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Kimmo Mäkilä Tuhoa, Tehoa Ja Tuhlausta

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Kimmo Mäkilä Tuhoa, Tehoa Ja Tuhlausta JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 84 Kimmo Mäkilä Tuhoa, tehoa ja tuhlausta Helsingin Sanomien ja New York Timesin ydinaseuutisoinnin tarkastelua diskurssianalyyttisesta näkökulmasta 1945–1998 Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Villa Ranan Paulaharjun salissa joulukuun 15. päivänä 2007 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007 Tuhoa, tehoa ja tuhlausta Helsingin Sanomien ja New York Timesin ydinaseuutisoinnin tarkastelua diskurssianalyyttisesta näkökulmasta 1945–1998 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 84 Kimmo Mäkilä Tuhoa, tehoa ja tuhlausta Helsingin Sanomien ja New York Timesin ydinaseuutisoinnin tarkastelua diskurssianalyyttisesta näkökulmasta 1945–1998 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007 Editors Raimo Salokangas Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Matti Rahkonen, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Minna-Riitta Luukka, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover Picture by Janne Ikonen ISBN 978-951-39-2988-6 ISSN 1459-4323 Copyright ©2007 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2007 ABSTRACT Mäkilä, Kimmo ”Powerful, Useful and Wasteful” Discourses of Nuclear Weapons in the New York Times and Helsingin Sanomat 1945-1998. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 336 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities, ISSN 1459-4323; 84) ISBN 978-951-39-2988-6 English summary Diss. This study explores the media coverage of nuclear weapons. During the years of the atomic age, the press has been a forum in which the different views about nuclear weapons have been expressed and an arena for the struggle over the definition and representation of them. The aim of the study is to outline general trends of the press coverage of nuclear weapons and to assess the newspapers’ attitudes towards them. The study assumes a social constructivist view of language and analyses newspaper text by using a method based on a framework of critical discourse analysis. The focus is however on the different representations of nuclear weapons that various discourses construct. Also a quantitative method is being used, which analyses the definers of nuclear weapons in the news. The empirical data consists of 1 065 news and other journalistic items from the newspapers New York Times and Helsingin Sanomat. These stories cover six different cases from the nuclear era from the years 1945-1998, which are chosen to represent the news coverage as a whole. In the discourse analysis of the data, seven different discourses of nuclear weapons are found. They are named as an effective weapon, a destructive weapon, a great achievement, a revolutionizer/powerbringer, an immoral spendthrift and a scientific invention. The names depict in a nutshell the representation each discourse constructs of nuclear weapons. The analysis of the definers reveals that the elites of the society, politicians in particular, have the privilege to define the nature of the nuclear weapons while the public is mostly kept mute. The findings of the analyses are also put into dialogue with the actual history of the nuclear era. This confirms the existence of the discourses and clarifies why they exist and change over time in the way they do. The study suggests, that the newspapers have not been advocates of the nuclear weapons, but not very eager critcs either. Rather, they have tried to uphold the status quo of the weapons, whatever that has from time to time been. Words: nuclear weapons, discourse, cold war, newspaper, atomic bomb Author’s address Kimmo Mäkilä Wallininkatu 9 B 20 00530 Helsinki [email protected] Supervisors Professor Jaana Hujanen Professor Raimo Salokangas Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Professor Heikki Luostarinen Department of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Tampere Docent Pekka Visuri The Finnish National Defence University Opponents Professor Heikki Luostarinen Department of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Tampere Docent Pekka Visuri The Finnish National Defence University ESIPUHE Ajoitan tämän väitöskirjatyön alkupisteen kevääseen 2002, jolloin olin juuri saanut valmiiksi pro gradu -työni kehitysmaauutisoinnista ja professori Heikki Luostarinen ehdotti jatko-opintoja. Ne eivät kuitenkaan olleet tuolloin vielä ajankohtaiset, koska a) perusopintoni olivat vielä reilusti kesken ja b) olin gra- duprosessin jälkeen aika lailla saanut tarpeekseni median tutkimisesta ja dis- kursseista. Seuraavana vuonna päätinkin kokeilla oikeita töitä, mutta tuloksena oli lähinnä vain vähän tuloja ja runsaasti vatsavaivoja. Ymmärsin vihjeen, ja palasin syksyllä viestintätieteiden laitokselle. Ydinaseet valikoituivat aiheeksi melko lailla sattumalta, ja kieltämättä ke- hitysmaista tarvitaan aika pitkä aasinsilta atomipommiin pääsemiseksi. Onnek- seni laitoksella tähän militaristiseen kääntymykseeni suhtauduttiin myönteises- ti, ja hämmästyksekseni sain myös apurahan vasta lähtökuopissa olleelle työl- leni. Merkit olivat siis ratkaisevasti paremmat kuin työelämän puolella. Kuluneiden neljän vuoden aikana ydinaseet ovat ripeää tahtia nousseet jälleen uutisotsikoiden vakiotavaraksi, mitä en ollenkaan osannut ennakoida. Ajattelin nimittäin alun perin yhdeksi työni tavoitteista, että se toimisi muistu- tuksena siitä, etteivät ydinaseet ole minnekään hävinneet. Tätä tarvetta tuskin kuitenkaan enää on Iranin ja Pohjois-Korean ydinohjelmista syntyneiden kriisi- en ansiosta. Lisäksi yritykseni saada kirjattua näiden kansien väliin ydinasehis- torian viimeisimmät tärkeät tapahtumat osoittautui kinkkiseksi, kun uusia käänteitä on tuntunut riittävän joka viikoksi. Ja Pohjois-Korean ydinkoe loka- kuussa 2006 osui oikeastaan huonoimpaan mahdolliseen hetkeen työni kannal- ta. Toisaalta, harvemminhan kansainvälinen politiikka on noudatellut yksittäi- sen tutkijan toiveita. Haastavuudestaan huolimatta ydinaseet ovat olleet loputtoman palkitseva ja kiehtova aihe. Niiden historia on tulvillaan absurdeja suunnitelmia ja liki- main surrealistisia ajatuskuvioita, tosielämän tohtori Outolempiä ja maailman- lopun laskelmia, jotka ovat samaan aikaan järkyttäviä ja makaaberilla tavalla hillittömän humoristisia. Yhtä lailla on ollut palkitsevaa kaivautua kymmenien vuosien takaiseen uutisaineistoon. Median muutos 1940-luvun puolivälistä ny- kypäivään on ollut hämmentävän suuri. Nyt työ on vihdoin päätöksessään, mikä on toki huikean hienoa, mutta myös hieman haikeaa. Samalla nimittäin päättyy monta muuta pitkää kehitys- kulkua: vuodesta 1985 liki keskeytyksettä jatkunut koulunkäynti ja erittäin an- toisa kymmenen vuoden yliopistoaika Jyväskylässä. Myös journalismin tutki- mukselle tulee osaltani ainakin väliaikainen paussi. Mutta kuten edellä nähtiin, ihmisen mieli voi muuttua kovin nopeasti. Kuka tietää. Tämän työn valmistuminen on edellyttänyt monien itseäni viisaampien ja taitavampien ihmisten apua, josta heille erittäin suuri kiitos. Työni ohjaajina vuosien varrella toimineet professorit Heikki Luostarinen, Raimo Salokangas ja Jaana Hujanen ovat parhaansa mukaan tyrkkineet minua takaisin kurssille si- vuraiteilta ja loputtoman trivian suosta, joihin niin helposti olen eksyillyt. He ovat myös ihailtavan hyvin onnistuneet saamaan tolkkua ohjauskeskusteluissa harrastamistani sekavista monologeista, joiden kyydistä olen itsekin paikoitel- len putoillut. Sekä lisensiaatintyöni että väitöskirjan esitarkastajat ja vastaväittäjät pro- fessori Heikki Luostarinen ja dosentti Pekka Visuri ansaitsevat kiitokset kärsi- vällisestä paneutumisestaan työni kiemuroihin, tarkkanäköisistä ohjeistaan ja arvokkaasta palautteestaan. Jyväskylän yliopiston viestintätieteiden laitoksen työyhteisö taas on ollut tärkeä tukipylväs etenkin silloin, kun urakka alkoi vai- kuttaa mahdottomalta. Etenkin viereisten huoneiden sellitoverit Samuel Raunio ja Hanna Reinikainen tarjosivat sitä kuuluisaa vertaistukea sekä tikkaseuraa. Kiitän Suomen kulttuurirahastoa, Helsingin Sanomain säätiötä sekä vies- tintätieteiden laitosta työn taloudellisesta tukemisesta. Helsingin Sanomille li- säkiitos arkistojensa avaamisesta käyttööni, ja arkiston Matti Himaselle ja Marjo Kartanolle tiedonhausta. Kiitos viimeistely- ja taittovaiheen avusta Lari Vesan- derille, Marika Kataja-Lianille, Taina Ukkolalle ja Pekka Olsbolle, sekä kansiku- vasta Janne Ikoselle. Suuri kiitos ja kunnia ennen muuta läheisilleni ja perheelleni, jotka ovat tuoneet mielekästä sisältöä työn ulkopuoliseen elämään: isälle ja äidille, ystävil- le sekä länsirannikolla, Jyväskylässä että Lehti-konsernissa, ja erikseen ynnä erityisesti Tarulle. Nyt se loputon jorina ydinaseista ja diskursseista taukoaa, ainakin hetkeksi. Helsingin Kalliossa marraskuussa 2007, Kimmo Mäkilä KUVIOT KUVIO 1 Median ja yhteiskunnan suhde ............................................... 17 KUVIO 2 Media sisäisten ja ulkoisten paineiden verkossa .................. 19 KUVIO 3 Diskurssien ydinaseista muodostaman representaation sijoittuminen +/- -jatkumolle ja siinä tapahtuvat muu- tokset .......................................................................................... 225 KUVIO
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