Inside There’S a Great and Mighty Lighthouse Its Light Rays Shining Bright
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Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment
Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Stefan Brönnimann1,2,*, Olivia Martius1,2,3, Christian Rohr1,4, David N. Bresch5,6 Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin7 1 Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland 2 Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland 3 Mobiliar Lab for Natural Risks, University of Bern, Switzerland 4 Institute of History, University of Bern, Switzerland 5 Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 6 Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Operation Center 1, P.O. Box 257, 8058 Zurich-Airport, Switzerland 7 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Revised submission to Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences * corresponding author: Stefan Brönnimann Institute of Geography, University of Bern Hallerstr. 12 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland [email protected] Short title: Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Keywords: extreme events, climate risk, climate data, historical data | downloaded: 26.9.2021 Abstract. Weather and climate-related hazards are responsible for large monetary losses, material damages and societal consequences. Quantifying related risks is therefore an important societal task, particularly in view of future climate change. The past record of events plays a key role in this context. Historically, it was the only source of information and was maintained and passed on within cultures of memory. Today, new numerical techniques can again make use of historical weather data to simulate impacts quantitatively. In this paper we outline how historical environmental data can be used today in climate risk assessment by (i) developing and validating numerical model chains, (ii) providing a large statistical sample which can be directly exploited to estimate hazards and to model present risks, and (iii) establishing „worst-case“ events which are relevant references in the present or future. -
Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017
Ex-Hurricane Ophelia 16 October 2017 On 16 October 2017 ex-hurricane Ophelia brought very strong winds to western parts of the UK and Ireland. This date fell on the exact 30th anniversary of the Great Storm of 16 October 1987. Ex-hurricane Ophelia (named by the US National Hurricane Center) was the second storm of the 2017-2018 winter season, following Storm Aileen on 12 to 13 September. The strongest winds were around Irish Sea coasts, particularly west Wales, with gusts of 60 to 70 Kt or higher in exposed coastal locations. Impacts The most severe impacts were across the Republic of Ireland, where three people died from falling trees (still mostly in full leaf at this time of year). There was also significant disruption across western parts of the UK, with power cuts affecting thousands of homes and businesses in Wales and Northern Ireland, and damage reported to a stadium roof in Barrow, Cumbria. Flights from Manchester and Edinburgh to the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were cancelled, and in Wales some roads and railway lines were closed. Ferry services between Wales and Ireland were also disrupted. Storm Ophelia brought heavy rain and very mild temperatures caused by a southerly airflow drawing air from the Iberian Peninsula. Weather data Ex-hurricane Ophelia moved on a northerly track to the west of Spain and then north along the west coast of Ireland, before sweeping north-eastwards across Scotland. The sequence of analysis charts from 12 UTC 15 to 12 UTC 17 October shows Ophelia approaching and tracking across Ireland and Scotland. -
A User-Friendly Database of Coastal Flooding in The
www.nature.com/scientificdata OPEN A user-friendly database of coastal SUBJECT CATEGORIES » Environmental sciences flooding in the United Kingdom » Environmental social sciences from 1915–2014 » Physical oceanography Ivan D. Haigh1,2, Matthew P. Wadey1, Shari L. Gallop1, Heiko Loehr1, Robert J. Nicholls3, » Atmospheric dynamics Kevin Horsburgh4, Jennifer M. Brown4 & Elizabeth Bradshaw5 Coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels can be devastating, with long-lasting and diverse consequences. Historically, the UK has suffered major flooding events, and at present 2.5 million properties and £150 billion of assets are potentially exposed to coastal flooding. However, no formal system is in place to catalogue which storms and high sea level events progress to coastal flooding. Furthermore, information Received: 19 January 2015 on the extent of flooding and associated damages is not systematically documented nationwide. Here we Accepted: 16 April 2015 present a database and online tool called ‘SurgeWatch’, which provides a systematic UK-wide record of Published: 12 May 2015 high sea level and coastal flood events over the last 100 years (1915-2014). Using records from the National Tide Gauge Network, with a dataset of exceedance probabilities and meteorological fields, SurgeWatch captures information of 96 storms during this period, the highest sea levels they produced, and the occurrence and severity of coastal flooding. The data are presented to be easily assessable and understandable to a range of users including, scientists, coastal engineers, managers and planners and concerned citizens. Design Type(s) observation design • data integration objective • time series design Measurement Type(s) oceanography Technology Type(s) data collection method Factor Type(s) Sample Characteristic(s) coast • England • Wales • British Isles • Scotland 1Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. -
The Lighthouse Look, I Know We’Re at War, Your Country and Mine
The Lighthouse Look, I know we’re at war, your country and mine. But you French need this lighthouse just as much as the English! Does the Rock sink only British ships? Does it drown only English seamen?” Henry Winstanley The task was quite hard enough: working on a weed-slippery, wet rock, The Lighthouse battered by wind and sea, trying to sink foundations deep enough to raise up By Geraldine McCaughrean a tower. As it was, there were press- gangs roaming the South Coast in search of able-bodied men to kidnap. When one such gang paid a visit to the Eddystone Rock, Winstanley’s workmen were coshed and bound and carried off to serve as seamen in the Royal Navy – leaving nothing but a scattering of tools and timber. Winstanley recruited fresh workers... but few men dared take the job. Henry Winstanley designed During construction, Winstanley often playing cards and lived miles chose to sleep on site rather than waste time coming ashore. One night, he and from the sea. So he was not his builders were woken by the rhythmic the most obvious person splash of oars, the thud of a rowing to build a lighthouse. But boat pulling alongside the Rock. French whereas others tried and troops, muskets at the ready, came Eddystone Rock scrambling over the moonlit reef, barking gave up, Winstanley insisted commands at the sleepy, bewildered it was perfectly possible and English. For a few minutes it seemed as that he was the man to do it. if the entire construction team would be murdered where they huddled. -
Resilience and the Threat of Natural Disasters in Europe Denis Binder
Resilience and the Threat of Natural Disasters in Europe Denis Binder, Chapman University, United States The European Conference on Sustainability, Energy & the Environment 2018 Official Conference Proceedings iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction This paper focuses on the existential threat of natural hazards. History and recent experience tell us that the most constant, and predictable, hazard in Europe is that of widespread flooding with storms, often with hurricane force winds, slamming the coastal area and causing flooding inland as well. The modern world is seemingly plagued with the scourges of the Old Testament: earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, volcanoes, hurricanes and cyclones, wildfires, avalanches and landslides. Hundreds of thousands, if not millions, have perished globally in natural hazards, falling victim to extreme forces of nature. None of these perils are new to civilization. Both the Gilgamesh Epic1 and the Old Testament talk of epic floods.2 The Egyptians faced ten plagues. The Minoans, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans experienced earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and pestilence. A cyclone destroyed Kublai Khan’s invasion fleet of Japan on August 15, 1281. A massive earthquake in Shaanxi Province, China on January 23, 1556 is estimated to have killed 830,000 persons. A discussion of extreme hazards often involves a common misconception of 100 year floods, 500 year floods, 200 year returns, and similar periods. A mistaken belief is that a “100 year” flood only occurs once a century. The measurement period is a statistical average over an extended period of time. It is not a means of forecasting. It means that on average a storm of that magnitude will occur once in a hundred years, but these storms could be back to back. -
Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS) Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Stefan Brönnimann1,2,*, Olivia Martius1,2,3, Christian Rohr1,4, David N. Bresch5,6 Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin7 1 Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland 2 Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland 3 Mobiliar Lab for Natural Risks, University of Bern, Switzerland 4 Institute of History, University of Bern, Switzerland 5 Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland 6 Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Operation Center 1, P.O. Box 257, 8058 Zurich-Airport, Switzerland 7 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Revised submission to Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences * corresponding author: Stefan Brönnimann Institute of Geography, University of Bern Hallerstr. 12 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland [email protected] Short title: Historical Weather Data for Climate Risk Assessment Keywords: extreme events, climate risk, climate data, historical data | downloaded: 6.1.2020 Abstract. Weather and climate-related hazards are responsible for large monetary losses, material damages and societal consequences. Quantifying related risks is therefore an important societal task, particularly in view of future climate change. The past record of events plays a key role in this context. Historically, it was the only source of information and was maintained and passed on within cultures of memory. Today, new numerical techniques can again make use of historical weather data to simulate impacts quantitatively. -
Wind:!Myth,!Fact,!And!Faith!In!The!Development!Of!Wind!Knowledge! In!Early!Modern!England! ! By!
! ! The!Nature!of!the!Wind:!Myth,!Fact,!and!Faith!in!the!Development!of!Wind!Knowledge! in!Early!Modern!England! ! by! Risha!Amadea!Druckman! Department!of!History! Duke!University! ! Date:_______________________! Approved:! ! ___________________________! Gunther!Peck,!Supervisor! ! ___________________________! Katherine!Morrissey! ___________________________! Edward!Balleisen! ___________________________! John!Huston! ___________________________! Laurent!Dubois! ! Dissertation!submitted!in!partial!fulfillment!of! the!requirements!for!the!degree!of!Doctor! of!Philosophy!in!the!Department!of! History!in!the!Graduate!School! of!Duke!University! ! 2015! ! i v! ! ! ABSTRACT! The!Nature!of!the!Wind:!Myth,!Fact,!and!Faith!in!the!Development!of!Wind! Knowledge!in!Early!Modern!England! ! by! Risha!Amadea!Druckman! Department!of!History! Duke!University! ! Date:_______________________! Approved:! ! ___________________________! Gunther!Peck,!Supervisor! ! ___________________________! Katherine!Morrissey! ! ___________________________! Edward!Balleisen! ! ___________________________! John!Huston! ! ___________________________! Laurent!Dubois! ! ! An!abstract!of!a!dissertation!submitted!in!partial! fulfillment!of!the!requirements!for!the!degree! of!Doctor!of!Philosophy!in!the!Department!of! History!in!the!Graduate!School!of! Duke!University! ! 2015! i v! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright!by! Risha!Amadea!Druckman! 2015! ! ! ! Abstract Historically,!the!wind!has!functioned!in!multiple!capacities,!both!physically!and! -
Electric Blue Fishing History of the Eddystone Lighthouse
Wednesday, October 18th, 2017 ELECTRIC BLUE FISHING LEAVE A TRAVEL ATTRACTIONS PHOTOS WEATHER LINKS EMAIL ELECTRIC BLUE MESSAGE HISTORY OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE The Eddystone Reef in the English Channel is where I cut my teeth and learned all about fishing from several friends, notably David Toy, Spencer Vibart and a reel old salt of the sea Alfie Briggs. Sadly all of these guys have now passed on. They all used land marks to fish. The Eddystone Reef is a notorious group of rocks and has seen its fair share of shipwrecks. LOCATION: Latitude: 50° 10’.80 N Longitude: 04° 15’.90 W Established 1703 (present tower 1882). Height of tower 51 meters. Height of light above Mean High Water 41 meters. Range 24 miles. Intensity 570,000 candle power. Light Characteristics-- White Group Flashing twice every 10 seconds. Subsidiary Fixed Red Light-- covers a 17˚degree arc marking a dangerous reef called the "Hands Deep". Fog Signal-- Super Tyfon sounding three times every 60 seconds. Automatic Light--Serviced via Helicopter Platform. One of the world's most famous, if not the most famous lighthouses is the Eddystone Lighthouse, which stands on a treacherous group of rocks some fourteen miles out at sea in the English Channel, bearing 211° from Plymouth Breakwater, in the South West of the United Kingdom. This group of rocks was a graveyard for vessels traversing the English Channel. The Eddystone Lighthouse was the first lighthouse to be built on a small group of rocks in the open sea and resulted in a few disasters until the present lighthouse which stands there today. -
The Story Of...The Fire Island Light
(Ac^\Ou^V o_Wvcyv\ R0 PER1Y 01 LiMHAnf DIVISION OF C U IT U ® HESOURCE8 , NARO the story of... the FI RE ISLAND LIGHT ■Fl IS. Ol I c- 2- C i2 Bis * M ooo& ¿ / S / / 3 V 2 3 ? the Fl RE ISLAND LIGHT by Henry R. Bang First Edition - Published. March, 1981 About Henry Bang In the broadest sense, Henry R. Bang - the man who natural retreat - within sight of the Fire Island Light. A has been the driving force behind completing this story student of area history, Henry Bang has written the - is a renaissance man in modern dress. history of West Island, and undertook to prepare this A native Long Islander, he grew up in East Rockaway, story of the Fire Island Light. and has been a forty-year resident of Baldwin, in In the summer of 1980, Edna Bang passed away. The Nassau County, N.Y. After attending Columbia Univer sadness of her passing is brightened by the years of sity, Mr. Bang joined the N.Y. Telephone Co., and in devotion she had shared with her husband, Henry, time rose to become the General Manager for the L.l. who now dedicates this work to her memory. area. In 1967, he took early retirement from N.Y. Telephone to become Executive Director of the L.l. Health and Hospital Planning Council - a group deeply involved in long-range planning for the growth of health facilities and health care in Nassau and Suffolk Counties. He held that position until H H PC was legislated out of existence. -
IMPACT CASE STUDY Sting Jets Predicting Destructive Winds
IMPACT CASE STUDY Sting Jets Predicting destructive winds In the early hours of the 16 October 1987, a now infamous storm caused a swathe of damage across southeast England and northern France, resulting in the deaths of 18 people in England and at least four in France. Between 2001 and 2003, observations of the October 1987 storm were re-examined in considerable detail to study what had occurred and, in particular, explain the pattern of the very strong wind gusts. Research The storm which occurred on the 16th October 1987 was estimated to be the most damaging storm to hit southern England since the Great Storm of 1703, causing widespread structural damage to buildings and downing an estimated 15 million trees (a figure provided by the Met Office). Rail and road transport were disrupted, and power supplies were not fully restored for more than two weeks. Prediction enables early A special report by Risk Management Solutions, a company which evaluates weather risks, estimated that the cost to the insurance industry in the UK was £1.4bn, making warnings to be made and alerts the 1987 storm the second most expensive UK weather event on record. Motivated by a to be given in the locations they second, ‘near-miss’ storm on 20th October 2000, where the strongest winds were over will be needed. the North Sea, and realising that studies of the 1987 event had focussed on the larger- scale structure rather than the smaller-scale phenomena within the storm, researchers from the University of Reading re-analysed the data from the night of the 1987 event. -
Flooding in Early Modern England: Cultures of Coping in Gloucestershire and Lincolnshire
Flooding in early modern England: Cultures of coping in Gloucestershire and Lincolnshire John Emrys Morgan Department of History Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in History at the University of Warwick September 2015 Contents Figures 4 Abbreviations 5 Acknowledgements 6 Declaration 7 Abstract 8 Introduction 9 Historiography 9 Key terms 19 Methodology 23 Local contexts 27 Chapter outlines 34 1. Risk and reward: flooding and rural production 38 Introduction 38 Risky and rewarding landscapes 46 The communal imperative 74 Conclusion 88 2. Dangerous and disastrous flooding 91 Introduction 92 Hydro-social systems 101 Vulnerability 124 Conclusion 132 3. Understanding flooding 134 Introduction 134 Providential pamphlets 138 Local sources 154 Conclusion 180 4. Flooding and political discourse 183 Introduction 183 Medieval attitudes towards flooding 187 The contribution of improvement 192 Flooding and the Statutes of Sewers 204 Improving flooding I: surrounded grounds 215 Improving flooding II: drainage projects 229 Conclusion 248 5. Flooding and state formation 252 Introduction 252 Central and regional responses 260 2 Quantitative change: the ‘quickening tempo’ of governance 268 Qualitative change: the codification of custom 283 The limits of Commissions’ powers 294 Conclusion 299 Conclusions 302 History and contemporary flooding 306 Future directions 308 Bibliography 313 3 List of figures 0.1 Map: The Severn Estuary Levels 28 0.2 Map: Holland within southern Lincolnshire 31 0.3 Map: Reclamation of the silt fens in South Holland prior to -
'Grote Storm Van December 1703' in De Lage Landen
De ‘Grote Storm van december 1703’ in de Lage Landen De ‘Grote Storm van december 1703’ in de Lage Landen – een stormachtige periode in de Spaanse Successieoorlog Looft den HERE op de aarde, […] gij stormwind, die zijn woord volbrengt; Psalm 148:7-8 De Grote Storm van 7/8 december 1703 wordt als een der hevigste stormen van de laatste vijfhonderd jaar gezien. De gevolgen voor Engeland zijn goed beschreven, mede vanwege de oorlogssituatie in die tijd. Merkwaardig genoeg is deze storm in onze contreien bijna totaal vergeten. De vermoedelijke oorzaak hiervoor is dat hij aan de zuidelijke kuststreken van de Lage Landen niet gepaard ging met de effecten van een stormvloed (wat wel geschiedde in de kuststrook van het Kanaal via Noord-Duitsland tot aan Jutland en ook in de latere Kerstvloed). De auteurs geven in dit artikel een analyse van de storm, waarbij aandacht wordt besteed aan het ontstaan, de kracht van de storm en zijn verdere verloop. Daarnaast wordt aan de hand van eigentijdse getuigenissen het verloop en de effecten van de storm in de Lage Landen beschreven. Gaston R. Demarée Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut, Brussel e-mail: [email protected] Robert Muir-Wood Risk Management Solutions Limited, London e-mail: [email protected] Inleiding Stormwinden en andere extreme weersomstandigheden zijn van alle tijden en vormen als zodanig een zeer interessant studieobject in de historische klimatologie. Hoewel reconstructies van dergelijke weersomstandigheden met heel wat onzekerheden gepaard gaan, zijn zij juist van grote waarde in het kader van de problematiek van klimaatverandering en klimaatscenario’s voor de 21ste eeuw.