B5-1 Causes and Consequences of the Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction As
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Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy Of
Triassic- Jurassic Stratigraphy of the <JF C7 JL / Culpfeper and B arbour sville Basins, VirginiaC7 and Maryland/ ll.S. PAPER Triassic-Jurassic Stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville Basins, Virginia and Maryland By K.Y. LEE and AJ. FROELICH U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1472 A clarification of the Triassic--Jurassic stratigraphic sequences, sedimentation, and depositional environments UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lee, K.Y. Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphy of the Culpeper and Barboursville basins, Virginia and Maryland. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1472) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16:1472 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Triassic. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Jurassic. 3. Geology Culpeper Basin (Va. and Md.) 4. Geology Virginia Barboursville Basin. I. Froelich, A.J. (Albert Joseph), 1929- II. Title. III. Series. QE676.L44 1989 551.7'62'09755 87-600318 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract.......................................................................................................... 1 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction... .......................................................................................... -
Reading the Complex Skipper Butterfly Fauna of One Tropical Place
Reading the Complex Skipper Butterfly Fauna of One Tropical Place Daniel H. Janzen1*, Winnie Hallwachs1, John M. Burns2, Mehrdad Hajibabaei3, Claudia Bertrand3, Paul D. N. Hebert3 1 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America, 3 Department of Integrative Biology, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada Abstract Background: An intense, 30-year, ongoing biodiversity inventory of Lepidoptera, together with their food plants and parasitoids, is centered on the rearing of wild-caught caterpillars in the 120,000 terrestrial hectares of dry, rain, and cloud forest of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. Since 2003, DNA barcoding of all species has aided their identification and discovery. We summarize the process and results for a large set of the species of two speciose subfamilies of ACG skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) and emphasize the effectiveness of barcoding these species (which are often difficult and time-consuming to identify). Methodology/Principal Findings: Adults are DNA barcoded by the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada; and they are identified by correlating the resulting COI barcode information with more traditional information such as food plant, facies, genitalia, microlocation within ACG, caterpillar traits, etc. This process has found about 303 morphologically defined species of eudamine and pyrgine Hesperiidae breeding in ACG (about 25% of the ACG butterfly fauna) and another 44 units indicated by distinct barcodes (n = 9,094), which may be additional species and therefore may represent as much as a 13% increase. -
The Moenave Formation: Sedimentologic and Stratigraphic Context of the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary in the Four Corners Area, Southwestern U.S.A
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 244 (2007) 111–125 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo The Moenave Formation: Sedimentologic and stratigraphic context of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Four Corners area, southwestern U.S.A. ⁎ Lawrence H. Tanner a, , Spencer G. Lucas b a Department of Biology, Le Moyne College, 1419 Salt Springs Road, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA b New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Road, N.W., Albuquerque, NM 87104, USA Received 20 February 2005; accepted 20 June 2006 Abstract The Moenave Formation was deposited during latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic time in a mosaic of fluvial, lacustrine, and eolian subenvironments. Ephemeral streams that flowed north-northwest (relative to modern geographic position) deposited single- and multi-storeyed trough cross-bedded sands on an open floodplain. Sheet flow deposited mainly silt across broad interchannel flats. Perennial lakes, in which mud, silt and carbonate were deposited, formed on the terminal floodplain; these deposits experienced episodic desiccation. Winds that blew dominantly east to south-southeast formed migrating dunes and sand sheets that were covered by low-amplitude ripples. The facies distribution varies greatly across the outcrop belt. The lacustrine facies of the terminal floodplain are limited to the northern part of the study area. In a southward direction along the outcrop belt (along the Echo Cliffs and Ward Terrace in Arizona), dominantly fluvial–lacustrine and subordinate eolian facies grade mainly to eolian dune and interdune facies. This transition records the encroachment of the Wingate erg. Moenave outcrops expose a north–south lithofacies gradient from distal, (erg margin) to proximal (erg interior). The presence of ephemeral stream and lake deposits, abundant burrowing and vegetative activity, and the general lack of strongly developed aridisols or evaporites suggest a climate that was seasonally arid both before and during deposition of the Moenave and the laterally equivalent Wingate Sandstone. -
Triassic) in Barreal Depocenter, San Juan Province, Argentina
Andean Geology ISSN: 0718-7092 ISSN: 0718-7106 [email protected] Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Chile Stratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeofloristic characterization of the Sorocayense Group (Triassic) in Barreal depocenter, San Juan Province, Argentina Bodnar, Josefina; Iglesias, Ari; Colombi, Carina E.; Drovandi, Juan Martín Stratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeofloristic characterization of the Sorocayense Group (Triassic) in Barreal depocenter, San Juan Province, Argentina Andean Geology, vol. 46, no. 3, 2019 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Chile Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173961656006 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Josefina Bodnar, et al. Stratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeofloristic characterization of ... Research article Stratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeofloristic characterization of the Sorocayense Group (Triassic) in Barreal depocenter, San Juan Province, Argentina Caracterización estratigráfica, sedimentológica y paleoflorística del Grupo Sorocayense (Triásico) en el área de Barreal, provincia de San Juan, Argentina Josefina Bodnar *12 Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina id=173961656006 [email protected] Ari Iglesias 23 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina [email protected] Carina E. Colombi 24 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina [email protected] Juan Martín Drovandi 24 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina [email protected] Received: 30 November 2017 Accepted: 30 October 2018 Published: 04 February 2019 Abstract: e northern area of Cuyo Basin (west-central Argentina) corresponds to the Rincón Blanco half-graben, whose filling is arranged into the Rincón Blanco and Sorocayense groups. -
The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2. -
(King Philip's War), 1675-1676 Dissertation Presented in Partial
Connecticut Unscathed: Victory in The Great Narragansett War (King Philip’s War), 1675-1676 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Major Jason W. Warren, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin Jr., Advisor Alan Gallay, Kristen Gremillion Peter Mansoor, Geoffrey Parker Copyright by Jason W. Warren 2011 Abstract King Philip’s War (1675-1676) was one of the bloodiest per capita in American history. Although hostile native groups damaged much of New England, Connecticut emerged unscathed from the conflict. Connecticut’s role has been obscured by historians’ focus on the disasters in the other colonies as well as a misplaced emphasis on “King Philip,” a chief sachem of the Wampanoag groups. Although Philip formed the initial hostile coalition and served as an important leader, he was later overshadowed by other sachems of stronger native groups such as the Narragansetts. Viewing the conflict through the lens of a ‘Great Narragansett War’ brings Connecticut’s role more clearly into focus, and indeed enables a more accurate narrative for the conflict. Connecticut achieved success where other colonies failed by establishing a policy of moderation towards the native groups living within its borders. This relationship set the stage for successful military operations. Local native groups, whether allied or neutral did not assist hostile Indians, denying them the critical intelligence necessary to coordinate attacks on Connecticut towns. The English colonists convinced allied Mohegan, Pequot, and Western Niantic warriors to support their military operations, giving Connecticut forces a decisive advantage in the field. -
Perennial Lakes As an Environmental Control on Theropod Movement in the Jurassic of the Hartford Basin
geosciences Article Perennial Lakes as an Environmental Control on Theropod Movement in the Jurassic of the Hartford Basin Patrick R. Getty 1,*, Christopher Aucoin 2, Nathaniel Fox 3, Aaron Judge 4, Laurel Hardy 5 and Andrew M. Bush 1,6 1 Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, 354 Mansfield Road, U-1045, Storrs, CT 06269, USA 2 Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology Physics Building, P.O. Box 210013, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; [email protected] 3 Environmental Systems Graduate Group, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95340, USA; [email protected] 4 14 Carleton Street, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; [email protected] 5 1476 Poquonock Avenue, Windsor, CT 06095, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, U-3403, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-413-348-6288 Academic Editors: Neil Donald Lewis Clark and Jesús Martínez Frías Received: 2 February 2017; Accepted: 14 March 2017; Published: 18 March 2017 Abstract: Eubrontes giganteus is a common ichnospecies of large dinosaur track in the Early Jurassic rocks of the Hartford and Deerfield basins in Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA. It has been proposed that the trackmaker was gregarious based on parallel trackways at a site in Massachusetts known as Dinosaur Footprint Reservation (DFR). The gregariousness hypothesis is not without its problems, however, since parallelism can be caused by barriers that direct animal travel. We tested the gregariousness hypothesis by examining the orientations of trackways at five sites representing permanent and ephemeral lacustrine environments. -
The Sauropodomorph Biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of Southern Africa: Tracking the Evolution of Sauropodomorpha Across the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary
Editors' choice The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary BLAIR W. MCPHEE, EMESE M. BORDY, LARA SCISCIO, and JONAH N. CHOINIERE McPhee, B.W., Bordy, E.M., Sciscio, L., and Choiniere, J.N. 2017. The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (3): 441–465. The latest Triassic is notable for coinciding with the dramatic decline of many previously dominant groups, followed by the rapid radiation of Dinosauria in the Early Jurassic. Among the most common terrestrial vertebrates from this time, sauropodomorph dinosaurs provide an important insight into the changing dynamics of the biota across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. The Elliot Formation of South Africa and Lesotho preserves the richest assemblage of sauropodomorphs known from this age, and is a key index assemblage for biostratigraphic correlations with other simi- larly-aged global terrestrial deposits. Past assessments of Elliot Formation biostratigraphy were hampered by an overly simplistic biozonation scheme which divided it into a lower “Euskelosaurus” Range Zone and an upper Massospondylus Range Zone. Here we revise the zonation of the Elliot Formation by: (i) synthesizing the last three decades’ worth of fossil discoveries, taxonomic revision, and lithostratigraphic investigation; and (ii) systematically reappraising the strati- graphic provenance of important fossil locations. We then use our revised stratigraphic information in conjunction with phylogenetic character data to assess morphological disparity between Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sauropodomorph taxa. Our results demonstrate that the Early Jurassic upper Elliot Formation is considerably more taxonomically and morphologically diverse than previously thought. -
The Late Jurassic Tithonian, a Greenhouse Phase in the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous ‘Cool’ Mode: Evidence from the Cyclic Adriatic Platform, Croatia
Sedimentology (2007) 54, 317–337 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00837.x The Late Jurassic Tithonian, a greenhouse phase in the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous ‘cool’ mode: evidence from the cyclic Adriatic Platform, Croatia ANTUN HUSINEC* and J. FRED READ *Croatian Geological Survey, Sachsova 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Well-exposed Mesozoic sections of the Bahama-like Adriatic Platform along the Dalmatian coast (southern Croatia) reveal the detailed stacking patterns of cyclic facies within the rapidly subsiding Late Jurassic (Tithonian) shallow platform-interior (over 750 m thick, ca 5–6 Myr duration). Facies within parasequences include dasyclad-oncoid mudstone-wackestone-floatstone and skeletal-peloid wackestone-packstone (shallow lagoon), intraclast-peloid packstone and grainstone (shoal), radial-ooid grainstone (hypersaline shallow subtidal/intertidal shoals and ponds), lime mudstone (restricted lagoon), fenestral carbonates and microbial laminites (tidal flat). Parasequences in the overall transgressive Lower Tithonian sections are 1– 4Æ5 m thick, and dominated by subtidal facies, some of which are capped by very shallow-water grainstone-packstone or restricted lime mudstone; laminated tidal caps become common only towards the interior of the platform. Parasequences in the regressive Upper Tithonian are dominated by peritidal facies with distinctive basal oolite units and well-developed laminate caps. Maximum water depths of facies within parasequences (estimated from stratigraphic distance of the facies to the base of the tidal flat units capping parasequences) were generally <4 m, and facies show strongly overlapping depth ranges suggesting facies mosaics. Parasequences were formed by precessional (20 kyr) orbital forcing and form parasequence sets of 100 and 400 kyr eccentricity bundles. -
Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships
438 Article 438 by Saswati Bandyopadhyay1* and Sanghamitra Ray2 Gondwana Vertebrate Faunas of India: Their Diversity and Intercontinental Relationships 1Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India; email: [email protected] 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; email: [email protected] *Corresponding author (Received : 23/12/2018; Revised accepted : 11/09/2019) https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028 The twelve Gondwanan stratigraphic horizons of many extant lineages, producing highly diverse terrestrial vertebrates India have yielded varied vertebrate fossils. The oldest in the vacant niches created throughout the world due to the end- Permian extinction event. Diapsids diversified rapidly by the Middle fossil record is the Endothiodon-dominated multitaxic Triassic in to many communities of continental tetrapods, whereas Kundaram fauna, which correlates the Kundaram the non-mammalian synapsids became a minor components for the Formation with several other coeval Late Permian remainder of the Mesozoic Era. The Gondwana basins of peninsular horizons of South Africa, Zambia, Tanzania, India (Fig. 1A) aptly exemplify the diverse vertebrate faunas found Mozambique, Malawi, Madagascar and Brazil. The from the Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. During the last few decades much emphasis was given on explorations and excavations of Permian-Triassic transition in India is marked by vertebrate fossils in these basins which have yielded many new fossil distinct taxonomic shift and faunal characteristics and vertebrates, significant both in numbers and diversity of genera, and represented by small-sized holdover fauna of the providing information on their taphonomy, taxonomy, phylogeny, Early Triassic Panchet and Kamthi fauna. -
A Comparison of the Dinosaur Communities from the Middle
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 31 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0610.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Geosciences 2018, 8, 327; doi:10.3390/geosciences8090327 1 Review 2 A comparison of the dinosaur communities from 3 the Middle Jurassic of the Cleveland (Yorkshire) 4 and Hebrides (Skye) basins, based on their ichnites 5 6 Mike Romano 1*, Neil D. L. Clark 2 and Stephen L. Brusatte 3 7 1 Independent Researcher, 14 Green Lane, Dronfield, Sheffield S18 2LZ, England, United Kingdom; 8 [email protected] 9 2 Curator of Palaeontology, The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow 10 G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom; [email protected] 11 3 Chancellor's Fellow in Vertebrate Palaeontology, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, 12 Grant Institute, The King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, Scotland, United Kingdom; 13 [email protected] 14 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 01246 417330 15 16 Abstract: 17 Despite the Hebrides and Cleveland basins being geographically close, research has not 18 previously been carried out to determine faunal similarities and assess the possibility of links 19 between the dinosaur populations. The palaeogeography of both areas during the Middle Jurassic 20 shows that there were no elevated landmasses being eroded to produce conglomeratic material in 21 the basins at that time. The low-lying landscape and connected shorelines may have provided 22 connectivity between the two dinosaur populations. 23 The dinosaur fauna of the Hebrides and Cleveland basins has been assessed based primarily 24 on the abundant ichnites found in both areas as well as their skeletal remains. -
Phocides, Chioides, Typhedanus, and Polythrix (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae) Matthew J.W
Observations on the Biology of Skipper Butterflies in Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Phocides, Chioides, Typhedanus, and Polythrix (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae) Matthew J.W. Cock Cock, M.J.W. 2014. Observations on the Biology of Skipper Butterflies in Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Phocides, Chioides, Typhedanus, and Polythrix (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae). Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club , 2014, 1-11. Cock, M.J.W. 2014. Observations on the Biology of Skipper Butterflies in Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Phocides, Chioides, Typhedanus, and Polythrix (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae). Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club , 2014, 1-11. Observations on the Biology of Skipper Butterflies in Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Phocides, Chioides, Typhedanus, and Polythrix (Hesperiidae: Eudaminae) Matthew J.W. Cock c/o CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. [email protected] / [email protected] ABSTRACT Observations are provided on the early stages and food plants of Phocides polybius polybius (Fabricius), P. pigmalion pigmalion (Cramer), Chioides catillus catillus (Cramer), Typhedanus undulatus (Hewitson), Polythrix auginus (Hewitson), P. caunus (Herrich-Schäffer), P. metallescens (Mabille), P. octomaculata (Sepp), Polythrix roma Evans from Trinidad, supplemented with observations on Phocides polybius lilea (Reakirt) and Polythrix octomaculata in Mexico. Key words (not in title): egg, caterpillar, larva, pupa, leaf shelter, parasitoid, Mexico, guava. INTRODUCTION phanias (Burmeister) from southern Brazil to Argentina. In 1981, I started to publish a series of papers in Liv- The biology of ssp. phanias on guava (Psidium guaja- ing World to document the butterfly family Hesperiidae va; Myrtaceae) was documented more than 100 years in Trinidad (Cock 1981), which at that time was only ago (Jones 1882-3, as Pyrrhopyga palemon (Cramer), documented with lists of recorded species (Kaye 1921, a synonym), and more recently by Moss (1949).