Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49393-2 — Literature And

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49393-2 — Literature and Culture in the Roman Empire, 96–235 Edited by Alice König , Rebecca Langlands , James Uden Index More Information

Index

Abgar VIII, 296–7 Amazons, 302, 303, 305 Achaimenes, 330, 337 Ameria, 172 Achilles Tatius, 28, 132, 294 Amphipolis, 174 acta, 269–87 Anacharsis, 64–5, 68 Acta Alexandrinorum, 24, 271–2, 278, 279–80, Anaxarchus, 322–3 281, 286 Antigonus of Carystus, 164 designed to look authentic, 271 Antioch, 275, 298 Acts of Paul, 46, 273, 276, 284 Antiochus IV, 273, 276, 282, 284 Acts of Peter, 273, 276, 284 Antonine Constitution, 9, 48, 346 Acts of the Apostles, 46, 48 Antonine literature, 20–1, 25–6, 114–33, Acts of Thomas, 295 309–27 adoption, ﬁlial Antonine period, 7–8, 223–46, 343 Aelian’s metaphor for cultural absorption, 339 Antoninus Pius, 116, 206, 283 Aelian, 28, 328–43 Apamea, 311–12, 324, 325 De natura animalium, 26–7, 30, 328–43 Aphrodisias, 44 Hellenic persona, 166 archive wall, 22, 187–93, 201 lack of citation of Latin literature, 166 Sebasteion, 124 Aelianus Tacticus, 21 Apollodorus of Damascus, 263 and Frontinus, 135–9 Appian, 9, 20–1 and Trajan, 139–43 Alexandrian identity, 124, 126 Tactical Theory, 18, 134–46 Roman History, 46, 115, 123–8, 130, 257 Aelius Aristides, 48, 124, 135, 226, 242–5 structural similarity with novels, 129, Orations, 54–6 131–3 aemulatio, 85, 87–9, 90, 91 Apuleius, 9, 28, 41, 132 aesthetics Apologia, 44 of architectural monumentality, 229–34 Florida, 74 Africa Aramaic literary sources origin of Florus, 116 paucity of in second century, 347 Akrisios, 26, 330, 331, 341, 343 architectural treatises, 247–68 al-‘Uqla, Yemen. See inscription architecture, Greek, 247–68 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 306 architecture, Roman, 223–46, 247–68 Alexander the Great Arion and the dolphin and Chaldeans, 322–3 bronze statue, 30 in military theory, 140–1 story, 28–33, 92 Alexandria, 5, 163, 166, 209, 218, 257–9, 297, See Aristophanes, 71 also Alexandrian Greeks, Alexandrian Aristotelian philosophy, 76, 77 Jews, Clement of Alexandria, Appian, Aristotle, 105, 235 Philo of Alexandrian, Callimachus Arrian, 21, 46–7, 294 Alexandrian Greeks, 24–5, 270, 271–2, 274, 275, Acies contra Alanos, 147 277, 278, 279–80, 281, 285–7 Tactics, 17, 147–56 Alexandrian Jews, 271, 347 Asclepiodotus, 144

400

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49393-2 — Literature and Culture in the Roman Empire, 96–235 Edited by Alice König , Rebecca Langlands , James Uden Index More Information

Index 401

assimilation origin of Arrian, 147 of foreign literature, 25–7, 331, See also cultural body, the human assimilation and architecture, 223–46 astrology, 309–27 Book of the Laws of the Countries, 324–5, See Athenaeus, 63, 257–9 Bardaisan Athenagoras Brahmans, 25, 294, 299, 301–2 addressing the imperial family, 181 Britain, 6, 7, 137, 299 Atticism, 68–9, 74 Britons, 305 parallels with Jewish isolation, 354 bureaucracy, imperial, 21, 203–22, See also Augustus, 169, 189–92, 202, 217, 236, 255 documents and rise of Aphrodisias, 188 and Christianity, 287–324 as landmark of Roman history, 127, 128 and Jewish culture, 353 in Suetonius, 215 and Justin Martyr, 204 Aulus Gellius, 28, 41 and Phlegon of Tralles, 175–6 Attic Nights, 31, 41, 44, 45, 47, 63, 64, 160–1, and Suetonius, 214–20 253, 314–15 resistance to, 269–87 authentication strategies, 25, 163, 210, 211, See also autopsy, documents, legitimacy Caesar authenticity, 180, 197, 200, 202, 217, 272, 273, Gallic War, 305 274, 286 Caesarea, 259, 352 crisis of, 22, 178, 337 Caligula, 271 authorship in Suetonius, 215–16, 255, 284 rabbinic anonymity, 350 Callimachus autopsy, 21–2, 329 on marvels, 163–6 and Phlegon of Tralles, 166–74 Calpurnius Flaccus, 132 as authentication strategy, 162, 166–74, Cappadocia 273, 274 governed by Arrian, 147 as cultural practice, 93 Caracalla, 9, 275, 284, 296, 298 in Herodotus, 171 Carneades, 102 not used in architectural writing, 260 Carthage not used in Hellenistic paradoxography, 170 buildings of, 257 used in Roman paradoxography, 170–4 military practice, 147 axes of distinction, 54–7 Cassius Dio, 7, 44, 45, 46, 141, 263, 284 Celsus, 302, 307 Babylon, 5, 320, 322–3, 339 Celtic Babylonian astronomy, 306 language, 148 Babylonian literature, 309–27, 334 military practice, 148 Babylonian myth, 15 census records Babylonian Talmud, 274, 279, 281, 283 used by Phlegon of Tralles, 174–6 Babylonians, 329–31, 339, 341 Chaldean culture, 328–43 Bactrians, 303 Chaldean literature, 25–6, 291–308 Baetica Chaldean Oracles, 309–27 governed by Arrian, 147 Chaldeans, 309–27 Pliny’s ties to, 111 Chariton, 116, 128–32 Bar Kokhbah revolt, xiii, 6, 346, 347 Christian apocrypha, 276, See also Acts of Peter, Bardaisan, 25, 291–308, 324–5, 327 Acts of Paul and Indian embassy, 296–7 Christian apologetics, 179–202, 206–14 Baths of Trajan in Rome, 247 Christian archive, 179–202 site for publication of imperial petitions, 180, Christian martyr acts, 272–3, 274, 276–7, 280, 186, 187, 197–8 281, 282 Berossos, 316, 334 Christianity, early, 6, 179–202, 205–14, 223–46, biography, 214–20 285–7, See also bureaucracy, community, Bithynia, 5 documentary impulse, ethnicity, and Pliny the Younger, 198 identity, orality, unity mentioned by Phlegon, 175 and autopsy, 274

402 Index

Christianity, early (cont.) in Aelian, 331–2 and Chaldean Oracles, 310 in paradoxography, 331 and orality, 206–14 in Phlegon of Tralles, 160 and parrhesia, 280 of Alexandrian Greeks and Christians, 273 and Platonism, 324 of Christians, 282, 286 and Roman citizenship, 49 of Jewish elites, 274 and Roman justice, 269–87 documents, 66 Cicero, 75 and imperial bureaucracy, 179–202 De oratore, 251 and orality, 203–22 Letters to Atticus, 53 and Phlegon of Tralles, 160, 174–8 Tusculan Disputations, 92 as authentication strategy, 21–2, 161–2, 174–8, Verrine Orations, 250, 305 272, 277, 286 Claudius, 171, 271, 275 forgery of, 217–20 in Acta Alexandrinorum, 279–80 materiality of, 198, 201–2 Claudius Aelianus. See Aelian Suetonius’ loss of faith in, 214–20 Clement of Alexandria, 28, 31–3, 293, 299, Domitia Lucilla, 64–5 303, 307 Domitian, 76, 137, 232–3, 249 Commodus, 7, 278, 280 assassination of, 10 community, 48–50 in Suetonius, 217–20 and Christian archive, 192–3 Domus Aurea, 230, 231, 253, 254–5 and literature, 2 Greek, 11 Edessa, 291, 295, 303 in Christianity, 12, 287 education. See paideia Jewish, 282 Egypt, 338 Corinth, 28, 29, 30 site of marvels, 173 cross-cultural competition, 138 ekphrasis cross-cultural interaction. See interaction, of imperial architecture, 223–46 cross-cultural Elagabalus, 9, 296, 297, 329 cross-fertilization Eli‘ezer, 280–1 between Greek theory and Roman practice, Epicurean School at Athens, 43–4 134–56 epigraphy, 179–202, 238 Ctesias, 295, 307, 335 Epistle to the Ephesians. See Letter to the cultural assimilation, 309–27, 328–43 Ephesians cultural exchange, 328–43 Etana, 333, 341 effacement in, 344–54 Ethiopia cultural hybridity, 16, 18, 148, 152, 301 military practice, 147 of Aelian, 328 ethnicity, 38, 265 cultural interconnectivity, 10, 331 and Hellenism, 69 cultural legitimization, 328–43 and language, 60–1, 67–73 cultural openness and military science, 147 of Aelian, 329 and paideia, 60–1, 225–6 cultural transformation, 328–43 and Roman identity, 39, 42, 49 cultural translation, 342 heterogeneity of within Roman state, 51, 56 Cynicism, 69 in literature of Bardaisan’s circle, 293–7 Italian, 52 Dacians, 45 Jewish, 282 Demetrius transcended by Christianity, 225–6 On Elocution, 242 ethnographic knowledge Diadochos, 43–4 in Bardaisan’s Syriac book, 301–7 Dio Chrysostom, 11, 28 ethnography, 291–308 Diodorus Siculus, 303, 305, 313, 315, 316, 322–3, Eusebius 325, 326 Ecclesiastical History, 183, 196, 197, 201, 272, documentary evidence. See documents, 292, 296–7, 300 documentary impulse exempla, 32, 75–94 documentary impulse, 277 Greek, 108

Index 403

Homeric, 112 Hellenistic philosophy military, 143 on social status, 103 Roman, 117, 120, 162 Herodes Atticus, 47 exemplary ethics, 75–94 Herodotus, 28, 30, 32, 163, 173, 302, 303, 305, extratextuality, 3, 33, 66, 132–3, 280–1, See orality 307, 338 and exempla, 75–94 Hippolytus of Rome, 8, 12 and material culture, 228–9 historiography, 114–33 and paradoxa, 159 containing paradoxa, 163 in Phlegon of Tralles, 174 Homer, 135, 155, 228, 299, 338, 341 cited by Aelian, 137 Favorinus, 28, 32–3, 314–15 cited by Pliny and Plutarch, 20, 97, 107–13 Corinthian Oration, 30–1 Hou Hanshu, 301 Festus, 253 Fifth Sibylline Oracle, 279 Iamblichus, 9, 327 Flavia Neapolis, 194, 202 identity Florus, 20–1, 115, 116–23, 130, 253 Christian, 287 similarity with Appian, 123 Roman, 18–19, 37–57 structural similarity with novels, 129, 131–3 through speech, 58–74 Frontinus, 132, 135–9, 266, 267 Ignatius of Antioch, 12 and Aelianus Tacticus, 142, 143–6, 155 Letters, 182–3 De aquis, 10, 265–6 imitation. See mimesis Science of Warfare, 137, 138 imperial petitions, 179–202 Strategemata, 143–6 imperial rescripts, 66 Fronto, 8, 13, 19, 28, 29–30, 32–3, 41, 44, India, 25, 141, 338, See also Bardaisan 62–7, 72–3 military practice, 147 on Arion, 29–30 Indians knowledge of, 291–7 Galen, 63 inscription Ganymede, 341, 343 at al-‘Uqla, 297 Gauls, 304–5 inscriptions, 179–202 Gelaye, 302–3 interaction Germans, 41, 304–5 across time, 192 Germany, 7, 137, 299 as interweaving between traditions, 154 Getai between Arrian Tactics and Hadrian’s speech, Greek term for Dacians, 45 150–4 Gilgamos, 26–7, 328–43 cross-cultural, 4–9, 95–113, 134–56, See cultural Greco-Roman culture assimilation, cultural exchange, cultural Aelian’s decentring of, 328–43 hybridity, cultural openness, cultural Greek literature transformation, cultural translation as source for Bardaisan, 291–308 taking many forms, 4–9, 155 cited by Aelian, 334 extratextual, 92–4, 249 inadvertent, 146 Hadrian, 21, 43–4, 116, 148–9, 166, 168–9, lack of, 12, 154, See occlusion, silence 179–202, 210 between Greek and Roman texts, 134–43, Lambaesis inscription, 150–4 247–68 letter to Aphrodisias, 44 literary, 10–18, 202 rescript of, 193–202 new approaches to study, 13, 18, 27, 155, temple of, 242 345 Hatra, 304 of Romans with Greek learning, 154 Hebrew literary sources interactivity off the page. See extratextuality paucity of in second century, 347 intercultural communication, 344 Hellenistic paradoxography, 162, 163 interdiscursive erasure, 349, See also silence, and literary citation, 163, 167, 173 occlusion, interaction cited by Phlegon of Tralles, 170 interdiscursivity, 3, 16–17, 221–2 no use of autopsy, 170 cross-cultural, 32–3

404 Index

intertextuality, 2–3, 13–15, 73–4 tests of, in Aelian, 337–43 and absence, 344–54 Lentulus, 215 and extratextuality, 292 Letter to the Colossians, 224–5 and materiality, 22 Letter to the Ephesians, 23–4, 223–46 as connectivity, 245 letter-writing, 174, 182–3, 278 embodied by rabbinic literature, 352 imperial, 179–202 inadequate model, 224 lexical comparison macro, 20 between Greek and Latin, 96–7 new approaches, 132, 159 Libanius, 49 physical display of, 192 libelli. See petition, imperial Irenaeus, 12 Libya, 340–1 isolation. See rabbinic literature, silence, linguistic impenetrability, 148 occlusion literary interaction, 143–6 posture of, 11, 16, 20, 74, 345, 352, 354 literary intertactivity. See interaction:literary rabbinic, 3, 354 Livy, 75, 253 Italy, 9, 46, 52–4, 175, 314 Longus, 132 birthplace of Aelian, 166, 329, 342 Lucan, 305 ius liberorum Lucian, 9, 11, 28, 48, 60, 63, 69, 74, 337 as differentiated privilege, 52–3 Alexander the False Prophet, 46–7 and intertextuality, 14 Jerusalem Talmud, 274, 344 De domo, 242 Jesus Christ, 182, 208, 227, 238, 276 Philopseudes, 326 Jewish literature, 24, 270, 273–5, 276, 278–9, use of term Rhomaioi, 46 280–2, 285–7, 344–54 Lucius Verus, 47–8 Jewish War, 27, 347, 348–9 and ius liberorum, 52–3 John Chrysostom, 48 Lusitania Josephus, 259, 303, 346 mentioned by Phlegon, 175 Judaism, 317–19, 344–54 Judea, 5 Ma‘nu VIII, 298 Julia Domna, 9, 331 Maccabees, 273, 276, 277–8, 280, 282, 284, 285 Julian the Chaldean, 311, 316, 324, See Chaldean Macedonia Oracles and military science, 141, 147, 148 Julian the Theurge, 7, 311, 316, 324, See Chaldean mentioned by Phlegon of Tralles, 175 Oracles Macrinus, 9 Julius Africanus, 8, 9, 297, 298, 299 Marcus Aurelius, 62, 64, 187, 278, 296–7 Julius Caesar and ius liberorum, 52–3 in Suetonius, 215 rain miracle, 7–8 justice, 269–87 Martial, 132, 249 Justin Martyr, 22–3, 58, 162, 179–202, 204, 285, Epigrams, 10, 11, 230, 232–3 286, 299 On the Spectacles, 231–2 Dialogue with Trypho, 12 Martyrdom of Polycarp, 272, 280 First Apology, 204, 205–14, 283 marvels. See also paradoxography, Phlegon of Juvenal, 11, 230, 253 Tralles Indian, 295 keystone Medes, 307 as symbol of unity, 238–46 Megasthenes, 294, 302 Kitos War, 5, 347 Mesopotamia, 4, 5, 25, 26–7, 311 origins of Gilgamos story, 332–5 Lambaesis. See Hadrian Mesopotamian literature, 291–308 language Mesopotamian oral tradition, 333 and culture, 44–8 midrash, 274 and ethnicity, 60–1, 67–73 military theory, 134–56 sound of, 58–74 mimesis legitimacy. See also authentication strategies, Aristotelian, 77 truth in Plutarch, 77–93

Index 405

Platonic, 77, 78, 84–7, 89, 93 Parthians, 41, 148, 298, 305 Plato’s of Moses, 208 Passion of Perpetua, 270, 283 Mishnah, 274, 346, 349 patronage, 3, 20, 55, 93, 95–113, 138, 145, 151, 239 Moses Paul, 46, 224–5, 226, 276, 285 as a writer, 211–12 Pausanias, 30, 255–7, 260, 261, 262 Mucianus (Roman paradoxographer), 167, 170–1, periodization, 1–9, 27, 114–33, 344–54 172, 173 Perseus, 26, 330, 331, 341, 343 mythopoiesis Persian culture, 305, 307, 337, 343 as process of cultural assimilation, 336 Persians, 129, 282, 302, 331 miltary practice, 147 narrative, 114–33 Peter, 46, 276 nation state, modern petitions, imperial, 179–202 difference from ancient communities, 50–7 Petronius neo-Platonism, 25–6, 309–27 Satyrica, 231 Nero, 251, 254–5, 263–5, 276, 284, 285 Philo of Alexandria, 317–19, 322, 323, 326–7 Nicomedia, 250, 297 philosophy, 194, 206 Nitriae, in Egypt, 168 Philostratus, 11, 28, 270, 294, 295 Numenius, 312, 325 Lives of the Sophists, 329, 342 Phlegon of Tralles, 21–2, 159–78, 221, 329 occlusion, 3, 10, 97, 145, 156, See also silence Olympiads, 159, 161 of contact between Rome and rabbinic On Long-Lived Persons, 160 literature, 344–54 On Marvels, 159–78 Olympia, 256, 260 Phrygia, 185–6 Oppian, 28 Plato, 208 orality, 22, 203–22 Republic, 319 and Bardaisan’s sources, 25, 300 Timaeus, 295 and early Christianity, 206–14, 283 Platonic philosophy, 25–6, 76 and Jewish tradition, 25 in Syria, 299 and Mesopotamian tradition, 333 Pliny the Elder, 215, 257 and Plutarch’s sources, 75–94 Natural History, 144–6, 167, 169, 170–1, 175, and rabbinic tradition, 27 237–8, 249, 261, 264, 265 and Roman exempla, 15, 75–94, 162 Pliny the Younger, 5, 20, 41, 47, 132, 251, 268 and Suetonius’ sources, 205, 214–20 and patronage, 95–113 in Jewish tradition, 273–4, 280–1, 282, 283, 286 Letters, 100–1, 102, 171, 172–3, 184, 198, 250, in rabbinic tradition, 350–2 259–60, 278 Origen, 8, 301, 307 on exempla, 76 Osrhoene, 291, 298, 299, 301, 304 Panegyricus, 10 Plotina, 43–4 paideia, 11, 29, 30, 47, 60–1, 68, 71–2, 73, 80, 108, Plutarch, 11, 19–20, 28, 75–94, 294, 307 193, 194, 200, 225–6, 328, 342 and Chaldeans, 327 and canon formation, 351 and patronage, 95–113 and ethnicity, 60–1 De cohibenda ira, 275 and identity, 224, 226 De E apud Delphos, 323 Palestine, 194, 347, 353 How to Tell a Flatterer from a Friend, 101–3, Panaetius, 317 105, 106–7, 108, 112 Pannonians, 45 Life of Lycurgus, 149–50 Pantheon, 247, 248 Life of Pericles, 266–7 paradoxography, 21–2, 159–78, 295 On Having Many Friends, 103–4, 105, 108, 112 in Aelian, 341 On How to Tell a Flatterer from a Friend, 105 Roman, 170–4 Political Precepts, 97–8 parallelism, 15, 144, 245 Progress in Virtue, 77–82 as parallelomania, 23, 228 Sympotic Questions, 95 parrhesia, 279–82, 285–6 Virtues of Women, 83 Parthia, 4, 7, 65, 121, 122, 295, 298 Polybius, 134 Parthian, 291 Polycarp, 12, 272, 280, 282

406 Index

Porphyry, 25, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300 Samos, 189–90, 202, 260 Posidonius, 134, 317, 322, 325, 326 Sargon, of Akkad dynasty, 332–3 Procopius, 263 Scythia, 65, 303, 307 Ps.-Aristotle military practice, 147 On the Cosmos, 241 Second Sophistic, 11–12, 166, 226, 354 Psylloi, 340–1 looking to the Greek past, 177 problematised, 11 Quintilian, 76, 251 Seleucus of Seleucia, 316–17, 326 Institutio Oratoria, 250 Seneca, 67, 75 De beneﬁciis, 230 rabbinic literature, 344–54 De ira, 275 dynamics of absence, 348–52 Letters, 237, 241 Rahamaeans, 300, 303 Thyestes, 230 receptivity, 26, 309 Septimius Severus, 9, 185–6, 297, 298 reinscription Seres, China, 301–2 Aelian’s metaphor for cultural legitimacy, Severan literature, 328–43 342 Severan period, 8–9 Republic history Sibylline Oracles in Antonine historiography, 114–33 cited by Phlegon of Tralles, 174 Roman silence inadequacy of label, 37–57 as mode of interaction, 3, 11, 12, 20, 24, 27, 95, Roman citizenship, 9, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43–4, 48, 52, 134–43, 247–68 73, 346 of Aelian on his Roman identity, 343 Roman empire, 37–57, 203–22, 269–87, See of Aelian on Latin literature, 166 bureaucracy, imperial and passim of Latin literature on architecture, 247–55 and sound, 58–74 on subject of patronage, 96 as dominant unity, 114 rabbinic, 344–54 in Aelianus Tacticus, 140 Silius Italicus, 75 in Appian, 123–8 Simon Magus, 46 in Arrian, 147–56 simultaneity of motifs, 19, 59 in Florus, 116–23 Skaptopara, 186–7 in Phlegon of Tralles, 169 Smyrna, 190, 244 networks of transmission, 297–300 social status Roman identity and identity, 50–7 complexity of, 37–57 Sosius Senecio, 77, 78, 93, 95, 107 military, 21, 116–23, 134–56 sound, 17, 19, 31, 33, 58–74, 173 of Aelian, 343 Statius, 249 Roman imperialism, 17, 141, 291–308 Silvae, 232–4 Roman law courts, 269–87 Stoicism Roman literature and architectural metaphors, 241 as source for Bardaisan, 291–308 and Chaldean philosophy, 316–19, 321, 322 ignored by Greek writers, 76 and Plutarch, 77 lack of architectural description in, 247–68 on coherence of bodies, 237 not cited by Phlegon, 166 Strabo, 226, 295, 302, 303, 305, 307, 326 sharing themes with early Christian Sudines of Pergamon, 316 literature, 245 Suetonius, 162, 256, 260 sharing themes with Greek literature, 75–94, and Pliny, 110 95–113, 114–33, 143–6, 170–4 declining faith in documents, 214–20 Roman Near East, 291–308 Lives, 11, 22–3, 173, 204–5, 214–20, 251, Rome, 325, 342, 353 253–5, 284 Rome, city of, 7, 45–8, 50, 53, 54, 75, 77, 100, 103, Syria, 168, 169 116, 126, 166, 168, 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 186, 188, 195, 230, 232, 236, 237, Tacitus, 41, 107, 132, 251, 256, 259, 266, 267 247, 250, 252, 255, 260, 265, 285, 297, Agricola, 10 298, 300 Annals, 11, 173, 250, 263–5

Index 407

Germania, 304, 307 in Suetonius, 217 Histories, 11, 28, 252–3, 348–9, 352, 353 Tosefta, 274, 281, 349 on exempla, 76 Trajan, 5, 10, 116, 128, 136, 137, 145, 146, 169, 184, Taenarum, 30 190, 198, 250, 268, 271–2, 277–8, 279, 281, Tarentum, 29 298, 347 Tatian, 13, 19, 58–9, 299 and Aelianus Tacticus, 139–43 Oration to the Greeks, 67–73 in Jewish tradition, 282 Temple of Apollo in Delphi, 323 Trajan’s column, 248 Temple of Apollo in Rome trial narratives, 24–5, 269–87 site for publication of imperial petitions, 180, truth, 162, See, authentication strategies, 187, 197–8 documents Temple of Artemis, Ephesus, 260, 261–2, 266 and paradoxography, 161–2 Temple of Hadrian, 242 in Aelian, 331 Temple of Jerusalem, 224, 227, 259, 283 Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 216, 252, 259 unity Temple of Peace, 254 in Christian community, 223, 226, 238–46 Terpander urban renewal, 267 cited by Arrian, 149–50 under Domitian, 249 Tertullian, 8, 12, 293, 307 under Hadrian, 6 Ad Scapulam, 278 under Trajan and Hadrian, 247 addressing the imperial family, 181 Apologeticum, 49 Valerius Maximus, 75, 82, 83, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, The Shepherd of Hermas, 246, 283, 285, 286 143, 167, 275, 314, 315 Themistocles Vespasian, 137, 175, 253 as exemplum, 78, 87, 90–3 in Suetonius, 216–17 Theophilus of Antioch, 299 Vitruvius, 234–8, 249, 250–1, 257, 261, Thessaly, 168 262 Tiberius, 168, 169, 173, 218, 252, 253 Titus, 144–6, 175 Wadi Natrun, Egypt. See Nitriae and Pliny the Younger, 146 in Jewish tradition, 283, 286 Zoilos, C. Julius, 188, 190–2