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Medieval Studies in America and American Medievalism Quidditas Volume 2 Article 2 1981 Medieval Studies in America and American Medievalism Herwig Wolfram University of Vienna Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wolfram, Herwig (1981) "Medieval Studies in America and American Medievalism," Quidditas: Vol. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol2/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Medieval Studies in America and American Medievalism by Herwig Wolfram Un ive rsity of Vien na A far a one can tell , Ernst Robert Curtius appears to have been the first Central European o fa cinated by American interest in the Middle Ages that he promised a tudy on the ubject. He called this particular interplay of academi c. amateur, and popular intere t "American Medievalism." ' According to hi bibliography, the projected work never appeared, but a le ture he wa asked to pre e nt to an American audience in 1949 was publi hed in both the North American and Hispano-American editions of his famou book E uropean Lit erature and the Lati11 Middle Ages. 2 Th e Oxford E nglish Dictionary cite the first use of the word "mediaevalism" in 1853. to designate an epoch within the traditional tripartite divi i n f Antiquity ("Clas icalism"), Middle Age ("Mediaeval­ ism'"). and Modern Times (''Moderni m"). The u e of 'the word in this co nt ext ound ob olete in contemporary American Engli h. It now eem to have taken on the a me pej rative connotation that "feudalism" has acquired in popular u age with the result that it can designate the feature of the •·ancie n regime" a well as their upposed urvivals. But this usage by no mean e ·hau ts the meaning of " medi vali 111. " Lionel Gossman entitled hi book M ediewili III and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment (1968). which co er both th e cholarl y approach towards the Middle Ages and the und erl ying a umption of the Enlighte nment. But nowhere does he find it ncce ary to define " medievali 111" an more than he needed to define what he meant by .. Enli 0 h1e n111ent. .. The author could be certain that his readers knew wh,1 1 he wa talking about. Go sman' title conveys the ame meaning 1ha1 Jurgen Vo intended in hi work Das Mittelalter im historischen Denke11 Fr1111kreichs ( 1972). In Germa n as well as in English, the n, the concepts mu t Herwig Wol fr am have appeared elf-explanatory to the authors . S. Harrison Thomson, for decade the annali st of American medieval tudies. developed a siill more pecialized meaning of the word " medi evalis m" when he chronicled the fi eld in 1962 and evaluated the influence of Ludwig Traube on " Am erican medievali sm." The author of Latin Bookha11d of 1h e Later Middle A ges kn ew only too well that the paleographical instruction of Traube had transmitted a tradition of ri gorous scholar hi p. For Thomson the term " medievalism" and " medieval studie " are ynonymous . .J Fro m this brief review it is already apparent that the word " medievali m" can have various and even conflicting connotation . Medi evali m include both the subject and the obj ect. the topic as well a the study of the topic. We understand by thi word the whole sy tem of impulse and acti vities characteristi c of the Middle Age that can be in vestigated with cie ntific preci ion. but the word has also been u ed in a popular ense either to glorify the pre e nt or to co mpare it un favo rably with the Middle Ages. Dil ettanti m of every pos ible s hade-from pl ain Romantici 111 to the cultivated co nn is e urship of the coll cctor- i t'O\'Crcd by the term. a is the highly speciali zed re earch of modern medievalists in the way Thomson u es the word . Though this usage may be co n idered too weeping by his colleagues. "medi evali sm" still appears to be the be t term to repre ent the tension between th e past a event and the t r of the pa t. in other words between th e medieval period and what ha been writte n about it by hi torian (Geschic/11/ichke i1 de Medii:ivis1e11 (. Thi ten ion i clearl y expre sed in the defini tion of research proble ms. in the organization of the fi eld. and in the y tem of instruction. The Mex ican medievali st Lui Weckm ann and the Californian Lynn White. Jr .. pl ace great empha is upon the fact that the pioneer of the ew World we re frequently those very Europeans who. to oversimplify. wanted to pre er e the Middle Age in the wi lderne . Their turn of mind (de cribed by Weckm ann ) and their in titutional trad it ions and technological resource (White' specialt y) were definit ely late mcdieval. 4 In fact. th e American art hi torian J ame Thoma Flexner had already recogni zed the medieval influence on early life in ew England and wrote. "Insid e a eventeenth centu ry American dwelling the Mi ddle Ages reig ned undisturbed. " 5 The furn iture construction. the interior decoration. and even the art of cutting grave stone (w hich was relati vely important at the time) were indebted to medieval tradition in ew England as late a the eight eenth century. From data of this sort. White concludes that Am ericans of the South a well a those of the ort h could under tand them elves onl y if they perceived their medi eval inherit ance. The concl usion that Ameri can . like Europeans. were heirs of the Middle Ages d id not take in to account how apologetic thi would eem 10 uropeans. In particular. it meant a challenge to the " vocal school" 2 Medieval Studie in America of ew England hi torians, for whom the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers repre ented a clean sweep of the past and who wanted to designate Puritanism as the sole foundation of American intellectual and social values. 6 It goe without saying that Thomson condemned the idea that medieval studies should be considered an "un-American activity." Indeed, he took the offensive and characterized the Middle Ages as a part of early American history in the full sen e of the word. One can appreciate the audacity of this claim only if one has been exposed to the organizational strength as well as political power of the so-called " American historians" in the framework of a department-of hi story in the United States. Thomson, however, is not content to confin e himself to the popular controversy between exponents of American hi tory and their colleagues {we still hear hi s dictum that ''for fifty years American hi torians have been pl aying tennis with the net down"). Thom on al o chall enges hi European colleagues with the assertion that Americans can more rightfully lay claim to all of the European Middle Ages than can the European themselves. for the latter did nothing less than fragment, nation by nation , the history of their Continent, with the result that the univer ality of the Middle Ages was threatened with extinction. Such a judgment about the division of Europe into nations is considered too linear and undifferentiated by most European medievali sts, but for American medievalists (and even for non-medievalists like R. R. Palmer) it is a stimulating id ea from which interesting results have issued. Moreover, the concept of the Middle Ages ha been enlarged territorially to cover all scholarly activities that have to do with the hi tory of Europe-the influence of Byzantium , of the Slavic East, and even of the world of Islam that border the Mediterranean. Chronologically, the limit of the period vis-a-vis antiquity on th e one hand and the modern period on the other remain open. Modern history has been robbe .. of the sixteenth century, while the medieval period ha acrificed omething from the Quattrocento and sometime from the brilliant Trecento in order to create the buffer-zone of " Renaissance Studies. " In turn. the latter field is often incorporated into interdisciplinary programs of" Medieval and Renai ance Studie . " Another re ult of this global apprehension of the Middle Ages is its appropri ation by disciplines other than history. The medieval period has been accommodated to related fi elds like anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Thus Professor Elton Mayo of the Harvard Busi ness School finds in the Middle Age a fortunate time in which everyone knew where he belonged. Therefore an att empt has been made to render this "belongingness"more intelligible. The discerning criticism of William H. Whyte, Jr., of this undifferentiated. unhistorical, as well a ahistori cal picture of the Middle Ages demonstrate once again that it is the historian's responsibility to guard again I the loss of chronological perspective. American medievalists agree that their scholarly organization began in the 3 Herwig Wolfram year following the Fir t World War. The Mediaeval Academy of America wa founded in December of 1925, and the first volume of Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval S111dies appeared in the same year.
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