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Globalization, Immigration, and Cultural Change: Conditions That Predict Shifts in Nationalistic Attitudes

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Globalization, Immigration, and Cultural Change: Conditions That Predict Shifts in Nationalistic Attitudes The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 2020 Globalization, Immigration, and Cultural Change: Conditions that Predict Shifts in Nationalistic Attitudes Kelly Trail Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Trail, Kelly, "Globalization, Immigration, and Cultural Change: Conditions that Predict Shifts in Nationalistic Attitudes" (2020). Dissertations. 1809. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1809 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GLOBALIZATION, IMMIGRATION, AND CULTURAL CHANGE: CONDITIONS THAT PREDICT SHIFTS IN NATIONALISTIC ATTITUDES by Kelly Brannan Trail A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Social Science and Global Studies at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by: Dr. Robert Pauly, Committee Chair Dr. Robert Press Dr. Julie Reid Dr. Thomas Lansford August 2020 COPYRIGHT BY Kelly Brannan Trail 2020 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT Globalization is on the rise across the globe. In many instances, nationalism appears to be, too, as evidenced by the anti-immigrant and “nation first” rhetoric and success of presidential candidates, such as Donald Trump in the United States and Sebastian Pinera in Chile. However, the author questioned whether nationalistic attitudes are truly on the rise across the globe and what conditions cause some countries to shift toward nationalistic attitudes in the face of rising globalization, while others to shift away from it. She utilizes descriptive statistics, case studies, and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to analyze the conditions that influence how a country responds to globalization. The conditions under investigation include socioeconomic status, equality, immigration, cultural globalization, cultural emancipative values, and fear politics. She found that the combination of slow improvements in socioeconomic status coupled with the usage of fear politics leads to an increase in nationalistic attitudes. Conversely, strong improvements in socioeconomic status coupled with significant rises in globalization (without bringing about rapid cultural change) and leaders who do not use migration to instill fear lead to a decline in nationalistic attitudes. As globalization expands, it brings both problems (e.g., global pandemics) and solutions (e.g., Paris Climate Accord). People can respond in different ways – embracing globalization or resisting it. As nationalism often leads to violent and repressive acts against certain groups of people, it is important to encourage responses to globalization that are inclusive of all people across the globe. Encouraging strong socioeconomic improvements and working against the use of fear politics can aid in shifting societies away from a nationalistic orientation. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Robert Pauly, for his guidance throughout this process and his careful attention to detail. I would also like to thank the Graduate Coordinator, Annette Copeland, for her assistance throughout this program. She is always working to support and advocate for students. iii DEDICATION This dissertation would not be possible without the tireless support of my family. My husband, K.T., and two children, Everett (now 8) and Beatrice (now 5), sacrificed countless hours of time together while I plugged away at reading, writing, and thinking through aspects of this project. K.T. would often take the kids on an outing to allow me time to work in solitude (when it was not the middle of the night). He has always supported my dreams and goals, even when he knew it would involve extra work for him. We have made a great team. Especially in these past six months, Everett has been diligent in keeping me accountable to my timeline and encouraging me to “get to work” even when it was late and I was tired. I honestly do not think I would have made as much progress as I did without his support. I have been working on my PhD for a majority of our marriage and the entire time that my kids have memories. I am very excited to see what family life is like when I’m not in school. For every academic milestone, some credit goes to my mother, Dr. Karen Evans. She provided a home life that was conducive to academic success. When I was in junior high and high school, I watched her complete her own doctoral program and dissertation. I learned how to make good use of every spare moment by always having a book and notebook with me, while also prioritizing being there for your kids. She set a perfect example of how to be a mother, have a career, and complete another degree. She has always supported every endeavor of mine. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................................................................... xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xviii CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Research Question and Hypotheses ................................................................................ 3 Overview of the Topic .................................................................................................... 4 Globalization ............................................................................................................... 4 Nationalism ................................................................................................................. 9 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 12 Structure of Dissertation ............................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 16 Globalization ................................................................................................................. 21 Culture and Cultural Globalization ............................................................................... 27 National Identity and Nationalism ................................................................................ 34 Globalization and Nationalism ..................................................................................... 41 Cultural Change ............................................................................................................ 49 v Contributions to the Literature ...................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 57 Research Questions and Hypotheses ............................................................................ 59 Case Selection ............................................................................................................... 61 Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 68 Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................................... 72 Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) .................................................................... 73 CHAPTER IV – DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .............................................................. 78 Establishing the Nationalism Indicator ......................................................................... 79 Globalization and Nationalism ..................................................................................... 82 Cultural Change and Nationalism ................................................................................. 89 Economic Inequality and Nationalism .......................................................................... 96 Immigration and Nationalism ..................................................................................... 101 Socioeconomic Status and Nationalism ...................................................................... 105 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 110 CHAPTER V – LATIN AMERICA: CHILE AND MEXICO ....................................... 115 Chile ............................................................................................................................ 115 Overview of Conditions that Impact Nationalistic Attitudes .................................. 116 Overview of the Outcome:
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