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Thified Siaws ________ ;‘ -r ;.i 1 flue 1L of the thified Siaws 1776-1800 j v tBEWING IflSTORY This his chapter describes the struggle of the young United States to form a lasting govern painting shows George T ment. Recognizing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, delegates met in Washington heading the Constitutional Convention Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new plan of government. The resulting Constitution was in Philadelphia in 1787. approved by the states, and a Bill ofRights was added to protect individual freedoms. George Government What Washington, as the nation’s first President, set the tone of the new federal government. impressions did the The page at the end of this chapter explores the effect of the artist try to convey about Bill of Rights on the lives ofAmericans today. this historic gathering? 122 In its constitution the state of Pew 1783 1787 ed bold new ideas ab’ 1786 Pennsylvu.... Washington Constitutional \)VrjttP’ Shays’ Rebellion Constitution written Confederation retires from Convention begins adopted army i Government by the Stales SECTION PREVIEW i Describe the early government of the United In the government under the Articles of States. Confederation, political power rested mostly with the List the reasons for opposition to the Articles states, while the national government was weak. of Confederation. ,trte 3 Evaluate the causes and effects of Shays’ PcIiri Rebellion. Organizing Information As you read, list the argu 4 Key Terms Define: Articles of Confederation; ments for and against the Articles of Confederation. legislative branch; executive branch; judicial branch; constitution; republic; Shays’ Rebellion; specie. n December 23, 1783, a month after The Continental Congress that had ap Owatching the British army leave New proved the Declaration of Independence in 1776 York, George Washington performed perhaps was simply a loose collection of delegates from the most important act of his life: He volun 13 separate states. Almost no one wanted a pow tarily gave up power. erful national gov The triumphant general was easily the ernment. Most people country’s most popular and best-known fig saw Congress as only a ure. Many people expected him to move into a wartime necessity. new role as head of the new nation, maybe Americans at that even its king. But Washington had other plans. time generally thought of Having helped Americans win their free themselves as citizens of indi dom from a king, he believed that the nation vidual states, not of a nation. In did not need another supreme ruler. In an act fact, when referring to the United that stunned the world, he gave up his com States, most Americans wrote “the United Paul Revere mission as commander of the American army States are” (plural) rather than “the United crafted this and headed home to Mount Vernon to retire. States is” (singular) as people do today. They bowl to honor believed that the country as a whole was less a general who crushed than its 13 parts. It was not a nation important a rebellion as much as it was a confederation, an alliance of against Americans now faced a new challenge. Could separate governments that work together. increased they enjoy their hard-won freedoms without a taxes in strong, unified, national government? Could The Articles of Confederation In 1777 the 1787. they keep their new liberty and maintain order Continental Congress adopted a set of laws to at the same time? In short, what kind of gov govern the United States. These laws were called ernment should a free people have? the Articles of Confederation. Approved in Chaptei • Section 1 123 Both the stern General Washington and his officers were overcome by emotion on the day he left the army. With Washington’s resignation, the country lost one of its few nationally known and admired leaders. 6overnment Why did Washington resign his commission? 1781, the Articles established a limited national By contrast, under the Articles of government. Most of the political power lay Confederation, the Congress carried out the with the states. duties of both the legislative and executive The national government created by the branches. The Articles did not create a judi Articles had only one cial branch. Each state maintained its own branch: a legislature, or court system. [GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS Congress, made up of The Congress set up by the Articles dif from the states. fered in several ways from today’s Congress. :hree raaches of joverwrent: delegates Today, Congress is one For example, it lacked the power to tax. To the legislative branch makes the separate carry out its tasks, Congress had to petition the laws; the executive branch of the three It had no power to force the enforces the laws; the judicial branches of the Amer states for money. branch interprets the laws ican government. The states to do what it wanted. legislative branch, The Articles of Confederation allowed which includes Con states to send as many representatives to V The Historical Context The gress, is the part of the Congress as they wished. However, each of national government created by the government that is re the thirteen states had only one vote in Articles of Confederation did not making Congress. Passage of any measure involving include an executive or judicial sponsible for 9 votes out of the 13, not branch. This omission, which laws. The executive money required in the reflected Americans’ fear of a branch, headed by the just a simple majority of 7. Changes if all strong central government, made it President, executes, or Articles themselves could only be made difficult for the national government puts in action, the laws 1 3 states agreed. to operate effectively. passed by the Con gress. The third part of State Constitutions Far more powerful than ‘V The Concept Today The the government is the the Articles in the country’s early years were the the United States, Constitution of judicial branch, made individual state constitutions, which created which later replaced the Articles, up of the courts and the states’ governments. A constitution is a did provide for three separate judges who interpret plan of government that describes the differ branches of government. All three and apply the laws in ent parts of the government and their duties branches remain strong and vital and powers. Not every state adopted a consti parts of the federal government. cases brought before them. tution during the Revolution, but most did. 124 ChapterS • Section 1 In its constitution the state of Pennsylvania Concerns About Weak Government By the introduced bold new ideas about democratic early 1780s, a group called the Nationalists government. Written in 1776, the Pennsylvania sought to strengthen the national government. constitution gave voting rights to all white men They wanted to restrain what they saw as the 21 years of age or older who paid taxes. Thus, unpredictable behavior of the states. The the state became the first to open the voting Nationalists included several former military process to ordinary people, not just wealthy officers, many members of Congress, mer gentlemen. chants, planters, and lawyers, and some whose The Pennsylvania constitution also created names are now familiar: George a state legislature that was unicameral. That is, Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Main Idea it had just one house, or body of representa James Madison, and Alexander tives. Today, most state legislatures, as well as Hamilton. did the bicameral, hav In newspaper articles and private What the United States Congress, are Nationalists see expressed their ing two houses. Congress, for example, has a letters, Nationalists as the dangers of House of Representatives and a Senate. views about the dangers of a weak a weak national Finally, representatives in Pennsylvania’s national government. They pointed government? legislature had to run for election every year. out that Congress sometimes was This provision made state lawmakers very unable to act because so many lawmak responsive to the people’s wishes. ers failed to attend the sessions. They predicted that the lack of a national court system and national economic policies would create chaos. Opposition to the Articles They feared that the United States would not Americans generally agreed that their new command respect from the rest of the world. nation should be a democracy, or government Most of all, they worried that Americans’ and for by the people. Specifically, they favored the fondness for challenging authority was getting out of creation of a republic, a government run by demanding individual rights the people through their elected representa hand. Nationalists saw this period, from 1781 time of indecision tives. Yet people held widely differing views on to 1787, as a dangerous how much influence ordinary citizens should about how to govern the new nation. have in the governing of the republic. Economic Problems Wealthy, educated gentle men worried that the Articles had given too much power to ordinary citizens, who were generally less 4 were more interested educated. These gentlemen One vote for each state, regardless of size in preserving order than expanding freedom, and they had plenty of disorder to point to. Congress cannot collect taxes By 1786, three years after the American Revolution, the nation still had a debt of about Congress powerless to regulate foreign $50 million, an unthinkably huge sum at that and interstate commerce time. State governments and the national gov ernment had borrowed money from foreign No separate executive branch countries and from their own citizens to pay to enforce acts of Congress for the war. No national court system to interpret laws Debt was such a problem everywhere that some state governments printed cheap paper Amendment only with consent of all the states money to help their citizens pay off their loans.
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