DOCSLIB.ORG

Infectious Diseases in the Mediterranean and the Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Infectious Diseases in the Mediterranean and the Middle East TULAREMIA Aynur KARADENİZLİ, Kocaeli University, TURKEY © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia in the Mediterranean and the Middle East: Historical Background © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Medical Hypotheses (2007) 69, 1371–1374 Tularemia: Epidemiology © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia: Epidemiology Tularemia is endemic in many parts of the world. It is distributed throughout Europe, North America and Mediterranean. It has been reported also from China, Japan, Korea,© byRussia, author Iran, Israel and Turkey. ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia: Global distribution © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia in Spain A large outbreak of 585 people occurred associated with exposure to infected hares (1997). Nineteen ulceroglandular cases of tularemia occurred in Spain (Crayfish- induced injuries)© by author (2000). ESCMID Online Lecture Library Eiros Bouza and Rodriguez-Torres, 1998 Anda et al., 2001 Tularemia in Spain Tularemia outbreaks affected >1,000 persons. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia in France Number of the cases: ◦ 144 (2007-2008) ◦ 51 (2011) The most significant risk exposures were ◦ Skinning or consumption of a contaminated hare © by author ◦ Tick bites, ESCMID◦ Specific Online environmental Lecture exposures Library Tularemia in Turkey Large outbreaks in Turkey © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Akalin et al., 2009 Tularemia in the Mediterranean: Turkey © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia in Bosnia and Kosova Increases in cases in Bosnia and Kosovo during conflict suggest that social disruption can be a risk factor for this disease. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia in Iran The first human case of tularemia was reported in 1980 and there have been no subsequent case reports of tularemia in this country. The highest seroprevalence was found in hunters (18%) and the lowest in health care workers© by (12%). author The seroprevalence of tularemia in people exposed to foxes ESCMID(hunting Online or eating Lecture the meat) Library (25%) was significantly higher than in others Tularemia in the Nothern Africa Some reports on tularemia in rabbits in 1938 (Tunisia) A case reported from Tunusia in 2001. No more information on prevalence of tularemia ©in humansby author in this area! ESCMID Online Lecture Library Anderson, J: Bull. Off. internat. Hyg. publ. 30, 2224 (1938) Tularemia: Epidemiology Human cases of tularemia predominate in late summer and fall, associated with arthropod inoculation and rabbits (arthropod-borne). In some countries,© by author tularemia is common in the winter when associated with exposure ESCMIDto infected Online rabbits Lecture and water Library (food- and water-borne). Tularemia Routes of infection: ◦ Bite of arthropods -ticks and mosquitoes ◦ Direct contact with infected animals or materials ◦ Ingestion of contaminated food or water ◦ Inhalation© of by contaminated author dust or aerosols. ESCMID Online Lecture Library F. tularensis in nature F. tularensis has the ability to spread and survive in widely differing natural environments. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library F. tularensis as a biological weapon Category A agent of bioterrorism It is easily transmitted by aerosols and inhalation of only a few organisms is likely to cause infection. Person-to-person transmission has not been documented.© by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Francisella tularensis γ-subgroup of proteobacteria Members of the Francisellacae family F. tularensis F. novicida, F. noatunensis F. philomiragia Subspecies of F. tularensis Subsp. tularensis© by author Subsp. holarctica ESCMID Subsp. Online novicida Lecture Library Subsp. mediasiatica Clinically important entities of tularemia The highly virulent F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) The less virulent F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Francisella tularensis Historical Background Mc Coy isolated F. tularensis from infected squirrels in 1911. Dr. Edward Francis is one of the premier researchers in this field. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Francisella tularensis Gram-negative coccobacili Non-motile Thin capsule © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia: Clinical forms Tularemia in humans occurs in several forms, depending on the route of infection. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia: Clinical forms Ulceroglandular tularemia is the most common form in many countries (75 to 85% of reported cases). Pulmonary tularemia caused by inhalation of aerosolized bacteria Typhoidal tularemia (Mortality rates can range from© 40by to author 60% ) Oropharyngeal tularemia (77% in Turkey) ESCMID Oculoglandular Online Lecturetularemia results Library from contamination of the conjunctiva. Tularemia or Tuberculosis Granulamatous inflammation and cervical lymph node enlargement are common findings in both tuberculous lymphadenitis and oropharyngeal tularemia. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia or Tuberculosis In a study, tularemia serology was found to be positive in a significant portion (6.75%) of tuberculous lymphadenitis cases. Oropharyngeal tularemia misdiagnosed as tuberculosis.© by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Karabay O et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Feb;19(2):E113-7. Diagnosis of tularemia Recovery of F. tularensis from culture Antigen detection Molecular detection Serology © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library The choice of specimen for diagnostic testing According to the clinical forms ◦ pharyngeal swab, ◦ fine needle lymph node biopsy, ◦ ulcer scrapings, ◦ sputum, ◦ blood and© conjunctival by author swab ESCMIDcan be usedOnline for culturing Lecture and Library PCR. Figure 1: (a) Appearance of cervical painful lymphadenopathy (b) Appeareance of aspiration material from lympadenopathy due to tularemia a © by author ESCMIDTularemia: a rare cause Online of cervical lymphadenopathy. Lecture Karabay O, Karadenizli Library A, Durmaz Y, Ozturk G. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54(3):642-3 Environmental samples: Water, carcasses, mud…. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Safety in Lab Laboratory stuff handling the cultures of F. tularensis are at considerable risk of infection and need to take appropriate measures. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Cultivation of F. tularensis F. tularensis is a fastidious organism due to its requirement of cysteine or cystine for enhanced growth. ◦ Francis medium, CHAB medium . © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Cultivation of F. tularensis from clinical specimens 2-10 days at 37°C in 5% CO2. Confluent, mucoid, greenish-white colonies sometimes with an opalescent sheen or metallic sheen © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Throat culture © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Throat culture © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Culture of water sample: Membrane filtration © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library F. tularensis can not be isolate easily. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Francisella tularensis © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library CHAB medium supplemented with antibiotics (VCNT) CHAB medium supplemented with antibiotics (VCNT) © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Antibiotic susceptibility tests; Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol Quinolones are recommended by CLSI © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Susceptibility tests ◦ Broth microdilution using cation-adjusted MHB with a 2% IsoVitaleks can be used for susceptibility testing. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Susceptibility tests The E-test method has also been utilized for this aim. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Serology Because of the difficulty in culturing F. tularensis, most cases of tularemia are diagnosed with serology. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Serology Antibody response to F. tularensis occurs about 2 weeks after the onset of the disease. The detection of serum antibodies is most frequently achieved by agglutination or ELISA.© by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Other Methods for the Diagnosis of Tularemia A range of PCR-based assays have been used for the detection of F. tularensis. ◦ ISFtu2 ◦ Tul 4 ◦ Fop A © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Tularemia: Treatment There is no natural resistance in F. tularensis to antibiotics used for clinical therapy (aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and quinolones). Natural resistance to beta-lactams ◦ Erythromycin© by is notauthor used for treatment ◦ Erythromycin resistance is used as an ESCMIDepidemiological Online Lecturemarker. Library Important notes.. Physicians and health care workers should be informed about F. tularensis. Early warning system for epidemics is needed. F. tularensis is still circulating in the Mediterranean© by and author the Middle East. Studies on domestic and wild animals will ESCMIDclarify Onlinethe epidemiology Lecture of Librarytularemia in these regions. ……We need more and more information on tularemia in the Mediterranean and the Middle East countries. © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Q Fever in Small Ruminants and Its Public Health Importance
    Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Review Article Dairy and Vet Sci J Volume 9 Issue 1 - January 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Tolera Tagesu Tucho DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2019.09.555752 Q Fever in Small Ruminants and its Public Health Importance Tolera Tagesu* School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Ethiopia Submission: December 01, 2018; Published: January 11, 2019 *Corresponding author: Tolera Tagesu Tucho, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma Oromia, Ethiopia Abstract Query fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, it’s a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease where domestic small ruminants are the main reservoirs for human infections. Coxiella burnetii, is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, adapted to thrive within the phagolysosome of the phagocyte. Humans become infected primarily by inhaling aerosols that are contaminated with C. burnetii. Ingestion (particularly drinking raw milk) and person-to-person transmission are minor routes. Animals shed the bacterium in urine and feces, and in very high concentrations in birth by-products. The bacterium persists in the environment in a resistant spore-like form which may become airborne and transported long distances by the wind. It is considered primarily as occupational disease of workers in close contact with farm animals or processing their be commenced immediately whenever Q fever is suspected. To prevent both the introduction and spread of Q fever infection, preventive measures shouldproducts, be however,implemented it may including occur also immunization in persons without with currently direct contact. available Doxycycline vaccines drugof domestic is the first small line ruminant of treatment animals for Q and fever.
    [Show full text]
  • Coxiella Burnetii
    SENTINEL LEVEL CLINICAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES FOR SUSPECTED AGENTS OF BIOTERRORISM AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Coxiella burnetii American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Revised March 2016 For latest revision, see web site below: https://www.asm.org/Articles/Policy/Laboratory-Response-Network-LRN-Sentinel-Level-C ASM Subject Matter Expert: David Welch, Ph.D. Medical Microbiology Consulting Dallas, TX [email protected] ASM Sentinel Laboratory Protocol Working Group APHL Advisory Committee Vickie Baselski, Ph.D. Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Ph.D. Patricia Blevins, MPH University of Tennessee at Department of Clinical San Antonio Metro Health Memphis Pathology District Laboratory Memphis, TN Beaumont Health System [email protected] [email protected] Royal Oak, MI BRobinson- Erin Bowles David Craft, Ph.D. [email protected] Wisconsin State Laboratory of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Hygiene Medical Center Michael A. Saubolle, Ph.D. [email protected] Hershey, PA Banner Health System [email protected] Phoenix, AZ Christopher Chadwick, MS [email protected] Association of Public Health Peter H. Gilligan, Ph.D. m Laboratories University of North Carolina [email protected] Hospitals/ Susan L. Shiflett Clinical Microbiology and Michigan Department of Mary DeMartino, BS, Immunology Labs Community Health MT(ASCP)SM Chapel Hill, NC Lansing, MI State Hygienic Laboratory at the [email protected] [email protected] University of Iowa [email protected] Larry Gray, Ph.D. Alice Weissfeld, Ph.D. TriHealth Laboratories and Microbiology Specialists Inc. Harvey Holmes, PhD University of Cincinnati College Houston, TX Centers for Disease Control and of Medicine [email protected] Prevention Cincinnati, OH om [email protected] [email protected] David Welch, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
    Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected.
    [Show full text]
  • Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives”
    INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, July 1988, p. 321-325 Vol. 38, No. 3 0020-7713/88/03032 1-05$02.OOtO Copyright 0 1988, International Union of Microbiological Societies Proteobacteria classis nov. a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the “Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives” E. STACKEBRANDT,l R. G. E. MURRAY,2* AND H. G. TRUPER3 Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Biologiezentrum, Christian-Albrechts Universitat, 2300 Kid, Federal Republic of Germany’; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C12; and Institut fur Mikrobiulogie, Universitat Bonn, 5300 Bonn I, Federal Republic of Germany3 Proteobacteria classis nov. is suggested as the name for a new higher taxon to circumscribe the a, p, y, and 6 groups that are included among the phylogenetic relatives of the purple photosynthetic bacteria and as a suitable collective name for reference to that group. The group names (alpha, etc.) remain as vernacular terms at the level of subclass pending further studies and nomenclatural proposals. Phylogenetic interpretations derived from the study of the interim while the phylogenetic data are being integrated ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequences and oligonu- into formal bacterial taxonomy. It does not appear to be cleotide catalogs provide an important factual base for inappropriate or confusing to use the protean prefix because arrangements of higher taxa of bacteria (25, 26). A recent of the genus Proteus among the Proteobacteria; the reasons workshop organized by the International Committee on for use are clear enough. Systematic Bacteriology recognized that a particularly di- This new class is so far only definable in phylogenetic verse but related group of gram-negative bacteria, including terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes Ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland)
    pathogens Article Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland) Lucyna Kirczuk 1 , Mariusz Piotrowski 2 and Anna Rymaszewska 2,* 1 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tick-borne pathogens are an important medical and veterinary issue worldwide. Environ- mental monitoring in relation to not only climate change but also globalization is currently essential. The present study aimed to detect tick-borne pathogens of the genera Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the natural environment, i.e., recreational areas and pastures used for livestock grazing. A total of 1619 specimens of I. ricinus were collected, including ticks of all life stages (adults, nymphs and larvae). The study was performed using the PCR technique. Diagnostic gene fragments msp2 for Anaplasma, gltA for Rickettsia and tul4 for Francisella were ampli- fied. No Francisella spp. DNA was detected in I. ricinus. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in 0.54% of ticks and Rickettsia spp. in 3.69%. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that only one species of Rickettsia, R. helvetica, was present in the studied tick population. The present results are a Citation: Kirczuk, L.; Piotrowski, M.; part of a large-scale analysis aimed at monitoring the level of tick infestation in Northwest Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 20 the Proteobacteria
    Fig. 20.21 Chapter 20 purple photosynthetic sulfur bacteria The Proteobacteria may have arose from a single photosynthetic ancestor 16S rRNA shows five distinct lineages 12-27-2011 12-28-2011 Class α-proteobacteria Most are oligotrophic (growing at low nutrient level) Fig. 20.11 Genus Rhizobium motile rods often contain poly-β- hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules become pleomorphic under adverse conditions grow symbiotically as nitrogen- fixing bacteroids (Æ ammonium) within root nodule cells of legumes Genus Agrobacterium Figure 20.12 transform infected plant cells (crown, roots, and stems) into autonomously proliferating tumors Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease by means of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid Crown gall (冠癭) of a tomato plant Agrobacterium Ti (tumor inducing) plamid Transfer the T-DNA to plant and lower fungi Can also mobilize other plasmid with to plant cells A vector used for transgenic plant Fig. 29.13 Genus Brucella important human and animal pathogen (zoonosis) Brucellosis- undulant fever 波型熱 A select agent as biocrime ingestion of contaminated food (milk products); inhalation, via skin wound, rare person-to-person Acute form: flu-like symptom; undulant form: undulant fever, arthritis, and testicular inflammation, neurologic symptom may occur; chronic form: chronic fatigue, depression, and arthritis Class β-proteobacteria Nitrogen metabolism Nitrifying bacteria- Nitrification oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, nitrite further oxidized to nitrate Nitrobacter (α-proteobacteria) Nitrosomonas (β-proteobacteria) Nitrosococcus (γ-proteobacteria) Nitrogen Fixation Burkholderia and Ralstonia (β-proteobacteria) both form symbiotic associations with legumes both have nodulation genes (nod) a common genetic origin with rhizobia (α-proteobacteria) obtained through lateral gene transfer Order Burkholderiales Burkholderia cepacia degrades > 100 organic molecules very active in recycling organic material plant and human pathogen (nosocomial pathogen) a particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients B.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Coding Rnas of the Q Fever Agent, Coxiella Burnetii
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2015 Non-coding RNAs of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii Indu Ramesh Warrier The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Warrier, Indu Ramesh, "Non-coding RNAs of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii" (2015). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4620. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4620 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NON-CODING RNAS OF THE Q FEVER AGENT, COXIELLA BURNETII By INDU RAMESH WARRIER M.Sc (Med), Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India, 2010 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology The University of Montana Missoula, MT August, 2015 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Michael F. Minnick, Chair Division of Biological Sciences Stephen J. Lodmell Division of Biological Sciences Scott D. Samuels Division of Biological Sciences Scott Miller Division of Biological Sciences Keith Parker Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Warrier, Indu, PhD, Summer 2015 Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology Non-coding RNAs of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii Chairperson: Michael F. Minnick Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, alternating between a small cell variant (SCV) and a large cell variant (LCV).
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Francisella Tularensis from Skin Ulcer After a Tick Bite, Austria, 2020
    microorganisms Case Report Isolation of Francisella tularensis from Skin Ulcer after a Tick Bite, Austria, 2020 Mateusz Markowicz 1,*, Anna-Margarita Schötta 1 , Freya Penatzer 2, Christoph Matscheko 2, Gerold Stanek 1, Hannes Stockinger 1 and Josef Riedler 2 1 Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (A.-M.S.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (H.S.) 2 Kardinal Schwarzenberg Klinikum, Kardinal Schwarzenbergplatz 1, A-5620 Schwarzach, Austria; [email protected] (F.P.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (J.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-1-40160-33023 Abstract: Ulceroglandular tularemia is caused by the transmission of Francisella tularensis by arthro- pods to a human host. We report a case of tick-borne tularemia in Austria which was followed by an abscess formation in a lymph node, making drainage necessary. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was identified by PCR and multilocus sequence typing. Keywords: tularemia; Francisella tularensis; tick; multi locus sequence typing Depending on the transmission route of Francisella tularensis, tularemia can present Citation: Markowicz, M.; Schötta, as a local infection or a systemic disease [1]. Transmission of the pathogen takes place A.-M.; Penatzer, F.; Matscheko, C.; by contact with infected animals, by bites of arthropods or through contaminated water Stanek, G.; Stockinger, H.; Riedler, J. and soil. Hares and wild rabbits are the main reservoirs of the pathogen in Austria [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomics-Driven Antigen Discovery for Development of Vaccines Against Gonorrhea*□S
    crossmark Research © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. This paper is available on line at http://www.mcponline.org Proteomics-driven Antigen Discovery for Development of Vaccines Against Gonorrhea*□S Ryszard A. Zielke‡, Igor H. Wierzbicki‡, Benjamin I. Baarda‡, Philip R. Gafken§, Olusegun O. Soge¶, King K. Holmes¶ʈ, Ann E. Jerse**, Magnus Unemo‡‡, and Aleksandra E. Sikora‡§§ Expanding efforts to develop preventive gonorrhea vac- exposed, secreted via naturally released membrane ves- cines is critical because of the dire possibility of untreat- icles, and elicited bactericidal antibodies that cross-re- able gonococcal infections. Reverse vaccinology, which acted with a panel of temporally and geographically di- includes genome and proteome mining, has proven very verse isolates. In addition, analysis of polymorphisms at successful in the discovery of vaccine candidates against the nucleotide and amino acid levels showed that these many pathogenic bacteria. However, progress with this vaccine candidates are highly conserved among N. gon- approach for a gonorrhea vaccine remains in its infancy. orrhoeae strains. Finally, depletion of BamA caused a loss Accordingly, we applied a comprehensive proteomic plat- of N. gonorrhoeae viability, suggesting it may be an es- form—isobaric tagging for absolute quantification cou- sential target. Together, our data strongly support the use pled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography and of proteomics-driven discovery of potential vaccine tar- mass spectrometry—to identify potential gonococcal gets as a sound approach for identifying promising gono- vaccine antigens. Our previous analyses focused on cell coccal antigens. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 15: envelopes and naturally released membrane vesicles de- 10.1074/mcp.M116.058800, 2338–2355, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma Species in Australian Human-Biting Ticks
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Bacterial Profiling Reveals Novel “Ca. Neoehrlichia”, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma Species in Australian Human-Biting Ticks Alexander W. Gofton1*, Stephen Doggett2, Andrew Ratchford3, Charlotte L. Oskam1, Andrea Paparini1, Una Ryan1, Peter Irwin1* 1 Vector and Water-borne Pathogen Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 2 Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West and Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 3 Emergency Department, Mona Vale Hospital, New South Wales, Australia * [email protected] (AWG); [email protected] (PI) Abstract OPEN ACCESS In Australia, a conclusive aetiology of Lyme disease-like illness in human patients remains Citation: Gofton AW, Doggett S, Ratchford A, Oskam elusive, despite growing numbers of people presenting with symptoms attributed to tick CL, Paparini A, Ryan U, et al. (2015) Bacterial bites. In the present study, we surveyed the microbial communities harboured by human-bit- Profiling Reveals Novel “Ca. Neoehrlichia”, Ehrlichia, ing ticks from across Australia to identify bacteria that may contribute to this syndrome. and Anaplasma Species in Australian Human-Biting Ticks. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0145449. doi:10.1371/ Universal PCR primers were used to amplify the V1-2 hyper-variable region of bacterial journal.pone.0145449 16S rRNA genes in DNA samples from individual Ixodes holocyclus (n = 279), Amblyomma Editor: Bradley S. Schneider, Metabiota, UNITED triguttatum (n = 167), Haemaphysalis bancrofti (n = 7), and H. longicornis (n = 7) ticks. STATES The 16S amplicons were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed in Received: October 12, 2015 USEARCH, QIIME, and BLAST to assign genus and species-level taxonomies.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Genomics to Slow the Spread of Multidrug‐Resistant
    Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-8923 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Special Issue: Antimicrobial Therapeutics Reviews REVIEW Applications of genomics to slow the spread of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Tatum D. Mortimer 1 and Yonatan H. Grad 1,2 1Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Address for correspondence: Yonatan H. Grad, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Building 1, Room 715, Boston, MA 02115. [email protected] Infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes urethritis, cervicitis, and more severe complications, are increasing. Gonorrhea is typically treated with antibiotics; however, N. gonorrhoeae has rapidly acquired resistance to many antibiotic classes, and lineages with reduced susceptibility to the currently recommended therapies are emerging worldwide. In this review, we discuss the contributions of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to our understanding of resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Genomics has illuminated the evolutionary origins and population structure of N. gonorrhoeae and the magnitude of horizontal gene transfer within and between Neisseria species. WGS can be used to predict the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae based on known resistance determinants, track the spread of these determinants throughout the N. gonorrhoeae population, and identify novel loci contributing to resistance. WGS has also allowed more detailed epidemiological analysis of transmission of N. gonorrhoeae between individuals and populations than previously used typing methods. Ongoing N.
    [Show full text]
  • Tularemia (CFSPH)
    Tularemia Importance Tularemia is a zoonotic bacterial disease with a wide host range. Infections are most prevalent among wild mammals and marsupials, with periodic epizootics in Rabbit Fever, lagomorphs and rodents, but clinical cases also occur in sheep, cats and other Deerfly Fever, domesticated species. A variety of syndromes can be seen, but fatal septicemia is Meat-Cutter’s Disease common in some species. In humans, tularemia varies from a localized infection to Ohara Disease, fulminant, life-threatening pneumonia or septicemia. Francis Disease Tularemia is mainly seen in the Northern Hemisphere, where it has recently emerged or re-emerged in some areas, including parts of Europe and the Middle East. A few endemic clinical cases have also been recognized in regions where this disease Last Updated: June 2017 was not thought to exist, such as Australia, South Korea and southern Sudan. In some cases, emergence may be due to increased awareness, surveillance and/or reporting requirements; in others, it has been associated with population explosions of animal reservoir hosts, or with social upheavals such as wars, where sanitation is difficult and infected rodents may contaminate food and water supplies. Occasionally, this disease may even be imported into a country in animals. In 2002, tularemia entered the Czech Republic in a shipment of sick pet prairie dogs from the U.S. Etiology Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis (formerly known as Pasteurella tularensis), a Gram negative coccobacillus in the family Francisellaceae and class γ- Proteobacteria. Depending on the author, either three or four subspecies are currently recognized. F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (also known as type A) and F.
    [Show full text]