“the
and years.
best
Yet
Convention,
of
work
was
of
and
of
movement.
home
became
to
he
temper.”
Blue
arrived
College
spent
a
it
voice
any
a
taking
of prepared
Madison.
few
and
Virginia, help
Madison
books
in shy
record
sociable
Scottish his
father
wealthy
43,
studied
Yet a
meeting
helped
of
finish
of
During
about
made
point
1780,
They
at
Ridge
great
busi
year
men
gov
dis
and
and only
eve
and
but
res
the
the
the
an
the
of
in of
of
in
of
of
comings
power, have
izens.
sentatives the
national Randolph
The
Virginia
against
a Articles.
meetings tion
had
is
ernment, who
scratch. agreed
abandon
of Washington
proved
The
in
the was
A
the
establish
take
through
Divisions
of
ety,
not
ful philosophy
are
active
in
Man early Madison
Representatives
new
what
dream
Confederation
European
The
1787 1809
In
Philadelphia emotions
best naturally
The
creation
Madison
would
however. mean
first
After
exactly
control
wanted
been
more
Virginia
A
government.
the
than
of
government
in
on
which
it
state
far
legislature.
In
of
In
Plan
in
Virginia
act
by and
in
major
political
did.
politics
of
proper
but
was
end,
the
of
them
Philosophy
there would
more
the
have
order
representatives,
empowered
people
a
his
fact,
proportion
Virginia,
had
with
bringing
what
of
of
devising
as
to
state
selfish
all
of
believed
need
some
became served
and
Madison
philosophers
Madison
Plan
to
Articles
the
themselves.
amend,
was
its
work
to
other
led
and
division
at
altogether.
divisive.
a
the
Convention.m
a
well
to
government,
serve
with
institutions
Plan
unanimously
brought
Each
personal
large
while
and
overstep
for
Constitutional
bicameral,
Madison
managed
president.
saw
creatures
replace
him
no
the
hold
Philadelphia
until
the
a
Submitted
just
into
ideas
the
a
that
a
to
in
on
drew
plan and
those
state
hope
population
addressed
stronger
Virginia
no
in
or
small Madison’s
only
restraining
to
the
several
was
other
focus
his
such
constitutions
1817.
and
Convention.
Chapter
the
revise,
need
them, James
believe
were
the
others
its interests.
who
would
with
became
Nearly
number from
for
to
driven
who
that
eighties.
population.
to
Other
authority.
between
or
humans
new
greater
key
a
Plan
dominate
of
Constitution,
national
weighed.
order
elect
ways:
to
He
by
argued
them.
the
who
constitution
amend Convention
Madison
the
the
two-house, convention
encouraged
thus send
the
that
wanted
discussion
start
jobs
studies
the
by
House
called
everyone
Edmund
remained
President
of
That
business
conven
writings
Articles
wanted
George
in
power
voting
would
short
5 its
people
repre
worst.
Their
those could
could
in
from
That
gov
soci
that,
cit
the
the
for
did
the
•
to
to
of
of
Section
2 133
134
Chapter
have
a branches.
and
these William
New
government. Virginia
feared
The
the the
fit
utive
the
ment because
state. would As
national any power
17,
late
powers,
What
unicameral
from
they
1787,
larger
5
(3) to most
(2)
proposed
(1)
States
(3)
act
the
(2)
foreign
(I)
finally
key
New
Jersey
branch
greater
regulate
Such
they
signed
It to
have
It •
It
the
of
The
same
The
In
the
they
including
Paterson, Plan
would
representatives
would features:
states
veto,
authority,
Section
would
with
a
broke
Virginia
would
Jersey addition
delegates
state
proposals
Congress.
and
national
the
Plan. the
new
They
and
voting
power
government
would
foreign
came
large
championed
or
Constitution
give
the
give
2
power
interstate
legislature.
create
legislature
a
prohibit
have
proposed
the
Proposed
deadlock
judicial
Plan,
the
finally
power
every
Plan
populations
than
Congress
from
the
to
give
legislature
and
Smaller
frightened
right
to
little
New
executive
the
in
because
agreed
national
the
at
the
state
interstate
use
would
as
commerce.
small
the
from
Opposition
over
branch.
Philadelphia’s
the
to
legislative
Should
an would
power
larger
states.
by
states
Jersey
national
the
force
legislature.
an
tax
on
legislative
Virginia
alternative,
would
becoming
stood
they
New
states,
have
equal
a
power
some
and
and
government
states.
thus commerce. framework
have
in
against a
Plan
would
state
the
an
to
judicial
have
to
govern
Jersey’s
branch,
vote
Independence
Plan.
would
to
people
which
representation?
to
added
bene
exec
Thus
regu
new
had
defy
law,
the
tax
the
the
get
the
in
for
the
nation.
Hall
in their population
anything
they
and
James be
ators)
state’s difficult
The
approved large
population.
of the
per
representatives.
house,
its
called tive
the
days,
The
matters voted
the
in
the
on
included?
seats
size,
If
Congress?
Great
House
others state.)
were
convention
Three-Fifths
many
branch
Government
Great
September
slaves
states. a
House population,
on
Madison,
the
for
solution
of
issue
would
seemed
about
would
unable
on
this
Compromise.
This
considered
count,
of
slaves,
Senate,
the
in
were
Compromise
This
The
July
remained: made
Many
of
Representatives,
issue.
On
the
this
pleased have
Constitution,
finally
(That
be
hopeless.
to
Representatives.
to
deadlocked.
owned
16,
the won
Great
would
Compromise
should
each
contradiction.
July
Virginia
bring
be
with
more
it
the was
and between
A
up
based
power
that The
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court
was
the
Governor
Virginia.
campaign
state another
young
Constitution. only
Rebellion
were
what
general
of
guarded who
could
by
a
rallied
nothing
had
federal
more American
Federalists
Constitution.
was
on
drew
strong
their
officially
were
Yates
isolated
of
system.
were
authorities,
to
still
to
had less
September
saw
be
patriots
not
unhappy
nation’s Confederation
government,
individual
also
the the
in
of
on government
feared
by
behind
own
do?
of
This
effectively
than
closest
united and
monster. wanted
to
convinced
need
a
to
the
national
the
but
united
argued:
a
New declarations
figures,
the
presidency,
short
They
promote
major
Antifederalists
included
be
regions
Revolution.
submitted
to
John
civil
group
had
Constitution
a
the
widespread
The
for
fought
done.
the
to
offer.
York,
economic
the
They
around
time,
king,
28,
would
a
with
also
liberty
only
liberties.
the
the
concern.
Lansing
how-
national
several
Finally,
govern
people.
such
people
Anti-
many
leader
picked
1787.
to
where
it.
be
1787
some
wor
had
peo
of
had lead
they
and
but
in
the
tax
to
be
a
A as national Washington. their another. and warned the
The Union] Rebellion. served leadership Convention. the
ton another most lead, government the more
whose power significant, sign large ified Americans as for come new
to ify. December into majority. the
state populated not victories summer Loud
first May position itself thirteen
well.
delay
(3) type war, (4)
Washington’s to state Constitution
Delaware,
Then support.
Yet
honor
Maryland of succeed
activities
line.
through following
quickly.
respected
federal needed
Constitution.
rejected and willing 1790,
to
be
debates
citizens
at
his
The
must The
Finally, his
everyone The
reason,
Washington as
of the group
politicians
states
power,
the
the
New
of in
and
Massachusetts
voted
In
commitment
1787
of
“Something and
of states
chaos
Rhode
he
Georgians Federalists countrymen,
vote
and In
both
Antifederalists without structure. end
1788
first
Federalists to head
defeat fall, June
In to
They
on New could
the
and
became being
Hampshire
to
the
public
and
1786
had year,
wanted
ratify and
in
in
and
accept
Everyone
the
Pennsylvania, a
of
the
in approve had
President.
for knew
of these that
produced nation’s
powerful
quiet
favor 1788,
Jersey,
Island
support
regular
Constitution were
the and who
benefit
January their
All
South
of voluntarily Washington
they
national the
had
the Virginia Federalists
it
the
1787,
figure. been
feared
Georgia
would
the
were
war.
a the is
discouragement.
to the
states.
these could
narrowly maneuvers could must
in
the
New relatively
ninth backing
state Constitution,
national
proved and
readily
the
similarly certainly “or
Federalists
act
expected
from
last November
Carolina
contact greatest
tended idea
crafted
That
new
1788. executive. This
Washington
was a
narrow a
new
level.
Connecticut within
erupt
the
until Hampshire war and Constitutional
well-organized not states
point
North be
Federalists
ratified
state
of
being
given
of
nation had
was agreed had made
his
but
of
voted
government. crucial
government
small fabric coordinate with the
done,”
to
tottering.”
reversed
a New under
they
during with
hero Washing
the
in
ability
the
Federalist and soon
managed foreseen
out
seen
stronger acted
be
Carolina part
reversed George
1789.
During
quickly original
up people
Shays’
Native
to
would
to highly
More
law. local states had
York.
that [the one
final had
and
as
had rat of the had rat
for
the his he
fell
the
to
in
its
In
a a
a
The voting The like rejected the offer Hamilton important twelve to These ten took
Against Bill Constitution
Federalists The amendments. they Convention dom sary. for, the rights So the
protect
why Constitution.
people In
Preamble
of states
Massachusetts, In and
of
skills
decided
of
effect
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to
from
was
Rights.
Bill first The
September
constitutional
it.
the
by
did speech,
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support
certainly
did
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factor,
and
citizens’
Federalist,
close,
the
of
themselves?
were
ten saw
on
had
amendments,
the
This
a
Constitution message
are
of
of adopt
Members
such
Bill tenth
the
people. men
December
the
turned
amendments the
people
talked
cartoon
no known
however, and
building
Rights
government
1789,
being
had
of
several
Virginia,
rights.
measures
Constitution
the
press,
No. of such
need
they amendments
Under
before Rights
the shows
about the
an
raised.
Constitution. of need
today
84,
Congress
words
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the
impact.
was as tide
and
might
a
and
for
15,
amendments
it
Hamilton
Chapter
the
and the
government Nine
to protecting
became
were
were Madison
to
Constitutional
as
states
the in
in states
1791.
religion. these
Most
protect Constitution, they
to
states
New the
easily the close the
The
Federalist
proposed claim
the
unneces
designed
law.
cartoon?
as
ratified
Yet
quoted
had
York? states
pitlars,
same.
most
have
free their
5
and
Government
that the
But Rights
Constitution? Main Why
to
of,
to
approve •
with
was
Section
added
nine
a
Bill
the
Idea
What
to
upright
3
of
new
the
is
141
the and
142
9th
10th 8th
7th
6th
5th 4th
2nd
3rd
1st
3 Amendment
2. Amendment
Amendment
Amendment
Amendment
Amendment
Amendment
onipr
Amendment
Amendment
Amendment
‘haDter
people’s
national
!1terpreItnq
compare
Federalists Organizing
Constitution? Summarizing
Federalists Key
(c)
Antifederalist;
Terms
government
right
Jefferson
not
any
For is
system.
“the
withheld
Establishes Establishes
3hnioi1 Protects for
federal
Guarantees Guarantees
for
against
the
Provides Protects
Restricts Guarantees
Guarantees
Tables
a
3
and
added to
better
and
the public
a
homes
accept
people
able
In
serious
express
Define:
•
the
government;
formation
being
That the
The
against
Antifederalists.
from
individuals
Bill that
contrast
the
favored
(d)
use
Section3
of
that
that
list the
to
recognition
persons
Constitution
the
freedom
Main
Bill
federal
manner
faction; surrender
a
citizens
tried
the
without
Hamilton’s
of
their
(a> is,
person
right
the
right
all
win
of
of
cruel
states
Rights
ratify;
they
Rights
powers
twice
people
rights,
Idea
against
accused
the
crime;
prohibits
views? to
of
to
in
the
and
paying
ratification
must
a
(e)
religion,
bear
Make
which
created.
are
jury for
keep
Constitution
was
(b)
unusual
have
not
Bill nothing”
protects
of
unreasonable
views
held
the
he
be
arms
How
of
a
trial
the
Federalist;
intended
Many the
guaranteed
fair
popular
reasoning.
of
accused
a
all
speech,
rights
same
a
argued.
by
Government
government
crime
in
federal
Rights.
punishment
price
were
chart
the
individuals
each
civil
of
of
beyond
crime;
Americans
to
under
the
press,
for by
power.
cases
of
the
searches
government
protect
the
the
to
rights”
but
to
a
right
it
the
the
prohibits
grand
from
those
assembly,
and
Thomas
Which
against
tried
states,
the
insisted
to
federal
Americans
“Here
taking
and
excessive
a
jury
stated
than
in
new
5.
4
swift
did
ritiCH
may
amendment
unfair
federal
self-incrimination
or
seizures
before
government
and
6
their
private
d
in and
house
papers. Summarizing
excerpts Analyzing
nation’s
and
at
from
actions
the
bail
petition
courts
the
citizens
fair
being
above.
amendments
Writing
mise
of behind
the
vice. believed
army
Constitution
explain
property
the
troops
nj
trial
Rights,
protects
start
by
and
Facing
tried
strong
Summarize
end
history.
Yet,
from
led
would
the
in
Make
and
not
Time
the
a
of
why
them
ctiiy
it
upon
of
Persuasive
the
the
r
the
overwhelming
Bill
was
the
In
1789,
disband
Lines
from
it
Federalists
Federalist
to
formation
section.
arrest
person
specify
language
For
was
pushed
earth,”
against
what
returning protections
unjust
gion
protections
of Madison
home
sador
responded serving
Convention. delegate
them Constitution.
to
Declaration that
rights”
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case
important
victory.
Rights
the j
Jefferson
he
In
instance, Jefferson
a
and wanted
be
Review
the
it
in
Essay
for immediately
without to
turning
to
courts.
for
the
Bill
threw
the
Choose
include
as
could
your
and
one
every
France.
keep
gave
passage
in he
as
people
at
of
home
guaranteed
to
clearer,
United
pressure
ambassador
of
number
for
Reread
written.
to
with
Antifederalist
the
the
the
from
own the
wrote
point
agree
He
letter
in. of
Rights
the
“A
he
abreast
Choose
his
had
government
a
be
ensure
freedom
a
one
from press
unsuccessfully
Instead
time
Bill
are
This
Constitutional
bill
trial.
Independence
words.
wanted
Bill
States was
of more
friends
full
“unalienable
held
after
in
armies
not
for
them.
to
date
entitled
of
of
chart
of
of
he
the
line
the
France
of
compro as
of
two
in
that
support
He
wrote.
detailed
the rights
specific
in
its
ambas
Rights.
been
he
days
of events.
well
in
Rights.
under
urged
Paris,
it
back
also
ser
reli
cor
Bill
and
the
the
the
on
to
at
to
as
is
a a ___
1789 1789 1800 WashingtonJeffersonand 1799 Government takes Hamiltongetkey 1792 Washingtondies; movesinto office governmentposts Washington capitalnamedforhim Washington,D.C. reelected 11785 1790 1795 71800
TueNewGovernment
SECTIONPREVIEW
I Listsome ofthe new leaders of President PresidentWashingtonled the effortto create an Washington’sgovernment,and compareand effectivefederalgovernmentthat wouldearn the contrast the viewsof Jefferson and Hamilton. respect ofthe Americanpeopleand of othernations. 2 Describethe precedents set byWashington. 3 Explainwhyand howthe new capitalof eading Strategy Washington,D.C.,was built. Makingan OutlineMakea list of allthe headingsin 4 KeyTerms Define:inauguration;Cabinet; this section.Asyouread,write downat least one key domestic affairs;administration;precedent. fact undereach heading.
April 30, 1789, a crowd of thousands nation celebrated this peaceful inaugura Onsurrounded Federal Hall, an elegant tion of leaders, difficult tasks lay ahead. building on New York City’s Wall Street that The infant nation had a huge war debt. It served as the temporary home of the new gov lacked a permanent capital. ft had no fed ernment. From windows and rooftops, people eral officers beyond Washington, Adams, strained to catch a glimpse of the tall figure and the newly elected Congress. with freshly powdered hair that now appeared Immediately, President Washington on the front balcony of the building. began selecting officials to head the Those within earshot listened as George major departments of the executive Washington repeated the oath of office of branch. This group of federal leaders is President of the United States and kissed a called the Cabinet. Besides running their Bible. The crowd roared its approval. own agencies, Cabinet officers advise the The French ambassador observed this President. Aninaugu joyousinauguration, or official swearing-in President Washington selected prominent rationsou ceremony. “Never,” he wrote, “has [a] sover Americans to fill these new posts. Edmund venir eign [a ruler] reigned more completely in the Randolph of Virginia was named Attorney proclaims hearts of his subjects than did Washington in General, the nation’s chief law officer and legal “silenceto thetongue those of his fellow-citizens. . . . He has the soul, adviser. Henry Knox, who had been Secretary look, and figure of a hero united in him.” of War under the Articles of Confederation, thatwill continued in the job under Washington. uttera Washington called on two of the nation’s calumny [insult] most respected patriots to fill his most crucial againstthe Washington had been elected in early 1789by a Cabinet posts. Thomas Jefferson was named to immortal of State, which handles unanimous vote of the new Electoral College. head the Department Washing countries. Alexander (Unanimous means having the agreement of relations with foreign ton.” everyone.) Massachusettspatriot John Adams, a Hamilton accepted the job of Secretary of leading Federalist,became VicePresident. Asthe the Treasury.
Chapter ! • Section4 143
144
inauguration.
Washington
buttons
the
buttons
Jefferson
of
choice
What
campaign
1ai,,
offspring
State?
of
Todays
qualities
these
from
Chapter
for
are
a
Secretary
good
Idea
Washington
does
Jstnq
made
near
Jefferson love
most ence,
University
lawyer,
to
inventor,
gifted
t third als’
Federalist. Constitution.
achieved
Independence,
role
Secretary
Thomas
talent joked
White
John
the
Generations
Historjcaf
philosophy,
rights
Jefferson,
S
scene
Charlottesville,
as
famous
President,
of
linguistics,
F.
that public
ever
House
administration
•
and
Kennedy,
ed
country’s
to
again
several
ing Secretary
1789,
Jefferson
chief
built
and
led
learning
Section
reflect
his
His
great
foreign
to
of
Evidence
the
as
of
Upon
later,
diplomat,
for
dine
him
guests
figures.t
Virginia.
violinist.
Jefferson
is
in
passionate
Yet ambassador
several
later
author
Federalists’
State
Nobel
mathematics,
Federalist
years
was
was
Monticello,
4
Thomas
the
domestic
ate fame
in
and
to
issues.
internal
of
Jefferson
his
the
were
This
is
led
press
Virginia.
hosting
there
nation’s
to
one
Prize
State.
titled
out
homes archaeology.
building,
Besides
Jefferson
A
quickly
He
Jefferson
return
of
painting
yet
the
become
He
plans
him
lover
concern
of
alone.
of
for
winners.
The
made
matters,
the
affairs—that
Jefferson
a to
efforts
greatest
thirty-fifth
eventually
He
when
this
the
supper
a
was
the
for
for
France.
Republican
agricultural
except
became
being
from
of
of
gracious
to
Declaration
had
spotlight,
the
nation’s
contributions
Bill
was
a
himself.
the
architecture,
for
Kennedy
not
to
reception
found
gathering
he Despite
at
as
new
Jefferson’s
President,
when
just
of
a
France
ratify
individu
the
a
had
support
involved
nation’s opposed
planter,
a became
Rights.
writer,
government? Court.
house
is,
spent
most
strict
serv
The
sci
during
the
not
the
the
of
his
in of
-
Culture
the
the
President rule,
something tion,
ing
With
and
administration,
The
came
administration
gave The
eased,
of
son
who
properly
Hamilton
largest
private
Army
the
ly
He
Alexander
Department
(now
How
the
precedents
brilliant
role
soon
For
Patriot
agencies
and
Despite
Now
economic
or
Washington
largest
the
every to
during
Columbia
new
and
never
tradition
secretary
example,
of
department.
Hamilton,
Washington’s
nation
became
used,
interact
done
Hamilton
the
cause.
believed
‘Washington’s
decision,
Treasury Jefferson
fully
States’ dealing
President
Jefferson
State ly
could labor.
the was
government his the
more
Hamilton,
many a
problems the
man.
of
of
the
politician,
Cabinet?
for
problems
about
the
can
could
or the
really
strong
much-needed
life
President
A
day,
wrong,
adoption
to
to
or
and
Revolution,
involved
how University)
As
trusted
how
because
said
than
with
executive
sense
closest
He
never
be
General Treasury, other
He
the
also
of
term
an
that
with
headed
his
later
to
accomplish
In
every
it
Jefferson
also
should
followed.
that
to
attention a
and
contrasts
attended
officer
first
a
well
Nobody
each
head
trusted
the
as gentleman
and
Secretary
officials
refer
of
but
govern.
brought
contrast few
went
governmental
the
bring
ally.
of
harshest
southern
in
would
got
becomes
of
of
France,
a
Washington.
duty
the
months,
Washington
action,
branch
politics, he
was
Hamilton
new
office. knew he
in
moral
the of
other?
the
Congress
in
new
the his
to a In
stability.
fairly
wrote
smallest
New
his
much
man
relied
during
himself
the
yet
between
were
A
made
King’s
the
an become
Department
the great
on
government’s
experience
government,
Constitution
head
to
precedent
critics.
government.
an
as
farmer.
slaves.
every
that
Continental
knew.
the
(The intellectual
evil.
even planters
What
bargain
by supporting
who
smoothly.
York
establish
members
Hamilton
a
Jefferson,
eloquent
example,
preferred
served
things. Jefferson
on
and
whole.)
his
the
College
power,
details
United
of to
slavery
Jeffer
one Yet
years,
word
inac
chose
never
City.
was
slave
first
war
the
Like
free
the
the
is
he
as
of
of
in of Typical of this experimental period was the debate in the Senate over what to call the President. “Your Majesty” was too kingly, yet otahk “Mr. Washington” sounded too plain. A Senate committee suggested “His Highness the President of the United States of America and £RESII1JEiS Protector of the Rights of the Same.” But the 1 House of Representatives rejected that title, and the issue died for the time being. (Today we use the simple and democratic “Mr. President.”) Meanwhile, President Washington, aware be prepared for win is one of the precedents he was setting, worked to of the most effectual inean of establish a tone of dignity in his administra tion. His own appearance and personality preserving peace.” helped. More than six feet tall, Washington —First Annual Address, 1790 made an impressive figure. By nature he was solemn, reserved, and very formal. (‘ eorge Washington was not only the nation’s first Washington was also intensely private. A %.J President, but the person for whom the office was cre man named Gouverneur Morris had found ated. A former Virginiaplanter and surveyor, he had fought this out the hard way: During the in the French and Indian War and had led the Continental Constitutional Convention, some of Morris’s Army during the RevolutionaryWar. Washington’s success ful leadership in the fight for independence made the tall fellow delegates had dared him to put his hand and Imposing 57-year-old easily the nation’s leading public on Washington’s shoulder, According to one figure. account of the incident: Washington was famous too for his honesty, dignity, and self-control, In 1787 the Framersof the Constitution cre AMER14 I “Washington withdrewhis ated the office of President with him in mind, confident that hand, stepped suddenly back, he could be trusted with the enormous powers of the pres [and]fixedhis eye on Morrisfor several minutes idency. Washington backed the Constitution during the withan angryfrown,untilthe latter retreated debate over ratification,and as President he acted with dig abashed,andsoughtrefugeinthe nity and restraint, thus easing many people’s fears about the new government. Throughout his first term Washington Washington could not, however, make the new gov remained a popular figure, and in 1792 he won ernment universally popular. Many Americans distrusted unanimous reelection, Reluctantly, he accept the new, stronger government and disliked Alexander ed. As you will read in the next section, his sec Hamilton’s economic plans. Washington’s pro-British for ond administration would prove to be more eign policy angered those Americans who thought the difficult, marked by criticism and controversy. United States should support Franceinstead. Convinced that During his eight years in the capital, Washington was leading the nation away from the ideals of Washington lived in grand style. Soldiers escort the Revolution, these opponents rallied behind Thomas ed his carriage, which was pulled by a team of Jefferson, who had resigned as secretary of state in 1793. six horses, The President and his wife, Martha, Washington tried to keep the nation politicallyunited under held regular Friday afternoon parties to enter his leadership, but ultimately, divisions occurred. Offended tain government officials and ambassadors. and tired, in 1796 he refused to run for a third term. Every year, government officials celebrated the When Washington died in 1799, Americans put aside President’s birthday with elaborate ceremonies. the bitter conflicts of his presidency. They remembered Washington believed that such pomp was instead his years of steadfast service to the nation, first as a necessary to command the respect of the general fighting a difficultwar and later as a President seek American public and the rest of the world. To ing a workable balance between order and liberty. some people, however, such activities made Washington seem like a king with a lavish court. Conneetmrc tc Todi The need to make the government appear Do you believe that characteristics such as dignity and both powerful and democratic at the same restraint are as important for American Presidents today as time presented quite a challenge. Yet such they were in Washington’s era? Explainyour answer. issues were important because they would set precedents for generations to come,
Chapter • Section 4 145
€
L.
rW
146
SECTION
3.
2.
1. Chaoter
—
the
Government center
gram
creating Summarizing
Organizing tration;
President (b)
Key
wilderness,
The
drab
Cabinet; United
center
Terms
with
near
might square-mile planned
decade,
Philadelphia.
year. to
grand A
could
1790. Capitol
$
surroundings.
(e)
a
States
new
the
circle.
Washington
3
respected
REVIEW
Establlshing
That
precedent.
Washington’s
In
(c)
Style,
be
It
but
in
equal
In
capital
Define:
government formation
•
nation
specified
1800
needed
domestic
while
labeled
and
the
effort
its
The
Section
1790
and
stretch lavishness
the
was
Culture
built.
circles
government?
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be be be Section 3. Senate 1.Composition; Term The Senateofthe United Statesshallbe ClauseI Eachstatehas twosenators.Senatorsservefor composedof two senatorsfrom eachstatecho3cnby thc lcgi3 six-yearterms.TheSeventeenthAmendmentchangedthe laturc thcrcof, for sixyears, and each senator shall have one waysenatorswereelected. vote.
2. Classification;FillingVacanciesImmediatelyaftertheyshall Clause2 Everytwoyears,onethirdofthesenatorsrunfor be assembledin consequenceof the first election,they shallbe reelection.Thus,the makeupofTheSenateis nevertotally dividedas equallyas may be into three classes.The seatsof the changedbyanyoneelection.TheSeventeenthAmendment senatorsof the firstclassshallbe vacatedat the expirationofthe changedthe way of fillingvacancies,or emptyseats. secondyear,of the secondclassat the expirationof the fourth Today,thegovernorofa statemustchoosea senatortofill year, and of the third classat the expirationof the sixthyear.so a vacancythatoccursbetweenelections. that onethird maybe choseneverysecondyear;and if vacancic3 happcnbyrcoignation,or othcrwisc,duringthc rcccooofthclcg islaturcof anyStatc,thc cxccutivcthcrcofmay mukctcmporary appointmcntountil thc next mccting of the lclaturc, which shallthcn fillsuchvacancic.
3. Qualifications No person shallbe a senator who shall not Clause3Asenatormuatbeatleast30yearsold,anAmer have attained to the age of thirty years,and been nine yearsa icancitizenfor9years,andaresidentofthestateheorshe citizenofthe United States,and whoshallnot, whenelected,be represents. an inhabitantof that state for whichhe shallbe chosen,
4. President of the Senate The VicePresidentof the United Clause4 TheVicePresidentpresidesoverSenatemeet Statesshallbe president of the Senate,but shallhave no vote, idpsheheanvoteonytobreakab unlesstheybe equallydivided.
5, Other Officers The Senateshallchoosetheir other officers, CIause5 Pro omiseans temporary.TheSenate and also a president pro tempore,in the absenceof the Vice shoosesoneofbmembeaspresiderRgo tern President,or when he shallexercisethe officeof the President porewhentheVicePresidentisabsent of the UnitedStates.
6. Impeadunent Trials The Senateshall havethe solepower Clause6TheSenateactsasaju,ylftheHouseimpeach to try all impeachments.When sitting for that purpose, they esafederaloffidal,TheCblefjusticeeftheSupremeCourt shall be on oath or affirmation, When the President of the presidesIfthePresidentIsontrlatTwothirdsof allsena United Statesis tried, the Chief Justiceshall preside; and no tors present must vote for convIction,or findingthe person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two accusedguilty.t4oPresidenthas everbeenconvicted.The thirds of the members present. HouseimpeachedPresidentAndrewJohnsonin1868,but theSenateacquittedhimofthecharges.In1974,President RichardNixonresignedbeforehe couldbe impeached.
7. Penalty on Conviction Judgmentin casesof impeachment Clause7 Ifanofficialis foundguiltybytheSenate,he or shallnot extend further than to removalfrom office,and dis she can be removedfromoffIceand barredfromholding qualificationto hold and enjoy any officeof honor, trust or federalofficeinthefuture.Thesearetheonlypunishments profit under the United States:but the party convictedshall theSenatecanimpose.However,theconvictedofficialcan neverthelessbe liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg stillbetriedina criminalcourt ment, and punishment, accordingto law.
Section 4. Elections and Meetings
1. Election of Congress The times, places, and manner of Clause1 Eachstatelegislaturecandecidewhenandhow holdingelectionsfor senatorsand representatives,shallbe pre congressionalelectionstakeplace,butCongresscanover scribedin eachstatebythe legislaturethereof;but the Congress rulethesedecisions.In1842,Congressrequiredeachstate may at any time by lawmake or alter such regulations,except to set up congressionaldistrictswithone representative as to the placesof choosingsenators, electedfromeachdistrictIn1872,Congressdecidedthat congressionalelectionsmustbeheldIneverystateonthe samedateIneven-numberedyears.
2. Sessions The Congressshallassembleat leastonce in every Clause2 Congressmustmeetat leastoncea ye&The year,and suchmeetingohallbc on the firstMondayin Dcccm TwentiethAmendmentmovedthe openingdate of Con her, unlci they 3hallby lawappoint a diffcrcntday. gresstoJanuary3. Section 5. Legislative Proceedings Clause1 Eachhousedecideswhethera memberhasthe 1.Organization Each house shall be the judge of the elections, qualificationsforofficeset bythe Constitution.Aquorum returns, and qualificationsof its own members, and a majority is the smallestnumberofmemberswhomustbe present of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller forbusinessto be conducted.Eachhousecanset itsown number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized rulesaboutabsentmembers. to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Clause2 Eachhousecan makerulesforthe conductof 2. Rules Each house may determine the rules of its proceed members.Itcanonlyexpela memberbya two-thirdsvote. ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Clause 3 Eachhousekeepsa recordofitsmeetings.The 3. Record Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, CongressionalRecordispublishedeverydaywithexcerpts and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts from speeches made in each house. It also recordsthe as may in their judgment require secrecy;and the yeasand nays votesofeach member. of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Clause4 Neitherhousecanadjourn or stopmeeting,for 4. Adjournment Neither house, during the session of Con morethan three days unlessthe otherhouseapproves. gress,shall,without the consent of the other, adjourn for more BothhousesofCongressmustmeetinthe samecity. than three days,nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shallbe sitting.
Section 6. Compensation, Immunities, and Disabifities of Members Clause1 Compensationmeanssalary.Congressdecides 1.Salaries; Immunities The senators and representativesshall thesalaryforitsmembers.WhileCongressis insession,a receivea compensation for their services,to be ascertained by memberis freefromarrestin civilcases and cannotbe law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They suedforanythingheorshesaysonthefloorofCongress. shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the Thisallowsforfreedomofdebate.However,a membercan peace, be privilegedfrom arrest during their attendance at the be arrestedfora criminaloffense. session of their respectivehouses, and in going to and return ing from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
Clause 2 Emolumentalso meanssalary.A memberof 2. Restrictions on Other Employment No senator or repre Congresscannotholdanotherfederalofficeduringhis or sentative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be her term.Aformermemberof Congresscannot holdan appointed to any civilofficeunder the authority of the United officecreatedwhilehe or she was inCongress.Anofficial States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments in another branch of governmentcannot serve at the whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no sametimeinCongress.Thisstrengthensthe separationof person holding any office under the United States shall be a powers. member of either house during his continuance in office.
Section 7. Revenue Bifis,President’s Veto Clause 1 Revenueis moneyraised by the government 1. Revenue Bills Allbills for raising revenue shall originate in throughtaxes.Taxbillsmust be introducedinthe House. the House of Representatives;but the Senate may propose or TheSenate,however,can makechangesintax bills.This concur with amendments as on other bills. clauseprotectsthe principlethat peoplecan be taxedonly withtheirconsent
Clause 2 A bill, or proposedlaw,that is passed by a 2. How a Bill Becomes Law the Veto Every bill which shall majorityofthe Houseand Senateis sentto the President. have passed the House of Representativesand the Senate shall, Ifthe Presidentsignsthe bill,itbecomeslaw. before it become a law, be presented to the President of the Abillcan alsobecomelawwithoutthe President’ssig United States;if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall nature.ThePresidentcan refusetoactona bill.IfCongress return it, with his objections,to that house in which it shallhave is insessionat the time,the billbecomeslaw10daysafter originated,who shallenter the objectionsat largeon their jour the Presidentreceivesit. nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, it of the votes
shall entered
excepted) shall Congress
vote it 3.
resentatives ment)
or and the
and
The Section
the
shall welfare
1.
2.
3.
several 4.
States; laws shall
coin, 5.
6.
shall ties
7.
Resolutions 8. ing that right
being To
To names
To
To
Senate
To
To To
before
To together
limitations debts
to not
be
Congress
of
and be
lay
for borrow
likewise
on regulate
establish
shall house, not
and
which provide
establish
to promote
coin
both
on
a
of
states,
be
uniform
disapproved
by
and
law,
limited after current their of
the
and and be the
8.
the
fix the returned
maybe
be
their
the
money,
houses
with
a the Powers
collect
money it
in
subject
United the shall
Passed
same be and
presented commerce House
journal
it law. respective provide
for
prescribed an
post persons shall
the
like
adjournment
concurrence
throughout
shall
reconsidered, times coin
standard the
uniform
the
with
necessary
have
shall
progress
shall
by
taxes,
regulate
offices manner
by
on become
objections, of by States;
of
punishment
of have
the of
for of
to the
him,
Representatives, voting
the power
Congress
to be
bankruptcies the take
writings
with
each
in
authors President duties,
of
Congress
rule the the
Indian
and been determined
credit
but
United (except of the
the shall
as
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prevent
foreign
for
and house science President
common
law,
of if
post
the all case
to
United
presented value
and
he imposts, be
and of
naturalization,
tribes;
of
Every the and duties,
if
Senate
shall
States;
on But within
roads;
the of repassed had
counterfeiting
approved and
respectively.
its
discoveries;
nations,
against
throughout
other and
thereof, a a
by
inventors
according
States;
in
United return,
be question bill. of
order,
signed
defense
measures;
imposts
yeas
and
and
useful ten
all
to
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approved
house,
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him,
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and days House
and
excises, by
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resolution,
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it,
two
and
and bill arts
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securi same
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the
pay
be
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taking ident back
vote. 10 house
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bypassing have
adjournment).
name.
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xc1sesaretaxesonibe
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tain States.
bonds,
Clause Articles
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meats
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days, The
stnedbthePresldent(exceptonquestipnsof Congress
value. to refuses
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sole action
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Congress
to
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money
protects
mail. are government
the
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President must Thus,
called
force
act
Congress
trade,
to
bonds. or
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can
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where
are
is
a
override
has pass on
weights
passes
business
be
on
in his citizen.
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dies.
has can as
this
has
has the tariffs.
an
a veto, may that
can
all
trade
or
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acertain
the
or
laws. bill
laws
important
sirnpy Congress
it
author. set
pass parts the
has clause The trade This
often
her
was
promise
pass same
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borrow
and
and
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is or
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production
up were
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cannot
power the
on
Any
power
the
work
way the
reject
introduced. of resolUtions
the bill by
Congress borrows
between measures.
President’s copyright A
these
date.
making in
prevents
veto.
power the
a such
can patent
catting
process part
again
National
to
of
ll to
money
for major to
pay
to
country.
a are killing pay
set
parts two
make tax
a
resolution
coin
orsale of
bill
its
to
of
timited money
makes
states. a
by taxes adjourns
and
up
the
problem
issues.The Congress
the
and Or or regulate
imitation debts.
the
bill
whereby
for
by
Bureau
of
veto a
money
laws a
and
holder
if
patent
orders
bill
the
sending
system two-thirds
by
condition
the in
the
spend
of
time.
an
by
Thsagree
control
or without
Congress if
general. another
to
coun.
with
within
certain
of
Pres
and foreign
inventor selling
United order
each
money.
a
laws.A punish a from
that
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ta
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why was the
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people import ed that the
Clause called the war
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Clause Clause spend ships lower,
national command called size Clauses ernment
under Clauses under attack
Congress rules marque
guilty
to
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suspend
nation’s
meaning
right
he
are
permitted
Congress
foreign
of
carry
governing
at
the
the
federal
The
the
on ships
the
tax
from
3
or It
of
1
18
11
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the
9
granted
capital.
sea.
17
to
a gives 12,
and
allowing
15,
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command
Such
National
Congress
was
elastic
of
of
control
out
writers
Only
compromise
Clauses
elect
particular bill
Congress
this
wiitofhabeascoipusisacourtorderrequiring capital.
officials
unlawful
of
armed
invaders. 13,14
of
Congress
the
a
16
army
is
courts
reprisal
call
to
the
could
Congress
an
state’s
never
of
its
being
the
right
persons In
Congress
at
The
slave
local
abolish
enemy
clause
attainderis
first
merchant
1790,
power.
of
of up
the
Guard.
and
These
In
1—17 armed
forces
to
has
except
of under
deal
crime.
the
imprisonment. imposed.
militia
held.A
Congress.
can
the
1973,
officials.
Each
governor.
trade.
bring
17
request
were
the
navy.
controls
the
between
Congress
the
nation. the
because
means
Constitution
list
clauses.
with militia clauses
Normally, can punish
forces.
the
President.
and
An
in
state
a
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slave
ships
In the
documents
is
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power
times
a
gave
prisoner
declare
ex
the of
also
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1808,
a
law
the
They
However,
slaves.
Congress
to
powers
of
the
has
piracy,
the
post
body
the place
trade,
it Clause
made
to
habeas
changing
to
residents
put
declaring of
has
the
The
to
lets
amount
arm
President.
as
are
its
added
make
district
rebellion
supporters
war.
to
facto
set
down
of
This
militia
the
the
soon
delegated
Washington,
own
government
it
Court.
Congress
court issued
no or
18
it
themselves
citizen
corpus did
decides
Declarations
up
army
power
laws can the
longer
clause
lawpunishes
is Clause
of
thata
needs
of
militia,
as
rebellions
so.
around
is
and
or
inferior,
sometimes
the
robbing
Letters
by
be money
Congress
under
as
and
invasion.
The
protects
soldiers.
and
to
to
explain
stretch
District
issued.
person
result
on a
placed
of
need
18
today
write
can
Con
D.C.,
navy
gov
$10
and
the
the
the
the
the
so
or or
to of
of
of
or
3.
2.
or
each
corpus one
admit, 3on3
United powers
Section carrying to
for sent become
I. other over
cession
states, land
scribed authority employed 9.
militia, of to
make the
18,
17.
16. 15. 14.
13.
11.
12. 10.
The
Bills
Writ
To
invasion
cx exercise
the
inw that
To
the
To
To
To
To
high
To To To
To
thomand
of
person.
such and
post
a
constitute
needful
rules
shall
Union,
raise
Slave
ha1l
make provide
provide
respectively,
define
use
of
erection
make declare
provide
exercise
of the
by
vested
any of
States,
the and
seas into
facto
naval
of
Attainder;
district
Habeas 9.
in
Congress;
particular
like shall
legislature
the
not
and concerning
nn
not
training
Trade
seat
of
all
and
Powers the
for
rules
suppress
and
eight execution
buildings;
law
by
and
public
war, authority
nr
forces;
be
for
be
the
support
for
laws
tribunals
be
of
exclusive
or
of
service
offenses
governing
this
(not
suspended,
prohibited
punish
Corpus
shall forts,
calling
for
The
for
maintain
tatea
the
hundred
organizing,
in the
imrnirtntinn
grant
the
which
Ex
states,
safety
Constitution
of
a
exceeding
the
insurrections,
captures
any
government
Denied
be migration
armies,
appointment longer
militia
Post
magazines,
of
—and
the over
the
inferior
now
forth
against piracies
legislation
letters
passed.
The
government
the
shall
may
department
and
state
foregoing a
and
such
Facto by
unless
all
navy;
term
according
edting
United
but
privilege
arming, the
on
the
require
places
be
the
not
of
ten
eight,
to
the
to
or
in
and
part
no
land
Laws
militia
Congre
in
marque
when
necessary arsenals,
than
the
of
which
importation acceptance
rrrAin
miles
and
Congress
law
in
of
appropriation
the
States,
felonies
the
purchased
but
powers,
shall
and
Supreme
it.
and
all and
of
of
the
two
to
of
repel
No
or
in
government
to
United
square)
the
a
the
cases
them
the
nations;
regulation and
cases
water;
officers,
disciplining
think
tax
dock-yards,
prior
execute
officer
bill years;
reserving
and
invasions;
writ
committed
ten
same
discipline
and
of
or
reprisal,
of
Court;
oi
whatsoever,
of
by
as
States,
proper
to
dollara
as
proper
Congress,
duty
:;ucii
of
attainder
of
rebellion
all
the
shall
the
thereof. the
may
may, and
habeas
money
of
of
to
other
con
may year
per
laws
pre
and
and
and
the
for
the the
the
for be, the
on
by
be
iu
I
I I * an act whkhwasnotillegalwhenitwascommitted.Con gresscannotpassa billofattainderorexpostfactolaws.
4. Apportiomnent of Direct Taxes No capitation, or othcr Clause4 Acapitationtaxis a taxplaceddirectlyoneach dircct, tax shallbe laid, unlessin proportion to the censusor person.Directtaxesaretaxeson peopleoronland.They enumeration herein beforedirectedto be taken. can be passedonlyiftheyare dividedamongthe states according to population.The Sixteenth Amendment allowedCongresstotaxincomewithoutregardtothepop ulationofthestates.
5. Taxeson Eorts No tax or duty shall be laid on articles Clause5 ThisclauseforbidsCongressto taxexports.In exported from any state. 1787,southernersinsistedon this clausebecausetheir economydependedonexports.
6. SpecialPreference for Trade No preferenceshall be given ClauseBCongresscannotmakelawsthatfavoronestate by any regulationof commerceor revenueto the ports of one overanotherintradeandcommerce.Also,statescannot state overthose of another; nor shallvesselsbound to, or from, placetariffsoninterstatetrade. one state,be obligedto enter, clear,or pay dutiesin another,
7. Spending No money shallbe drawn from the Treasury,but Clause7 Thefederalgovernmentcannotspendmoney in consequenceof appropriations made by law;and a regular unlessCongress propriatestt,orpassesa lawallowing statement and account of the receiptsand expendituresof all it.ThisclausegivesCongressan importantcheckonthe public moneyshallbe publishedfrom time to time. Presidentbycontrollingthe moneyhe orshecanspend. Thegovernmentmustpublisha statementshowinghowit spendspublicfunds.
8.Titles of Nobility No titleof nobilityshallbe grantedby the Clause8 Thegovernmentcannotawardtitlesofnobility, United States;and no person holding any officeof profit or suchas DukeorDuchess.Americancitizenscannotaccept trust under them, shall,without the consent of the Congress, titlesofnobilityfromforeigngovernmentswithoutthecon accept of any present, emolument, office,or title, of any kind sentofCongress. whatever,from any king,prince or foreignstate.
Section 10,Powers Denied to the States 1. Unconditional Prohibitions No state shall enter into any ClauseI ThewritersoftheConstitutiondidnotwantthe treaty, alliance,or confederation;grant letters of marque and states to act likeseparatenations.So they prohibited reprisal;coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but statesfrommakingtreatiesorcoiningmoney.Somepow gold and silvercoin a tender in payment of debts;passanybill ersdeniedtothefederalgovernmentarealsodeniedtothe of attainder, expostfacto law,or law impairing the obligation states.Forexample,statescannotpassexposttactolaws. of contracts,or grant any titleof nobility. 2. Powers Conditionally Denied No state shall, without the ClausesZ 3 Powerslistedhere are forbiddento the consent of the Congress,layany imposts or duties on imports states,hutCongresscanlifttheseprohibitionsbypassing or exports, except what may be absolutelynecessaryfor exe lawsthatgivethesepowerstothestates, cuting itsinspectionlaws;and the net produce of alldutiesand Clause2forbIdsstatesfromtaxingimportsandexports imposts,laidbyany stateon imports or exports,shallbe forthe withoutthe consent of Congress.States may charge use of the Treasuryof the United States;and allsuch lawsshall inspectionfees on goodsenteringthe states.Anyprofit be subjectto the revisionand control of the Congress. fromthesefeesmustbeturnedoverto theUnitedStates Treasury. 3. Other Denied Powers No stateshall,without the consentof Clause3 forbidsstatesfromkeepingan armyornavy Congress,layanydutyoftonnage,keeptroops,or shipsofwarin withoutthe consentof Congress.States cannotmake time ofpeace,enter into anyagreementor compactwithanoth treatiesordedarewarunlessanenemyinvadesorisabout er state,or witha foreignpower,or engagein war,unlessactual toinvade. lyinvaded,or insuchimminentdangeraswillnotadmitofdelay. Article II, Executive Branch Section 1.President and Vice President 1.Chief Executive; Term The executivepower shall be vested ClauseI ThePresidentis responsibleforexecuting,or in a Presidentofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica.He shallhold his carryingout,lawspassedbyCongress.
William
President sion
time
his Clause
President the
allowed States
United Clause
state
candidate
electors
on
every
December. Clause
the
lege decided
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choose to
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The
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votes
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The
her
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college
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Some
Harrison
representatives.
electors.
directs
Tyler
powers choose
President
President
House,
state’s
candidate
14
electoral
that
office
President.
of
The following a
vote
in
a pledged
college
Electors
ended
become
at
Amendment
law
years.
not
President
1800
each
born
upon
this
should writers
to
wording least
was
is
system.
each
electoral
passed
where
serve
because
died, for
who
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of
the
elect
who
Members
equal
If
could
state
leaves under
showed
system college,
The
in
must
to for
each
adopted.
no
from
the
35
the
President,
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state
remain
received
a
President. of
a
wins
it
died
Vice
candidate
as
the
Jefferson
first
of
years
tie.
candidate
was to
in
choose
Thomas
President
Each the
not
first
elector
changed
be
vote. each
British
office
they
this
electors.
1792,
the to
is
President
in President.
a
the
to
The of
seven
happen
Constitution
a
set
uncertain
Vice
still
choose
problem
office.
Monday
old,
state
clause
Congress combined
a
vote
citizen
state
The
were
and
popular
or
slates,
to
up
majority
election
rule,
electors
The
won
in
was
Jefferson
President
for
and
cannot
the
pass Presidents
vote
This
the
runner-up
effect.
may
When
Aaron
for
again.
meet
electors,
citizens
directly.
caused
but
President.
In
Senate
with
a
of
chosen
whether
of
electoral
a
or
electoral
vote
for
the
much President.
majority,
to
and
decide
were
resident
are
of
the
was
they
November
discharge
groups,
number
President
to
Burr
the
the
two
the
electoral
was
and
in
chosen
confu
vote
federal
United
at
There
or
of
would would
finally
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of
afraid
were
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each
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discharge
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fourteen adoption
President;
5.
votes;
States. 4. from
choosing
two essary
electors dent, thirds
this
representation no
in the be
equal greatest
immediately
if and ate. sign
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So is Section 4. Impeachment
Civilofficers includefederaljudges and membersofthe The President, Vice President and all civilothcers of the Unit Cabinet.High crimes are majorcrimes.Misdemeanors ed States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, are lessercrimes.ThePresident,VicePresident,andothers and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and can be forcedoutofofficeifimpeachedandfoundguiltyof misdemeanors. certain crimes.AndrewJohnson and BillClintonare the onlytwoPresidentsto havebeenimpeached.
Section 1. Courts, Terms of Office
Judicialpower meansthe rightofthecourtstodecidelegal The judicial power of the United States shall he vested in one cases.TheConstitutioncreatesthe SupremeCourtbut lets Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress CongressdecideonthesizeoftheSupremeCourt,Congress m vi from time to time ordain and establish The judges both has the powerto set up inferior,or lowe courts.TheJudi of the Supreme and inferior courts, shallhold their officesdur ciaryActof 1789 set up a system of districtand circuit ing good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their courts,orcourtsofappeal.Allfederaljudgesserveforlife. services,a compensation. which shall not be diminished dur ing their continuance in office.
Section 2. Jurisdiction
Clause 1 Jurisdiction refersto the rightofa courtto hear 1.Scope of JudicialPower The judicialpower shallextend to all a case. Federalcourts have jurisdictionover cases that cases,in lawand equity,arisingunder this Constitution, the laws involvethe Constitution,federal laws, treaties, foreign of the United States,and treatiesmade, or which shallbe made, ambassadorsanddiplomats,navaland maritimelaws,dis under their authority;—toallcasesaffectingambassadors,other agreementsbetweenstates or betweencitizensfromdif publicministersand consuls;—toallcasesof admiraltyand mar ferentstates, and disputesbetweena state or citizenand itime jurisdiction;—tocontroversiesto which the United States a foreignstate or citizen. shall be a party;—to controversiesbetween two or more states; In Marburyv Madison,the SupremeCourtestablished betweena tatc and eitizcn of another tutc; —betweencitizens the rightto judgewhethera lawis constitutional. of different states;—betweencitizensof the same state claiming lands under grantsof differentstates nd betweena state or the citizensthereof,and foreignstates,citizens,or subjects.
Clause 2 Originaljurisdiction means the power of a 2. Supreme Court In all cases affecting ambassadors, other court to hear a case where it first arises.The Supreme public ministers and consuls,and those in which a state shallbe Courthas originaljurisdictionoveronlya fewcases, such a party,the SupremeCourt shallhaveoriginaljurisdiction.In all as those involvingforeign diplomats.More often, the the other casesbeforementioned, the SupremeCourt shallhave SupremeCourtacts as an appellatecourt.Anappellate appellate jurisdiction,both as to lawand fact, with such excep court does not decideguilt.It decideswhetherthe lower tions, and under such regulationsas the Congressshallmake. courttrialwas properlyconductedand reviewsthe lower court’sdecision.
Clause3 Thisclauseguaranteesthe rightto a jurytrialfor 3. Trial by Jury The trial of all crimes, except in cases of anyoneaccusedofa federalcrime.Theonlyexceptionsare impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in impeachmentcases. The trial must be held in the state the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; hut wherethe crimewas committed. when not committed within any state, the trial shallbe at such placeor placesas the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason 1. Definition Treason against the United States shall consist Clause 1 Treasonis clearlydefined.An overt act is an against them, or in adhering to their ene actualaction.Apersoncannotbe convictedoftreasonfor only in levyingwar aid and comfort. No person shall be con whatheorshe thinks.Apersoncan beconvictedoftreason mies, giving them treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to onlyifhe orshe confessesortwowitnessestestifyto it. victed of the same overt act, or on confession in open court. the Clause 2 Congresshas the powerto set the punishment 2. Punishment The Congress shall have power to declare work fortraitors.Congressmaynot punishthe childrenof con punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall the life of the victedtraitorsbytakingawaytheircivilrightsor property. corruption of blood or forfeiture except during person attained.
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of of tives in Congress, the executiveand judicial officersof a state, House.Thisprovisionhas neverbeen enforced. or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of Despitethisclause,blackcitizenswere oftenprevent the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of ed fromvoting.Inthe 1960s,federallawswere passedto age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, endvotingdiscrimination. except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizensshallbear to the whole number of male citizenstwenty-one years of age in such state.
Section 3. Former Confederate Officials No person shall be a FourteenthAmendment,Section 3 Thissectionprohibit senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President ed peoplewhohadbeenfederalorstate officialsbeforethe and Vice President, or hold any office, civilor military, under CivilWarand whohadjoinedthe Confederatecause from the United States, or under any state, who, having previously servingagainas governmentofficials.In 1872,Congress taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the restoredthe rightsofformerConfederateofficials. United States, or as a member of any state legislature,or as an executive or judicial officerof any state, to support the Consti tution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability.
Section 4. Public Debt The validity of the public debt of the Fourteenth Amendment,Section4 Thissectionrecog United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for nizedthat the UnitedStates must repayitsdebtsfromthe payment of pensions and bounties for servicesin suppressing CivilWar.However,itforbadethe repaymentofdebtsofthe insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither Confederacy.This meant that people who had loaned the United Statesnor any state shall assume or pay any debt or moneytothe Confederacywouldnotbe repaid.Also,states obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against were notallowedto payformerslaveownersforthe loss the United States,or any claim for the loss or emancipation of ofslaves. any slave; hut all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegaland void.
Section 5. Enforcement The Congress shall have power to Fourteenth Amendment,Section 5 Congresscan pass enforce, by appropriate legislation,the provisionsof this article. lawsto carryoutthis amendment.
Fifteenth Amendment (1870) Right to Vote—Race, Color, Servitude FifteenthAmendment,Section 1 Previousconditionof Section 1. Extending the Right to Vote The right of citizensof servitude refersto slavery.Thisamendmentgaveblacks, the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the bothformerslavesandfree blacks,the rightto vote.Inthe United Statesor by any state on account of race, color, or pre grandfatherclauses,lit vious condition of servitude. late 1800s,southernstates used eracytests, and polltaxesto keepblacksfromvoting.
Section 2. Enforcement The Congress shall have power to FifteenthAmendment,Section2 Congresscan pass laws enforce this article by appropriate legislation. to carryout this amendment.TheTwenty-fourthAmend mentbarredthe use ofpolltaxes innationalelections.The Sixteenth Amendment VotingRightsActof1965gavefederalofficialsthe powerto (1913) Income Tax registervoterswheretherewas votingdiscrimination. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on LSixteenthAmendment Congresshasthe powertocollect incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportion taxeson people’sincome.Anincometax can be collected ment among the several states, and without regard to any cen withoutregardto a state’s population.This amendment SOS or enumeration. changedArticle1,Section9, Clause4.
Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Popular Election of Senators Section 1. Method of Election The Senateof the United States ISeventeenth Amendment, Section 1 This amendment shall be composedof two senators from each state, elected bythe modifiedArticle1,Section3,Clause1.Beforeitwasadopt people thereof, tor sixyears and each senator shall have one vote. ed, state legislatureschose senators. This amendment
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I This cartoon appeared during BillClinton’s presidentialadministration. Clinton is the figureon the left.(a) What doesthe figureon the right represent?(b) How do you know? 2. Note the scene.(a) What activityare the two figuresengagedin? (b) What happens if one figurelets go of the rope he is holding? 3. What comment does this cartoon make on the separation of powers and federal system of checks and balances?
CR T CAL THINKfN 1. Recognizing Cause and Effect Which Article and Section of the Constitution describe the infamous Three-Fifths Compromise? Why has that part of the Constitution been struck out? 2 Identifying Assumptions Why, do you think, are the qualifications for the Senate ncnuim’ a a more strict than those for the House? Fo yo o t’ POP 3. Drawing Conclusions Do the American PREPARE A RE voters directly elect the President? Explain AccessPrenticeHall’sAmerica:PathwaystothePresentsite your answer. at www.Pathways.phschool.comfor the specificURL to 4. Expressing Problems Clearly Though the complete the activity. Additional resourcesand related Constitution limits the terms of Congress Websitesarealsoavailable. and the President to a specificnumber of Use the links to find the text of the United States state’s the years, it does not set such a limit for fed Constitutionand your constitution. Compare eral judges. Why do you think this is so? Preamble of the national Constitution to your state’s. How do they compare in spirit? In language?Write a Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment 5 brief report analyzing the similarities and differences Restate the First Amendment in your own betweenthe two. words. 6. Making Comparisons Which constitu tional amendment do you believe is the most important? Justifyyour choice.
1. Organizing a Class Debate Hold a class constitutional issue, such as an important debate on the following resolution: Resolved, court case.Then prepare a five-minute oral that the Constitution be amended toprovide report in which you (a) provide the back for a single,six-year term of officefor the ground of the issue, (b) describe the out President, with no eligibilityfor reelection. come, and (c) analyze the importance of the To organize the debate, divide the class into issue. two equal teams. The debate should begin 3 Creating a Time Line Connect several sheets with a five-minute presentation by each of construction paper end-to-end. Then cre team, after which team members are free to ate a time line showing all 27 amendments rebut the other team’s arguments. to the Constitution. For each amendment, 2 Reporting on Constitutional Issues Find a include the year in which it was ratified and current newspaper story that concerns a a brief description of the amendment.
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