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An Analysis of the Mechanisms and Efficacy of Three Liquid Chemical Soil Stabilizers

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An Analysis of the Mechanisms and Efficacy of Three Liquid Chemical Soil Stabilizers Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 1993-1 2. Government 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-03/1993-1 (Volume 1) Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date AN ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISMS AND EFFICACY May 2003 OF THREE LIQUID CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZERS: VOLUME 1 7. Author(s) 6. Performing Organization Code Alan F. Rauch, Lynn E. Katz, and Howard M. Liljestrand 8. Performing Organization Report No. 1993-1 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 11. Contract or Grant No. 3208 Red River, Suite 200 Research Project 7-1993 Austin, TX 78705-2650 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Research Report Research and Technology Implementation Office 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 5080 Austin, TX 78763-5080 15. Supplementary Notes Project conducted in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Liquid chemical products are marketed by a number of companies for stabilizing pavement base and subgrade soils. If effective, these products could be used as alternatives for treating sulfate-rich soils, which are susceptible to excessive heaving when treated with traditional, calcium-based stabilizers like lime, cement, and fly ash. However, the chemical composition, stabilizing mechanisms, and performance of these liquid products are not well understood. The primary objective of this study was to investigate and identify the mechanisms by which clay soils are modified or altered by these liquid chemical agents. Three representative, commercial products were selected for study: an ionic product, an enzyme product, and a polymer product. The chemical composition of each was characterized using standard chemical test methods. The three products were then reacted with three reference clays (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite) and several native Texas soils. In the "micro-characterization" study, the mechanisms of soil modification at the particle level were studied using physical-chemical analyses of untreated and treated soil samples. Very high product application rates were used so that possible soil modifications could be observed. In a paired "macro-characterization" study, standard geotechnical laboratory tests were performed on untreated and treated compacted soil specimens. The products were mixed at the suppliers' recommended application rates and at ten times the recommended application rates. These tests failed to show significant, consistent changes in the engineering properties of the test soils following treatment with the three selected products at the application rates used. The findings of this study clearly point to the need to conduct standard laboratory tests, prior to specifying the use of these products in field applications, to prove the effectiveness of the treatment on a particular soil type at a given chemical application rate. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement soil stabilization, soil modification, liquid No restrictions. This document is available to the public stabilizers, nontraditional soil stabilizers, high- through the National Technical Information Service, sulfate soils Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 204 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized An Analysis of the Mechanisms and Efficacy of Three Liquid Chemical Soil Stabilizers Volume 1 Alan F. Rauch Lynn E. Katz Howard M. Liljestrand Research Report 1993-1 Research Project 7-1993 Evaluation of Nontraditional Soil and Aggregate Stabilizers Conducted for the Texas Department of Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Deparatment Of Transportation Federal Highway Administration by the Center for Transportation Research Bureau of Engineering Research The University of Texas at Austin May 2003 Disclaimers The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine, manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United States of America or any foreign country. NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES Alan F. Rauch Research Supervisor Acknowledgments The researchers acknowledge the assistance provided by following TxDOT personnel: Joe Thompson (DAL, program coordinator), John Rantz (LBB, program coordinator), Moon Won (CST, project director), Darren Hazlett (CST, project director), Harold Albers (CST, project monitoring committee), Tom Yarbrough (CST), and Kenneth Cline (Smith County, project monitoring committee). The hard work and dedication of the following graduate research assistants at the University of Texas at Austin is also acknowledged: Jacqueline S. Harmon, Kristine S. Shaw, John A. Thomas, and Adriano Vieira. Undergraduate research assistants included Lee Austin and Michael Welfel. Additional thanks go to Nadine Gordon, Kitty Milliken, Jeffrey Cook Michael Schmerling, and John Swinnea for their assistance in conducting various tests for this study. Research performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Table of Contents Volume 1 List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................xiii List of Figures............................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1. Background and Project Objectives ...........................................................................1 1.1. Overview.....................................................................................................................1 1.2. Liquid Soil Stabilizers ................................................................................................1 1.3. Project Objectives and Work Plan ..............................................................................4 1.4. Report Organization....................................................................................................6 Chapter 2. Selection of Test Materials......................................................................................... 7 2.1. Liquid Stabilizer Products ..........................................................................................7 2.2. Product Application Rates ..........................................................................................8 2.3. Test Soils.....................................................................................................................9 2.4. Reference Clays ........................................................................................................10 2.5. Native Texas Soils ....................................................................................................11 Chapter 3. Chemical Characterization of Principal Product Constituents.................................15 3.1. Overview...................................................................................................................15 3.2. Review of Manufacturers’ Literature ......................................................................15 3.3. Chemical Characterization Methods.........................................................................16 3.4. Characterization of The Ionic Stabilizer...................................................................21 3.5. Characterization of The Polymer Stabilizer..............................................................25 3.6. Characterization of The Enzyme Stabilizer..............................................................26 Chapter 4. Methods for Micro-Characterization of Stabilizer Mechanisms..............................43 4.1. Overview...................................................................................................................43 4.2. Preparation of Clay Materials ..................................................................................43 4.3. Clay Mineral Characterization Procedures...............................................................44 4.4. Clay Mineral/Stabilizer Characterization Procedures ..............................................49 Chapter 5. Methods for Macro-Characterization of Stabilizer Effectiveness............................53 5.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................53 5.2. Preparation of Soil Test Specimens ..........................................................................53 5.3. Sample Preparation Protocol ....................................................................................54 5.4. Measurement of Grain Size Distribution..................................................................59
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