w A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

February 3, 1986

Vol. 2^mr%

orm Lead T^^pitalism? ^ * Tianjin Sewage Treatment Plant China's largest sewage treatment plant was completed recently in Tianjin. With an area of 30 hectares, and a waste capacity of 360,000 tons a day, the plant contains a water pump station, precipitation and aeration tanks and sludge digestion containers.

Lab technicians testing the water at the Tianjin Sewage Treament Plant.

Waste water treatment facilities in the sewage treatment plant. The methane gas produced in the process of treating sludge at the plant is used to generate electricity.

A view of the Tianjin Sewage Treatment Plant.

SPOTLIQHT VOL. 29, NO. 5 FEBRUARY 3, 1986 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4-5 Taiwan—Tugging at Chinese Formula for China's Reunification Heartstrings The "one country, two systems " concept, advocated by EVENTS/TRENI^ 6-10 the Chinese Party and government, proved successful in solving Zhao Outlines Tasks for '86 the Hongkong issue in 1984. After making a detailed analysis of Reform the common ground and conditions for the reunification of Steel Industry Sets Moderate Taiwan and the mainland, the author concluded that the Goal Taiwan issue, though different from that of Hongkong, can Education Made Compulsory also be settled by the "one country, two systems" method (p. Welfare Benelits 100 Million 18). Needy 100-Yr-OId Donates Body to Medicine Zliao Sets Goals for '86 Reform Obese Children Worries Doctors At a national conference on planning and economic work INTERNAT10MAL 1114 held in Beijing recently, Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang said United States: King's Dream Not China's major tasks for 1986 economic reform were to improve Yet Reality overall economic control, continue the current reforms already India-Pakistan: Neighbours Gett• in place and invigorate production. He also said China had ing Friendly made greater-than-expected achievements in last year (p. 6). Central America: Two More Steps Towards Peace Mediterranean: US Threats Will Reform Lead to Capltaiism? Heard Worldwide Will Reform Lead to Capitalism? 15 Published under one title in this issue are the second and China Reaffirms UNESCO Support 16 third parts of the excerpts from Vice-Premier Tian Jiyun's Formula for China's Reunification la speech delivered at a Beijing meeting attended by cadres from Appendix i: Ye Jian^ng On Poli<9 central organizations. They deal with the income gap between for Peaceful Reunification 2A different social strata and the question whether reform will lead Appendix ii: Deng Xiaoping On to capitalism. Tian said the Chinese government is taking "One Country, Two Systems" 25 measures, according to different circumstances, to narrow FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-27 differences in income. He also listed five points of attention which will guarantee China firmly holding to the socialist road BUSINESSARAOE 28-29 (p. 15). CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-31 SPORTS 32-33 US Threat Against Ubya Heard Worldwide LETTERS 34 As the US fighter planes conducted llight operations off COVER: Taiwan and the Mainland: Longing the Libyan coast between January 24-31, the tension between for an End to Division. the two countries, after the Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks on December 27, continues to mount (p. 13). Photo bff Feng YInan

Published every AAondoy by Distributed by China inlwiiulioiHil Book SubscripKon prices (1 year): VEIJING REVIEW Troding C^rporotloii (GUOJI SHUDIAN). Australia A.S22.%0 US$21M 24 Baiwanziwxmo Road, Beijing P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China New Zealand... NZ.S30.00 UK.—... £12J0 The People's Republic of China Canada...... Can. S21JI0 NOTES FROIVI THE EDITORS

Taiwan—Tugging at Ctiinese by Wang Xingwu

ur cover for this issue of moments of our lives there, retreated to Taiwan when the O Beijing Review shows, together at Jast. , •• People's Republic was proclaimed against the background of a When we parted, my sister in 1949 under CPC leadership. In broken heart, a silhouette of promised our tearful mother she the decades that followed, the China — with the world's most would come to Beijing in late 1985 long-term hostility between the populous country being torn apart to attend our mother's 90th two parties, and continued US at the Taiwan Straits. This simple birthday celebrations. But she interference in the form of military design graphically illustrates a didn't —she couldn't. We didn't and other commitments to complex issue that rouses deep blame her, as we knew the Taiwan Taiwan, have kept the island and emotions among many Chinese, authorities have imposed a ban on the mainland apart. especially those who are yearning mainland visits all along. Viol• The situation has brightened for family reunions after long ations could mean anything from somewhat over the last seven years of separation. cancellation of passport and travel years. Several factors have Six years ago, just at this time of appeared that favour Taiwan's year, my younger brother and I reunification with the mainland. accompanied my 84-year-old In my opinion, the international mother on a trip to Hongkong to A he situation in the Taiwan factors are not so significant as the meet my eldest sister, who has Straits has brightened tremendous changes that have lived in Taiwan since 1949. We somewhat over the last seven taken place on the mainland, and had not heard from one another years. One of the factors that the philosophy behind those for more than 30 years. It had not changes. been easy for us to resume contact favour Taiwan's reunification Throughout the nation, em• and, later, to arrange the reunion. with the mainland is the phasis has shifted from class Getting to Hongkong via tremendous changes that struggle to modernization. The Shenzhen involved many inconve• have taken place on the rural responsibility system has niences and hardships for my proved so successful that China, elderly mother. The worst part of mainland, and the philosophy previously a big grain importer, the journey was the walking and behind those changes. has become an exporter, and the waiting she had to do on both annual average income of farmers sides of the border. By the time we has doubled within only five years. arrived, she was exhausted. permits to heavy fines or even In the urban areas, wide-ranging My sister had some frouble imprisonment. reforms of the economic structure getting her visa, so she arrived a Often I have to console my are proceeding at a steady, few days later. She had to fly to mother — and myself—with the measured pace. And the country Bangkok as a tourist before reminder that of China's millions has been effectively seeking coming to Hongkong. When we of separated families, ours is international co-operation by embraced at the airport, a thought among the fortunate few. The throwing its doors open to foreign surfaced in the back of my mind majority are still trying to re• technology and investment. that it was all just too good to be establish contact, while most of true. those who have succeeded lack the Today, when most countries are We stayed at a hostel for nine means to meet in Hongkong or in worrying about economic stagn• days, including the period of a foreign country. ation and the shadows of new Spring Festival, the Chinese New Such human tragedies are the economic recessions, China is Year. As our readers may know, aftermath of the civil war actually working to reduce the few Chinese would choose to launched by the Kuomintang speed of its growth in order to spend this most treasured tra• (KMT) in the 1940s against the avoid "overheating" the ditional holiday away from home, revolutionary forces led by the economy. The Chinese govern• let alone have a family reunion in a Communist Party of China ment is currently among the few hostel. But we thoroughly enjoyed (CPC). Despite strong US sup• around the world that have it, and spent some of the happiest port, the KMT lost the war and achieved a balanced budget.

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO 5 Heartstrings

Behind all this change is a Of course, hostility and mistrust philosophy for which Mao can only melt away gradually. No Zedong had long been famous, but one expects the reunification to from yhich he himself deviated in take place very soon. Still, it is an the latter part of his life. Today, anachronism for the Taiwan contribute towards this goal, if it Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese authorities to cling to their old chooses to do so, in view of its leaders have restored this philo• policy of refusing any contacts, connections with Taiwan. People sophy, giving it new emphasis and compromises, or peace talks. This expect, and quite reasonably, that means of implementation. Its runs counter to the wishes of the the United States will at least not essence is expressed in the well- people on both sides of the Taiwan hinder the reunification process. known guideline: "Seek truth Straits. Hoping to see practical No one can foresee exactly from facts," or 'in handling any steps taken towards a gradual when it will take place, but time is problem, proceed from reality." rapprochement, more and more definitely on the side of reunific• When the Hongkong question people in Taiwan are asking for ation. Once achieved, it will came to the fore a few years ago, resumption of communication, greatly benefit the people on both Chinese leaders followed that direct trade and exchange of visits. sides of the Taiwan Straits by guideline in working out the ending their painful separation formula "one country, two and accelerating development in systems." This means that while both regions. the mainland continues to practise As I write these words, the socialism, Hongkong would retain 1. he United States can occasional firecracker pops off beneath my windows. Presumably its capitalist system as a special contribute towards China's administrative region within the some neighbourhood children are People's Republic of China. The goal of peaceful unification, getting impatient as Spring formula was soon extended to if it chooses to do so, in view Festival draws near. Millions of include Taiwan, only with more of its connections with separated families like mine will once again celebrate the occasion generous terms. Even prior to this, Taiwan. People expect that the slogan "Liberate Taiwan" was with mixed feelings of joy, dropped, and from 1979 onwards the United States will at least nostalgia and sadness. a series of proposals, including not hinder the reunification Shortly before his death a few talks between the CPC and KMT process. years ago, Yu Youren. a noted regarding the peaceful reunific• Kuomintang veteran in Taiwan, ation of the country, was made wrote the following poem: public. Bury me on a high mountain. The feasibility of "one country, While we Chinese regard the So I can look at the mainland. two systems" became evident country's reunification as our own Failing to see it still, when China and Britain signed a internal affair, we don't consider I cannot stop rny tears. joint declaration on the Hong• the attitude of the United States kong question in late 1984 on the irrelevant. People here hope that Poems and articles by people basis of that formula. Since then, the US government will respect longing for home and their dear observers worldwide have asked: China's sovereignty over Taiwan ones appear from time to time in If China and Britain could iron and abide by the stipulations the Chinese press on both sides of out their differences over a contained in relevant documents the Taiwan Straits. I wonder century-old dispute and reach an signed by the two countries. whether those gentlemen in the agreement, why couldn't the Although the solution of the United States, who clamour for Chinese thrash out a solution to Taiwan issue on the basis of the protection of the "free people on the Taiwan issue by applying the "one country, two systems" Taiwan" from the "threat of same formula in negotiations formula will be firmly in Chinese Communist China," have ever among themselves? hands, the United States can read any of them?

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 5 Zhao Outlines Tasks for '86 Reform

Improving overall economic supplement the price and wage Restrictions would be imposed control, continuing the cur• reforms; invigorating major in• on the issuance of currency while rent reforms and invigorating dustrial enterprises and export ensuring supply for the needs of production are China's major businesses; and promoting inter• production and circulation, Zhao tasks for 1986, Chinese Premier regional and inler-departmental said. He also said reform of the Zhao Ziyang declared in Beijing economic co-operation. monetary system this year would recently. "The stable development of the concentrate on increasing deposits Addressing the January 13-20 economy hinges upon our ability and improving services and the national conference on planning to control the investment in fixed rational use of funds. and economic work, Zhao said the assets," Zhao said. "Greater No major steps will be taken in major goals for 1986 were to attention must be paid to price and wage reforms this year, "consolidate, digest, supplement readjusting our investment according to Zhao. "We will only and improve on'" last year's structure." do some consolidating and reforms, and, at the same time, He called for investigation into supplementary work," he said. He make preparations for larger steps the building projects currently called for greater efforts to in reforms over the next two years. underway, to decide if some stabilize the prices of vegetables Zhao listed four priorities for should be halted or postponed, and non-staple foods, so as to this year's reforms, including especially those that were started guarantee supplies in cities. control of investment in fixed in the fourth quarter of last year, Close attention must be paid to assets and issuance of loans and to ensure the construction of key the problems arising from the currency; taking measures to state projects. wage reform, Zhao demanded.

industry to achieve automation — Steel Industry reached 46.7 million tons. In 1984, the industry registered 10.9 billion a major step towards more Sets Moderate Goal yuan in tax and profit, more than economic use of energy and raw double the 1978 figure of 5 billion materials. yuan. Another important factor for espite impressive gains D The lion's share of that achieving the 1986 goal of achieved during the previous impressive gain came trom the producing 50 million tons of steel Five-Year Plan (1981-85), China's nation's 11 steel complexes in certainly lies with the country's steel industry remains a bottleneck Anshan, Baotou, Beijing, Shan• mining industry. Most of the iron in the entire national economy. To ghai and other cities. In 1984, for ore needed will come, as before, meet the needs of the moderniz• example, these giants accounted from big state-run mines. Li Peng ation drive, China has set the goal for 63 percent ofthe nation's of producing 50 million tons of crude iron output, 64 percent of Rolls of high-quality steel plates waiting steel this year, an increase of 3.3 the steel output, 57 percent of the to be shipped out of the Wuhan Iron and million tons over the year just Steel Complex. rolled steel output, and 62 percent gone by. This moderate figure was YU OENGJIAN of the profits and taxes registered set to pave the way for bigger b\e whole steel industry. increases in the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90). Speaking at a recent national By any standards, 1981-85 was conference on the metallurgica, a vintage period for China's steel industry, Vice-Premier Li Peng industry. With a big cut in state called on the industry's 3 million investment, and coal consumption workers and staff to work hard to reduced by 1.6 million tons, the achieve the goal set for this year. industry increased its steel output He emphasized that the key to by 3 million tons annually for boosting the steel output lies in three consecutive years from 1982 technological advances. The de• to 1984 by tapping production velopment of the computer potential through technical trans• industry, he said, has made it formation. In 1985, steel output possible for the metallurgical

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 "Our policy on wages is 'to each welfare purposes, the premier command of enterprises, the according to his work,' " he said. warned. structure of their ownership, and "Egalitarianism regardless of Greater efforts should be made their systems of planning, finance effort must be discarded; but the to promote inter-regional and and circulation." the premier said. income gap mustn't be too great, inter-departmental economic co• Describing 1985 as "the first either." Measures will be drawn operation, Zhao said. The state year of overall reform," Zhao up this year to narrow the will give full support to such co• said, "the steps we took turned out irrational gaps in incomes between operation by working out a to be bigger than we had expected, different trades and enterprises number of new policies on and so were the effects." resulting from different conditions investment protection, dual tax• Great achievements were made and opportunities, according to ation, arbitration of disputes, last year, Zhao declared, as Zhao. investment quotas and production reflected in the smaller gap As for the development of the value calculations. between demand and supply. country's major industrial enter• Advocating such co-operation, "The whole economy is, as it may prises, Zhao said, the state will which has appeared in China's be said, turning from tension to help them with a number of new economic activities following the ease." policies, including reducing some decentralization of power, Zhao After several years of trial and of their taxes and increasing said it helped rational exploitation error, "we have come to a clearer depreciation funds. These policies of resources, the use of funds and idea on socialist economic system are meant to leave the enterprises distribution of production forces. with Chinese characters; and we with more money to make "The development of such co• are more certain on how to carry technical renovation improve operation will surely result in the on the reforms in the future," product quality and lower produc• formation of new enterprise Zhao said. "This is an extremely tion costs. The money should not groups with various forms and precious achievement, which will be used to increase wages of the structure, and consequently, bring have profound impact on future staff members or other public about a series of changes in the reform."

called for intensified study of State Council. However, the vice-minister said feasible policies to bring these The draft was tabled at the 14th primary education was still very mines into bigger play. But in the Session of the Sixth National weak because of a shortage of meantime, he said, local people People's Congress Standing Com• qualified teachers and facilities, should also be encouraged to run mittee on January 13, by He leading generally to a poor quality and develop small mines. To make Dongchang, vice-minister of the of education in China. up for the shortage of high-grade Slate Education Commission. In rural areas, he said, primary raw materials, Li said China Compulsory education is of education still was not standar• would also import iron ore from strategic importance to China's dized and universal, therefore new other countries. According to Li, development. He said in his speech generations of illiterates were making use of resources from at the session. The improvement continuing to emerge. home and abroad will become a of the nation's scientific and long-term policy for China's cultural level, and the success of its The bill would make it illegal for industrial development. economic construction and ethical any organization or individual to training hinges on compulsory employ youngsters before they education, he added. have completed their nine years of Education Made schooling. The education will be Since the founding of New provided free and subsidies will be China in 1949, He noted, the given to students whose families Compulsory number of illiterates — 80 percent are in financial difficulties. He of the population at that time — said. y 1995, most of China's has been drastically reduced. The document also urges B children in urban and rural According to last year's stat• enterprises, institutions and other areas will undertake compulsory istics, the nationwide enrollment social organizations to set up education of at least nine years, rate reached as high as 95.9 schools, and recommends that except in a few remote and percent among children of pri• backward or minority areas be underdeveloped areas, where the mary school age; it was around 68 provided state subsidies. He policy will take longer to percent among middle-school added. implement, according to a recent students in both cities and rural To obtain qualified teachers, draft on a bill drawn up by the areas. the draft stresses the need to take

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 7 f EVENTS/TRENDS

Welfare Benefits 100 IVIillion Needy

e number of people drawing r state allowances or enjoying nursing care has increased to more than 100 million, according to a recent investigation by the State Statistical Bureau. Government spending for the social security of elderly, childless non-pensioners, widows and widowers, and the disabled totalled about 11,500 million yuan during the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-85), over and above 6,000 million yuan contributed by collective organizations. "The figure, which excludes the relief funds to natural disaster victims, has outpaced the annual growth rate of state incomes," a Ministry of Civil Affairs spokes• man said. Over the past five years, the spokesman said, there has been an explosive growth of retirement homes, especially in rural areas. More than 355,000 orphans, elderly and handicapped people are well provided for at govern• ment nursing homes and insti• tutions run by various local organizations — an increase of 97 percent over 1980. The living expenses per person in these establishments went from 159 yuan in 1980 to 360 yuan in 1985. In China's Yunnan Province, local authorities chipped in about Sculpture of Dragon Unveiled 7 million yuan last year to build rural homes for the elderly The Descendants of the Dragon, carved from one stone by Kong without relatives to lean on. The Zunxia, was unveiled on January 11 in the Yungang No. 1 Middle number of nursing homes has School in the suburbs of Beijing. The dragon is known in China as grown from nine to 400, the national symbol of wisdom, authority and power. Its body is accommodating 6,000 senior regarded as a galaxy of beauties and power possessed by all citizens in the province. creatures in the animal world. This stone work shows a goddess These homes provide free flying on the dragon to touch the sun and the moon, daring all accommodation, clothes and med• onlookers to scale new heights in science and technology. ical services. They also arrange and pay for funeral services. Most of these homes are equipped with television sets, washing and sewing machines. new measures to improve benefits. China now has more than "I had never expected the place teachers' training and improve 8 million primary and middle would be so cheerful," a 73-year- their social status and material school teachers. old woman in Lunan County told

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 visitors, "1 felt lonely doing He said in 86 underdeveloped nothing at home. Now at this old counties in 21 provinces and China & ttie World people's home with so many autonomous regions, 5,400 interesting people to talk to I feel economic projects have been set much more comfortable." up with a total investment of 240 China Repudiates Kabul China's rural collective organiz• million yuan to help the 560,000 Accusation. In a document ation began to take care of its farming households there. submitted to UN Secretary- older people in the 1950s. Some To help the handicapped find General Javier Peres de people worried about a possible jobs, 6,600 welfare factories have Cueliar by Chinese Perma• change when the country's been set up in cities all over the nent Representative Li Luye collective farming system was country. They now employ on January 21. China replaced by the responsibility 116,000 people, 70 percent of the resolutely rejected an accus• system in rural areas in 1979, total number of handicapped in ation by'the Kabul author• under which farmland is con• the cities with ability to work. In ities that China had inter• tracted to individual households. addition there are 14,000 welfare- fered in Afghanistan's inter• The Chinese government also related enterprises throughout the nal affairs. "It is entirely has launched a drive in 90 percent country with 550,000 employees. futile for the Kabul author• of the counties to help farmers in "The best way to solve the ities to slanderously accuse need because of natural and man- welfare problem for disabled China of interfering in made disasters or other factors, people in China is to arrange work Afghanistan's internal af• the spokesman said. for them," said Cui Naifu, fairs. They spread rumours Official figures show that of the minister of civil affairs at a and turn things upside down more than 9.5 million farming national meeting on welfare in an attempt to divert households that received social production held in Dalian, people's attention and extri• welfare from the government, 5 Liaoning last September. cate themselves from their million of them were living on According to rough calcul• isolated predicament," the incomes above the poverty line ations, China has about 20 million document said. and their living standards could disabled people, Cui said. The equal those of other local people government provides jobs for No Date Set for Sino-Sovlet by the end of last year. them so they can Hve on their own iVieeting. Dates for an "In addition to allowances for and take part in normal social life. exchange of visits between daily life," the spokesman ex• Cui noted that as a developing foreign ministers of China plained, "the government offered country, China was unable to offer and the Soviet Union have not been decided yet. said a the poor farmers interest-free or all disabled people welfare funds Foreign Ministry spokes• low-interest loans to help them or force state-run enterprises to man recently. Responding develop production." employ them all. to the question of whether Young doctors from the Dashanlan Hospital in Xuanwu District, offering free physical the Soviet Union has check-ups for elderly. proposed the signing of a mutual non-aggression treaty in order to improve political relations. the spokesman said the pro• posal had been put forward by the Soviet side for many years, but categorically re• jected' by the Chinese side.

No Ties With Soviet Party "The Communist Party of China (CPC) does not have any relationship with the Soviet Communist Party," a spokesman of the Intern• ational Liaison Department of the CPC Central Commit• tee told the press on Januarv 24.

FEBRUARY 3. 1986 9 In urban areas, about 200,000 rare form of liver cancer, and of the disabled people with ability postmortem examinations are N0WS in Brief to work have been employed. And helping doctors to find better ways the percentage is much higher in of treating the complaint. ITie Ministry of Ordin• Dalian and in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Another volunteer, Su Juxian, a ance is planning to further Province. 104-year-old calligrapher, said boost its production of Welfare enterprises enjoy de• after receiving a donation certifi• goods for the dvilian market ductions or exemption of taxes cate: "I want to make a final and reorganize its manage• and other favourable conditions, contribution to China's medical ment system, according to Cui explained. cause." the rtiimstry spokesman. The Taiyuan Iron and Steel Zhuang Haijun, an official of "Under this plan, all the Company, for example, has set up the Shanghai Red Cross Society, ministry's weapons factories a welfare fund for the disabled and said research on the remains of will switch part of their a welfare factory with 1,000 volunteers would help in the manufacturing capacity to workers. About one-third of them treatment of illnesses and the civilian use and will do so as are the disabled. study of prolonging life. long as the nation is not at The factory has maintained war," the spokesman said. records of their physiological This year the output value of defects and has arranged work for weapons production is ex• them accordingly. The crippled pected to drop by more than operate electric sewing machines, Obese Cliildren 60 percent compared with mentally disabled workers do Worries Doctors 1985. cleaning, packaging or other safe work. Those suffering serious * * * deformities only work at home. hinese doctors are bothered by More than half of China's Disabled workers at the factory C the problem of more and newspapers and magazines enjoy special favour in work more children becoming on the news stands today quotas and income. A minimum overweight. were launched in the last five wage is guaranteed to them, and According to a survey of over years. The 1.008 new the more they produce, the higher 2,000 children by the tiyuhao newspapers, started since their income will be. (sports news), one in 60 is 1980 when the country The factory also issues them overweight, said Yan Chun, embarked on its nationwide certificates for public transport• Director of the Department of economic reform, account ation, seeing doctors and Internal Medicine of the Beijing for more than 56 percent of shopping. Children's Hospital. the 1,777 daily, weekly and by Wang Xianghong "Since 1978, my department has monthly publications received about 850 overweight printed in tte country. children who exceeded the child's normal weight by seven or eight * * . * kg," said the director. 100-Yr-Old Donates Two boys of them died China is to fouiid three "because their obesity led to the major museums during the Body to Medicine failure of the lungs," said Yan. next five years as part of an The director attributed the ambitious programme to causes of the disease to the mxh up with the rest of the following: world in collectioh and 100-year-old Shanghai man, — Overeating. Most of the production and research A who was told 18 years ago patients are the only children in into cultural relics and that he had only six months to live, their families. The parents believe treasures. The three planned has had his last wish granted ... to that for a child "the fatter the projects, according to the donate his body to medical better," so they fed their children National Management research. with such high fat and calorie food Bureau of Cultural Relics, He was one of 1,700 people who as fat meat, chocolate and sugar. are the Shaanxi provincial have volunteered to donate their — Less physical training. More museum, a memorial remains to medicine since six high buildings leave less area for mtiseum of tlie War of medical colleges in Shanghai set children to do excercises. Resistance Against Japan up a registration office in 1983. Of She urged parents not to spoil and a new national museum these volunteers, 184 have died. their children and feed them a of history. The 100-year-old man had a sensible diet. 10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 INTERNATIONAL

UNITED STATES mayors of Los Angeles, Chicago and three other large American cities are blacks. Blacks also can be seen in the ranks of US King's Dream Not Yet Reality congressmen, ambassadors and astronauts. But progress is slow and hmited. Although impressive progress has been made by American Today, blacks still compose the blacks in improving their social status and life since the 1960s majority of the working poor in Civil Rights movement, inspired and led by Dr. Martin Luther the United States. One-third of the 28.5 million black Americans, King Jr., much remains to be done to wipe out racism in the who make up 12 percent of the United States. nation's population, are living under the official poverty line. In Washington, D.C., where nearly two-thirds of the residents are n January 20, the United Great changes have taken place blacks, a survey of 1,416 board O States celebrated for the first in the United States since Rosa members of corporations in the time a national holiday honouring Parks, a black woman in city revealed that only 25 of them the birth of the late black Civil Montgomery, Alabama, was ar• were blacks. The unemployment Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther rested for refusing to give up her of the country's blacks usually King Jr. (1929-68). The US seat on a bus to a white man in doubles that of whites. At the end Congress has mandated the 1955. This incident sparked a of last year, 15 percent of observance for the third Monday modern-day Civil Rights move• American blacks were unem• in January beginning this year. ment, similar in essence to what is ployed, against 5.9 percent of The only other American so happening in South Africa today, whites. honoured is George Washington, in which blacks demanded "A black might be middle class the first US president. desegregation of public facilities and a black might make it, but a The observance of the holiday and equal social positions. The black can never escape racism," actually began a week in advance movement, led by Dr. King and Coleman A. Young, Detroit's when President Ronald Reagan his Southern Christian Leadership black mayor for four terms, said issued a message honouring King Conference, eventually won the bitterly. and called on the nation to "live support of many sectors of Late last year in Philadelphia, his dream." A bust of King was American life and led to the whites burned down the home of a dedicated in the capitol rotunda. legislation of the Civil Rights Act black family that had moved into a Together with Civil Rights of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act white neighbourhood, despite a movement veterans. Vice Presi• of 1965, accelerating racial 24-hour police guard posted by dent George Bush and South desegregation in the country. Mayor Wilson Goode. Added to African Bishop Desmond Tutu Working to make the dream of this incident are reports on attended memorial services at racial equality a reality, Nobel marches held by Ku Klux Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Peace Prize winner King helped to Klansmen in Tennessee and North Church, where King was pastor. change the course of American Carolina on King Day in protest Although the holiday was history, which has long been of the holiday. Some states chose added to the calendar only after a marred by racism. "Without not to honour the day, which also long and bitter struggle between King, America would now look sparked protests. King's supporters and like Beirut, all guns and violence," Instances such as these show conservatives — President Reagan said Andrew Young, once an aide conclusively that the racial originally opposed the holiday — to King and now mayor of equality Dr. King called for in his the decision was obviously made Atlanta, Georgia. celebrated speech "I Have a as part of the country's efforts to In recent decades, black Amer• Dream" in 1963 remains an mitigate racial and class tensions. icans have achieved much in unfinished dream. However, the establishment of a safeguarding their human dignity When President Reagan was federal holiday honouring King, and maintaining their black addressing a Washington D.C. who was assassinated by a white heritage and have exerted great school on January 15, King's racist in 1968, can also be regarded infiuence in social, economic and actual birthday, he admitted that as a hard-won recognition of what political fields. An increasing America still had "a long way to American blacks have achieved in number of blacks have entered go" for the fulfillment of King's their struggle for freedom, which middle-class America. Black stu• work. began when they were brought to dents are now sitting in the best the country as slaves. schools of higher education. The by Zhao Dahua

FEBRUARY 3. 1986 II INTERNATIONAL

INDIA-PAKISTAN examination before it is discussed by the foreign ministers of both countries. In addition to their Neighbours Getting Friendly reiterated hope for sound bilateral relationship based upon the Five Three high Indian officials visited Pakistan at the turn of the Principles of Peaceful Coex• new year, symbolizing a further ease in tension and new istence, the two secretaries put beginnings for better relations between the neighbouring forward a series of steps and suggestionsregarding the increase countries. of mutual understanding. ndian Finance Minister Vish- development between the two These three exchanges were I wanath Pratap Singh visited countries. Zaidi will visit India in arranged by Indian Prime Mini• Islamabad for talks with his late March or early April as a ster Rajiv Gandhi and Pakistani Pakistani counterpart, Mahbubul guest of Bhatnagar for further President Mohammad Zia ul-Haq Haq, on January 8, on the discussion on the Siachin glacier in their meeting last December in expansion of economy and trade issue. New Delhi, which also resulted in between the neighbouring coun• On another good-faith call, an oral agreement to bar attacks tries. During two days of Indian Foreign Secretary Romesh on each other's nuclear sites. meetings, the two ministers agreed Bhandari ended his Pakistan visit Other high-level meetings to double bilateral industrial on January 20. His talks with his planned between the two govern• sector trade and extend their Pakistani counterpart. Niaz Naik, ments during the conference present official trade to include concentrated on the settlement of include an Indian-Pakistani coa• private commerce. The ministers a peace pact. In 1981. Islamabad lition meeting scheduled for the announced that representatives of offered to sign a "no-war pact" coming February, and a third the two countries were going to with India, to which New Delhi coalition conference involving the have meetings in the near future to responded with "a treaty of peace foreign ministers of both coun• work out concrete principles and friendship." Although both tries, to be arranged in March or guiding their trade and economic countries have agreed on most of April of this year in Islamabad. relations. Steps are also to be the terms in each other's treaties, These brief but substantial taken to encourage industriahsts they disagree on how to solve contacts have no doubt paved the and commercial business persons bilateral differences and on way for Gandhi's Pakistan trip, to set up joint enterprises in export whether to include hosting foreign scheduled for the middle of the regions on both sides of the military bases in the pacts. In the year. But as Islamabad-based border. Aviation and telecom• current talks, the two secretaries analysts are quick to point out, munication links also are to be detailed their differences and came though this lifting of tension stepped up. according to agree• up with new solutions. They appears to have made great strides ments by both sides. agreed to sign as soon as possible a in the last month, relations From January 10 to 12. India's comprehensive pact based on the between the two countries are far Defence Secretary S.K. Bhatnagar proposals of both, which will be from perfect. held "cordial and frank" talks in sent to two governments for by Shi Zongxing Islamabad with his counterpart. Ijlal Haider Zaidi, on the disputed CENTRAL AMERICA Siachin glacier. The enormous mass of ice is in the east of Karakoram Mountains, over which neither of the two countries Two More Steps Towards Peace has had boundary claims or The Caraballeda document and the Declaration of control. However, the 70- kilometre-long glacier has became Guatemala, both recently signed in South and Central a matter of tension in the past few America, signify the continued efforts of Latin America to years, since troops from both sides bring peace to their northern neighbours. have clashed repeatedly in the area. oreign ministers of the Latin ministers issued a joint statement During their discussions, tlje F American Contadora and in which they called the "increas• two secretaries agreed to seek Lima groups held talks in the ing threats to Central America" an peaceful solutions through talks as Venezuelan seaside resort town of urgent matter to be dealt with a step towards easing tension and Caraballeda on January 11 and 12 through further negotiations. creating an atmosphere conducive to discuss the situation in Central The eight Latin American to further normalization and America. After the meeting the ft)reign ministers then went on to

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 attend the inaugural ceremony of countries," the Guatemala De• pointed out that foreign influence Cerezo, the first civilian president claration read. was responsible for dividing and of Guatemala in 31 years, with the attempting to rule the region. The After the Guatemala meeting, foreign ministers of five Central two presidents also invited American nations — Costa Rica. representatives of the Central and President Cerezo and Honduras El Salvador, Guatemala, Hon• South American nations sent both President Jose Simon Azcona duras and Nicaragua. After the documents to the United Nations Hoyo to join in future talks. and the Organization of American ceremony, all 1.3 foreign ministers Public opinion in Latin Amer• States (OAS), asking the OAS to held their own conference and the ica indicates that President Cerezo take a close look at the new five Central American ministers has recently made impressive proposals. The member nations of signed the Declaration of Guate• contributions to the Central the OAS have generally supported mala on January 14, pledging American peace process. He was support for the principles and and welcomed the two documents. not only successful at showing his goals of the Caraballeda docu• The United States also has shown support for the efforts made by the ment. The ministers declared they its approval by sending a special Contadora Group, but also by would hold a summit meeting of envoy to visit the Central diplomatically arranging the the Central American nations in American countries to discuss the meeting among the Central March in order to discuss and peace process in Central America American heads of states who attempt to overcome the obstacles with the Contadora Group and often clash. other nations. to peace in Central America. Despite these seemingly giant The Caraballeda's proposal, • It was reported that a friendly steps forward, an ugly turn of drawn up by the Contadora atmosphere prevailed throughout events can be seen on the horizon. Group (Mexico, Colombia, Ven• the Guatemalan inaugural cere• United States armed forces have ezuela and Panama) and the Lima monies and that the talks among entered Honduras and are gearing Group (Uruguay, Argentina, the heads of states were of direct up for months of military Brazil and Peru), called for a substance. A Mexican television exercises. The White House also renewal of direct talks between the station repeatedly broadcast shots has asked Congress to grant more United States and the government of the cordial conversation funds for new military aid for projects with the anti-government of Nicaragua. The eight ministers between Nicaraguan President forces in Nicaragua. At the same stressed the urgency of signing a Daniel Ortega and El Salvadoran time, the Reagan administration Central American peace treaty as President Jose Napoleon Duarte. continues to refuse a resumption soon as possible. The statement Duarte said that as long as the of direct talks between the United appealed for an immediate halt to Nicaraguan government did hot support the guerrillas in EI States and the Sandanistas in foreign military presence in Nicaragua. Central America, emphasizing Salvador. peace in Central that foreign troops, military America would prevail. Ortega by Yao Chuntao advisers and bases in ' Central America must not be tolerated. MEDITERRANEAN The statement suggested Latin America should seek peace in its own way, and reiterated the US Threats Heard Worldwide principles of self-determination, non-interference and pluralistic As US President Ronald Reagan continues to call for democracy. economic sanctions and poses military threats against Libya, Both Caraballeda and Guate• tension has mounted along the Mediterranean shores. mala proposals are completely in accordance with the interests of he terrorist attacks on the Department sent aircraft carriers the Central American people and TRome and Vienna airports on off to the Mediterranean Sea. are considered key documents December 27 that left 19 persons forcing Libyan President Muam- brought forward at an opportune dead, including five Americans, mer Gaddafi to order his navy, lime. and more than 120 wounded, airforce and army to be on the "The meeting of the representa• seemed to have been the final blow- alert. Several days later, the tives of 13 Latin American to any normalized relations Reagan administration declared it countries, congregated in Guate• between the United States and would take economic measures mala City to search for formulas Libya. Immediately following the against Libya. And then on for the problems of the region, is a attacks, about which US President January 13, two US F-18 fighters favourable event that will con• Ronald Reagan said he had scrambled from the aircraft carrier tribute to consolidating the evidence leading to Libya's Coral Sea after two Libyan Mig- democratic future of all our involvement, the US Defence 25 fighters intercepted an Amer-

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 13 tNTERNATIONAL ican navy surveillance plane over allied countries to drum up Reagan's cabinet members, who the Mediterranean Sea off the support. disagree over methods to deal with Libyan coast. The US military threat and terrorism. Some US officials Since the Rome and Vienna economic sanctions against Libya realize the recent US measures will airports attacks, the United States have caused serious unrest and not prevent terrorist activities, but has dug up enough evidence have been strongly opposed by only serve to isolate the United against Libya that it has gone so the Arab nations. Although they States. US Secretary of Defence far as to threaten retaliatory oppose terrorist action, they Caspar Weinberger said recently military action against the north• resolutely oppose a US invasion of that the Unted States should not ern African country. The US Joint any Arab country. Syria, Iran and use terrorist tactics to oppose' Chiefs of Staff have submitted to Democratic Yemen will stand by terrorism. President Reagan a list of possible Libya's side to adopt any means Public opinion worldwide indi• military options, including a US against US and Israel's raids. cates that the old Palestinian issue air strike against Libya. Accord• Although Egypt and the Palestine is at the core of the current Middle ing to foreign press reports, US Liberation Organization have East and Mediterranean unrest. Al fighter planes conducted flight some contradictions with Libya, Gomhouriya (The Republic) of operations off the Libyan coast they support Libya in its Egypt in its editorial pointed out between January 24 and 31. confrontation against foreign that the internafional opinion While denying Libya had aggression. The council of the opposes the US acts. The backed the terrorist attacks, Arab League held a special destruction of terrorism would be Libyan leader Gaddafi took meeting, condemning all the to arrive at a reasonable urgent measures at home by terrorist activities, yet supporting settlement of the Palestinian issue, mobilizing the entire country to be Libya for beating back the United the paper read, otherwise the on the alert. He stated that any States and Israel. At the meeting current US action would only lead attack against Libya by the United of the foreign ministers of Islamic to an escalation in terrorist States and Israel would mean the countries, the conferees also activity. Saudi Arabia's news• breakout of war in the Middle expressed their support for Libya paper Al-Yaum (today) pointed East and Mediterranean. and their opposition to the US and out that while the United States At the same time Israeli aircraft Israeli military provocation. calls for opposing terrorism, at the were flying reconnaissance mis• Although the West European same time it supports Israel's sions over Lebanon, Jordan, Arab nations strongly oppose terrorism, attacks on Palestinians, certainly Yemen and Democratic Yemen to they cannot abide military actions encouraging a certain level of its spy out possible targets of attack. against Libya when considering own brand of terrorism. Thus the winds of war prevailed their own interests. They suspect Behind all the friction along the over the Middle East and the economic sanctions against Libya Mediterranean exists an even Mediterranean. would not result in improved more ominous shadow — one that The terrorist raid on the Rome relations and are nervous about is cast by the two superpowers. It and Vienna airports sent shock the growing tension along the is reported that some 2,000 Soviet waves around the world and was Mediterranean. Britain already military personnel now man seven condemned by the international broke diplomatic relations with Sam-5 anti-aircraft missile laun• community. Yet using the excuse Libya in 1984. although it opposes chers deployed in different parts of that it opposed terrorism, the the sanctions against Libya. Libya. The United States con• United States seized the opportun• British Prime Minister Margaret siders the Soviet deployment of its ity to make a grand show of force, Thatcher told US journalists, missiles in Libya as a provocation which also has been condemned "Once one failed to observe the to US interests in the region. by many countries around the boundaries of other countries, Western press reports have been world. then I think you would be making making much mention of the fact a much greater chaos. " She also that Washington is actually so Furthermore, on January 7 maligned against Libya because of President Reagan announced said, "I believe that one has to fight it [terrorism] by legal Gaddafi's close ties with Moscow. comprehensive economic sanc• And the Kremlin has warned the tions against Libya. The next day means." Federal Germany, Greece and White House that it considers the he signed a decree to freeze all Mediterranean region one of Libyan assets in the United States, France also have opposed any sanctions. Italy has decided to crucial strategic importance. and urged West European coun• Meanwhile, the two superpowers tries and Japan to join in with stop exporting certain weapons to Libya. continue to build up their military diplomatic and economic sanc• forces along the Mediterranean tions against Libya. The White An outgrowth of the entire shores. House then sent Deputy Secretary dilemma has led to political of State John Whitehead off to its haggling among President by Mu Ni

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 ARTICLES Will Reform Lead to Capitalism?

Vice-Premier Tian Jiyun of the State Council delivered a speech entitled "On the Present Economic Situation and Restructuring the Economy " on January 6,1986 at a Beijing meeting attended by cadres from central organizations. "Beijing Review" is carrying a three-part series on Tian's speech, — Price and Its Reform, The Income Gap Between Different Social Strata, and Will the Reform Lead to Capitalism? The first of the series appeared in our last issue. Here we present the remaining two parts under one title.

I However,- we must guard combined incomes of all the against a spreading income gap ere is now much discussion family members. Furthermore, among people of different social r about income gaps between these households face a number of strata. As ours is a sociaHst business risks and do not enjoy the people of various social strata. country, distribution must be fair The source of that discussion is, in collective welfare and labour and reasonable. Otherwise, the insurance of wage-earners because the rural areas, the discrepancy in overly high and unreasonable the incomes between grain they are largely self-employed. income for some people will For these reasons, it is wrong to growers and the rural families dampen the majority's enthusiasm specializing in industry, sideline encourage wage-earners to be• for production. and will be come "10,000-yuan households." production and commerce. This detrimental to the stability of With regard to the difference to discrepancy has lowered the society as a whole. farmers' enthusiasm for growing some extent in the income of grain in some places.In cities, there people, the government intends to is also a yawning gap in income adopt measures, according to among people working in different different circumstances, to gradu• trades and units. Some households chieving common ally narrow the income gap. simply make too much money. A prosperity does not mean Although there is a wide gap in few others have reaped their the incomes of grain growers and exorbitant profits illegally. The becoming well-off those people involved in industry, masses have expressed their simultaneously or enjoying sideline production and com• comments on and criticisms of all the same level of affluence. merce, it would be impossible to these phenomena. raise the grain price to such a level Historical lessons tell us that that will enable grain growers' How should we approach the seeking equal prosperity for income to be equal to that of those problems? First, it should be engaged in industry, sidelines and affirmed that the principle of "to all at the same time will only commerce. At a recent national each according to his work" engender egalitarianism and conference on rural work, the should be upheld, while egalitaria- common poverty. Party Central Committee decided nist thinking, characterized by the to adopt the policy of operating slogan "eating from the same big rural industrial enterprises in pot," should be done away with. order to support agricultural Egalitarianism is a serious ob• People have talked much about "10,000-yuan households" production. In addition to an stacle to the implementation of the appropriate increase in the principle of "to each according to (households each with an annual income of 10,000 yuan or about amount of state investment in his work." Without its elimina• agricultural capital construction, tion, it will be impossible to spark US$3,125). It is necessary to make a concrete analysis of this the provinces, prefectures, of the people's enthusiasm, counties and townships are question. First, we should note rapidly develop the productive required to allocate a portion of that there are only a handful of forces and gradually improve their surplus revenues and in• "10,000-yuan households'" in living standards. creased taxes on township enter• rural areas. The previous publicity The Party Central Committee's prises to support agricultural about them was unrealistic, giving policy of encouraging some people production, particularly grain to attain prosperity before others the public the impression that such production, pig-raising and veget• is correct. On the question of wealthy households abound. They able cultivation on the outskirts of prosperity, it will not do to do not. Second, these households" big and medium cities. practise egalitarianism. income is a rough estimate of the

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 15 ARTICLES

The government's plans will without enough food and clo• impossible to expect that they include levying progressive taxes thing. Because of the inadequacies develop at the same rate and reach on individual incomes in order to in some places, the government the same level of prosperity, for in cut down on some people's and the more developed areas that case, no area would actually incomes. At the same time it will should support these underdevel• become prosperous. be necessary to improve the oped areas with funds, materials, various systems that guarantee personnel and technologies. At the II social welfare, to strengthen the same time it is necessary to management of industrial and At the beginning of the commercial enterprises and to structural reform, the Party encourage urban and rural tn order to address the pointed out that the aim of the households specializing in indus• reform is not in any way to negate try and commerce to handle their problem of the wide income the socialist system, or to waver business according to the state's gap among wage-earners from it. Instead, the intention was policies. working in different trades to perfect and develop it. Whether As for those people who seek and units, the government China's reform will lead to exorbitant profits through illegal intends to readjust the tax capitalism is a problem of concern means, our policy is clear. We and price systems in an effort to many people at home and must resolutely ban their oper• friends abroad. The answer is an ations, confiscate their illegal to balance out the incomes of unequivocal no. profits, and, when necessary, various groups. punish them to the full extent of Our experience in the last few the law. emphasize that we must continue years has shown that our reform to encourage some people to will not deviate from socialism Largely because of the vari• become prosperous earlier than provided that we persist in the ations in natural conditions and others. Only by so doing can we following principles. the uneven economic development increase the country's- economic First, we must continue to in different places, millions of strength. Regarding the develop• regard public ownership of the rural people in China are still ment of different areas, it is means of production as the

China Reaffirms Support for UNESCO by Zhao Fusan e United Nations Educ• concerning the development of tween intellectuals worldwide and r ational. Scientific and Cul• individual nations, as well as to promote peace and friendship tural Organization (UNESCO)- sponsor comparative research among the peoples of the world. administered programmes have between nations. The Chinese intellectual com• several substantial advantages The Paris-based organization, munity therefore supports over similar non-UNESCO inter• established in 1945, is able to make UNESCO and is willing to national exchange or specialized use of the intellectual resources of contribute its knowledge and programmes. its 160 member states to organize a experience in an effort to promote There is no getting around variety of specialized training joint development of education, UNESCO's international status programmes that fit the needs of science and culture among fellow and its support of a wide range of different regions. Furthermore, member nations and advance the activities. It is particularly helpful UNESCO can provide opportun• cause of peace and human to educators, scientists, scholars, ities for high-level specialists to development. writers and artists worldwide in acquire first-hand information Last year China participated in understanding international de• worldwide, thereby facilitating an more than 230 different UNESCO velopments in their fields. even closer fusion of theory and programmes; .of these, 76 pro• Moreover, UNESCO is able to practice in their work. grammes were in education, 89 conduct multi- and inter• Because it sponsors diverse were in the natural sciences, 20 in disciplinary studies of problems small-scale programmes with the humanities and social sciences. participants from around the 27 in culture and art and 10 were in world. UNESCO has the special The author is a UNESCO Executive Board communications. Several hundred member and vice-president of the Chinese ability to further mutual under• specialists and scholars from Academy of Social Sciences. standing and co-operation be• across the country participated in

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO 5 national economy's foundation. although there is a big income gap dominant factor. The mandatory Though the private economy, the among the people of various social and guidance plans are both the joint Chinese-foreign economy strata which we have begun to concrete forms of the planned and the solely foreign-owned consider its solution, it would be economy. Of course, it takes time economy have developed rapidly unfair to say there is an income to explore ways to improve the in the last few years, their polarization. Society as a whole is guidance plan in order to make it combined industrial' output value headed in the direction of eventual more practical. accounts for 0.6 percent of the and common prosperity. Fourth, all reforms should be nation's total. Public ownership Third, we are developing a oriented to facilitate the develop• still occupies the dominant socialist planned commodity ment of the productive forces. position in the nation's economic economy which is fundamentally This is one of Marxism's basic system. different from the capitalist tenets and a fundamental task of Second, we must stick to the commodity economy. In the last the socialist system. The reform in principle of "to each according to few years we have adopted some the last few years has given a great his work," follow the road to flexible policies for the produc• boost to China's economy and has common prosperity, and strive to tion, purchase and sale of a also further consolidated its prevent polarization between the number of goods. But the socialist economic base. poor and the rich. In the last few production of some major com• Fifth, we must do everything years, the proportion of those modities that have a great bearing according to China's needs and households with high incomes has on the national economy and the conditions. We should continue to increased in rural areas, while low- people's livelihood, and some learn from advanced foreign income households have become important economic activities that technology and management fewer. In general farmers" incomes affect the overall situation, must expertise, while also rejecting their have increased and the income gap be regulated according to plan. decadent and reactionary in• between them and urban wage- And we must continue to do so in fluences. All in all, in doing so in earners has been narrowed. At the the future. Here we must point out the past few years, we have held same time the income of urban that practising a planned economy tightly to our socialist road. We does not mean that a mandatory workers and staff members also will persist in doing the same in the plan must be taken as the increased. This shows that future.

the programmes; UNESCO also marshalling the energy of each sponsored about 100 representa• UNESCO staff member and each tives from other countries to visit member state, the level of China. administrative cost-effectiveness This past year, apart from its can be raised. annual membership dues, the — Drawing more support from Chinese government donated an the peoples of the world. The additional US$600,000 to intellectual community and gen• UNESCO to alleviate some of the eral public worldwide have been organization's difficulties. greatly concerned about the withdrawal of certain member The Chinese people have always states from UNESCO in the past advocated the importance of year. But China has faith in peace and development and have the intellectual communities stressed the necessity of launching and peoples of these states will programmes that have substantial continue to support international results, particularly in regard to co-operation in the fields of the development of third world education, science and culture; it countries. also believes the international With regard to the next two community wishes to uphold the years, we would like to see the universality of each UN organiz• following alterations within the ation. Every effort therefore, should be made to bring back organization: CHEN 20NGLIE — Raising the cost-effectiveness those states to UNESCO as soon Zhao Fusan in his study. of each programm.e. The present as possible. financial difficulties can be seen in We in China are well aware of a positive light if they eventually our responsibility to turn these provoke a spirit of self-reform. By hopes into reality.

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 17 MAINLAND AND TAIWAN Formula for China's Reunification

Following the 1984 peaceful resolution of the issue of Hongkong, which was based on the idea of one country, two systems," the question of Taiwan's reunification with the mainland stood out more glaringly before the Chinese. Taiwan and the mainland have been separated for more than 30 years, during which time people on both sides of the straits have suffered a great deal from their estrangement. This article analyses how this problem might be resolved and how Taiwan and the mainland can realize their peaceful reunification most quickly. by LI JIAQUAN

he concept of Hongkong—Hongkong was a various social strata and the T "one country, question of resuming sovereignty, authorities on both sides are all for two systems," as while Taiwan involves peacefully the reunification of the mother• advocated by the reunifying the motherland and land. But each sticks to its own Communist Parly comes within China's internal view on what principle should be of China and the affairs — the Taiwan issue can followed and on how to realize Chinese government, was an also be settled by the method of reunification. The two also differ important means of solving the "one country, two systems," and on whether the "one country, two Hongkong issue in 1984 and has on more liberal terms, for among systems" idea can be applied to since then been applauded by other things, Taiwan would be Taiwan. In order to clear up such media and far-sighted people allowed to keep its armed forces. discrepancies, this article will seek around the world. Many hold People on both sides of the to explain how the concept was hopes for the Taiwan issue being Taiwan Straits have been se• formed and why it is a viable solved through this method. questered from each other since solution to the division of Taiwan Though China's leaders have 1949. Currently people from and the motherland. often said the issue of Taiwan differs essentially from that of How the Idea Evolved

The phrase "one country, two Taiwan and Hongkong, the two The author is deputy director and researcher of the Taiwan Research systems" means That after China regions to which the idea applies, Institute. Beijing. China. realizes peaceful reunification, would maintain their capitalist

BF.I.IINa REVIEW, NO .S systems while the mainland such as Taiwan. (For the text of had ever given such a comprehen• practises socialism. The two social Ye Jianying's interview with sive, systematic and penetrating systems would coexist peacefully Xinhua see Appendix I, p.24) analysis of the idea. for a long time to come, with The third stage began in The Party developed the neither overwhelming the other. October 1984, with the public• concept of "one country, two As for the concept's legal ation , in the weekly magazine systems" on the basis of China's guarantee, our Constitution stipu• Liaowang (Outlook) of Deng history and its contemporary lates that special administrative Xiaoping's talks with a group of conditions. The concept is also an regions may be established when foreign guests and compatriots important component of. the necessary, showing that China has from Hongkong and Macao. theory of building socialism with incorporated its policies on Deng's discussion (see Appendix Chinese characteristics. Current• Taiwan and Hongkong into its II, p.25) illustrated how the ly, the focus of the nation's work fundamental law. The general Chinese Communist Party's has shifted to a modernization principle behind the idea of "one policy on reunification had drive centred around economic country, two systems" is to ensure become more fully developed by construction. To practise social- the stability and prosperity of these regions while also giving due consideration to the interests of all sectors of society and protecting those of both foreign and overseas Chinese investors. Ktii. The development o/the concept of "one country, two systems" can be divided into three stages. The first stage was marked by the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party Central Committee held in December 1978, and at which participants made the peaceful reunification of the motherland a strategic policy. Since then neither "armed liber• ation" nor "peaceful liberation" has been recommended with regard to Taiwan. Instead, consultations and negotiations on equal footing are advocated for peaceful reunification. On New Year's Day 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) sent a message to compatriots in Taiwan, in which it USHENGNAN first declared this new policy. Premier Zliao Ziyang and British Prime IViinister IMargaret Thatcher congratulating each other after signing the Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hongl

FEBRLiARY ,v I9S6 19 powerful China. The Communists International Conditions. Previ• would eventually become a have always spoken highly of the ously, the United States kept burden for the United States, and consistent stand taken first by interfering in China's internal that the world would not Chiang Kai-shek and now by affairs by openly obstructing the understand why Washington Chiang Ching-kuo for only one resolution of the Taiwan issue. It continued to support Taiwan. The China and their opposition to signed a joint defence treaty with assessment has, of late, become Taiwan's independence. the Kuomintang government and increasingly popular. The force of Economically, both the main• dispatched its 7th Fleet to the such public opinion should land and Taiwan now give priority Taiwan Straits. Since the United infiuence the US government to to economic development, and States and the People's Republic adopt a more sensible policy on each has achieved economic of China established diplomatic Taiwan. progress at different levels. The relations on January 1, 1979, Conditions .4cquired on the leaders of the Chinese Communist however, Washington has taken Mainland. The erroneous'leftist' Party have noticed the develop• steps to withdraw its troops from thought and policies in China's ment of Taiwan's economy and Taiwan, abolish the joint defence past adversely affected the peace• have recognized that the treaty, and sever its diplomatic ful settlement of the Taiwan issue. economies on both sides have their relations with the island. The But, since the Third Plenary strengths and their weaknesses. United States now recognizes the 'Session of the 11th Parly Central Taiwan and the mainland need to government of the People's Committee, the Party has funda• work together to compensate for Republic of China as the sole legal mentally breached the bonds of the other's deficiencies; the boom government of China and such thinking, and has reinstated of entrepot trade in recent years has proven this. Stepped-up economic exchanges between the two sides will benefit both. The mainland and Taiwan have historically had close ties, and the two shared a common destiny. Such a bond cannot be artificially severed for good. As the Kuomintang's organ Zhongyang Daily (May 31, 1983) said Taiwan and the mainland "are like the branches and roots of a single tree. They are not only inseparable and dependent on one another for life, but they are also a union sharing both honour and disgrace." A report in Zlumgguo Shibao (China News) published in Taiwan (April Sociologist Fei Xiaotong (left) chatting with Yang Guoshu, a psychologist from 3, 1984) also pointed out the Taiwan. mainland represents the future and hope of and the way out for acknowledges that there is but one realistic ideological and political Taiwan. China, of which Taiwan is an lines. Today, in an effort to In terms of national feelings, integral part. However, the rejuvenate the country, China has more than 98 percent of Taiwan contradictions and struggles be• made opening to the outside world compatriots are mainland rooted tween China and the United States and invigorating its economy its and are descendants of the over the Taiwan issue do persist. basic state policy. The promotion Chinese nation. In addition to They are manifested particularly of the "one country, two systems" speaking a common language, as in the Taiwan Relations Act concept, in particular, has pro• kith and kin, the pe£>ple on both concocted by the I) S Congress and vided the required conditions for sides of the Taiwan Straits have on US arms sales to Taibei. the peaceful reunification of the inherited, and continue to pass It has become increasingly mainland and Taiwan. down, the same culture and the clear, however, that more and same way of life. The few who are more Americans have realized Taiwan's Conditions. For more indigenous to Taiwan also have that preventing China's reunifi• than three decades the Taiwan long since become members of cation serves neither ihe interests people have felt the remorse of China's family. of the United States, nor those of their separation from the main• the world in general. Anyhow, land. Their demand for a peaceful Conditions for Reunification. reunification is inevitable. As ear• reunification has grown ever Such conditions were indeed ly as March 1971, the commander stronger. They are dissatisfied unavailable in the past, but now of the US Army stationed in Tai• with the KMT's insistence on "no the situation has changed. wan then said he believed Taiwan contact, no compromise and no

2U BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 peace talks with the mainland." Taiwan Zhongguo Baodao (China that for Hongkong. However, it is Because of the people's displea• Report) wrote in the paper: premature to worry about what sure, however, the Taiwan author• "Eventually the two sides of the Taiwan's arrangement in the ities have relaxed to some extent Taiwan Straits will be reunified. I distant future will be. I believe, by their control on entrepot trade and am resolutely opposed to two then, our descendants on both exchanges with the mainland. This Chinas, for two Chinas can only sides of the straits will be wiser trend bodes well for the peaceful mean endless warfare and a than us, and that they will settlement of the Taiwan issue. hindrance to Chinese efforts to certainly be able to make an People in Taiwan and on the catch up with the advanced arrangement satisfactory to both mainland are yearning for China's countries." "What an ideal world sides. order, reunification, rejuvenation it would be." Zhong said, "if we Currently, most are probably and prosperity. This common could reject war and rule out any not overly concerned about what desire of theirs is the fundamental possibility of war in China. This is will happen 62 years afterwards, condition for its reunifi• a practical and feasible ideal." but rather about whether the cation. On September 18. 1985, Zhong's remarks reflect the Communist Party will change its Zhong Shunan. distributor of the desires of many people in Taiwan. policy within those 62 years. In other words, they worry whether the Communist Party will swallow up or assimilate Taiwan. What Are the Guarantees? History has proved and will continue to prove that the Since there arc conditions and should they not be able to operate Communist Party is faithful to its common grounds for the reunifi• side by side in one country? promise and means what it says. cation of China, why is it that the Furthermore, since the socialist This character of the Parly has mainland and Taiwan remain system on the mainland can been acknowledged repeatedly by separated? One of the reasons is coexist with Hongkong's capitalist many statesmen around the world. that many people still doubt system why can it not coexist with In January 1985. former US whether the "two systems" can that of Taiwan? Secretary of State Henry Kissinger really persist for a long time after Speaking of overwhelmingness, told a Hongkong correspondent reunification. At a symposium the overwhelming political and held last August, a professor of a economic strengths of the main• A traditional Chinese painting which was Hongkong university said the land over those of Taiwan provide the collaborative effort of artists Zhang Daqlan (then In Taiwan), Zhao Shaoang mainland's system would eventu• a guarantee of and not an (then In Hongkong), Guan Shanyue (then ally overwhelm Taiwan. "The 'one obstruction to the practice of two in Guangzhou), and Prof. Lin Wenjie (a country, two systems' idea put systems. Within a country, when a Chinese-American). The painting took forward by the Communist Party certain social system occupies a three months to complete (from is characterized by contradiction, dominant position, it will often December 1982 to March 1983). overwhelmingness and tran• allow another system which is in sition." he said. He alledged an inferior position, to exist at a contradictions between socialism specified area. Their coexistence and capitalism would always exist. serves both sides and society as Because politically and economi• whole. It is also worth noting that cally the mainland was through peace talks, Taiwan and overwhelmingly stronger than the mainland will draw up laws, Taiwan, he said, the mainland's organizational measures and socialist system would eventually other stipulations for their swallow up Taiwan's capitalist common development and for system. The professor's words are preventing the subjugation of the indicative, of many people's small by the large. concern about this issue. With regard to the transitional Such worry, however. is nature, the current system in unnecessary. Hongkong will remain unchanged First, not only socialism and for 50 years after China resumes capitalism, but all things in the its sovereignty in 1997. Thus, world are unity of opposites; including the 12 years before 1997, without contradiction, nothing Hongkong's system will remain would exist. Moreover, con• unchanged for 62 years. Whether tradictory entities can. and do, the system there will be changed 62 coexist given that the conditions years later will depend on the for their coexistence arc es• situation at the time. Taiwan's tablished. .Since socialism and 'Case is similar. It is my estimation capitalism have inhabited the that the time for it to remain same planet for so long, why capitalist will not be shorter than_

1 f-URLi.ARY .V 1986 21 FORMULA FOR REUNION that judging from his experience he thought the People's RepubHc of China would abide by the Hongkong agreement. He also said he was optimistic about Hongkong's future. British Foreign Secretary Geof• frey Howe also said in August 1984 that the "one country, two systems" concept was far-sighted and had great potential value for the future of Hongkong. He said the concept would help maintain QIAN SUrE Hongkong's prosperity and sta- Musicians Li Jian (second ieft, from Sliangliai) and Un Zliaoiiang Uj|[st rigfit, from biHty before and after 1997. Taiwan) with their mothers on the stage greeting the audience after tte two gave a The Sino-British joint declara• Joint performance in Tol

BEIJING REVIEW, NO proposed methods, which boil Advocates of the so-called Republic of China as the sole legal down to four categories: "Singapore pattern" hol^ that government of China, and Taiwan "The Taiwan pattern." People "orie China" means an identity as a part of China. This with this view consider Taiwan's attached only to a nationality and estabhshed fact can never be poHtical, social and economic a culture, and that all Chinese do reversed. systems to be better than those on not necessarily live under one Furthermore, achieving China's the mainland. They propose, political roof. They argue that peaceful reunification through therefore, that Taiwan's current although today's Taiwanese, in setting up a special administrative systems be extended to the terms of nationality and culture, region under "one country, two mainland. This is termed as are Chinese, they are actually of a systems" has the following "reunifying China with the Three different political identity and advantages. People's Principles" (nationalism, should be regarded as such, just as It Will Relieve the People of the democracy and the people's are the Chinese who now reside in Agony Caused by Separa• livelihood) advocated by the Singapore. They propose chang• tion. Including the 50 years of Kuomintang in Taiwan. The ing the KMT's current power occupation by Japan and the solution is an impractical one. In structure by turning it into period since Taiwan has been an article critical of a speech given another Singapore. If this could be under KMT rule, the Taiwan ; by Yu Guohua, chairman of the achieved, they maintain, the KMT compatriots have been cut off "Executive Yuan," the Taiwan would discard the name "Repub• from the mainland for more than Xinhua weekly (July 29, 1985) lic of China," and "two Chinas" 80 years. Around 1949 about 2 underscored the plan's inappro- would thereby automatically million KMT military and priateness. "The KMT keeps become one. This is, however, a administrative personnel went to talking about reunifying China refurbished version of an "inde• Taiwan. Their descendants now through the Three People's pendent Taiwan"; it is a pattern of total several milhon, and their Principles." the article said. "But division and not of reunification. relatives living on the mainland the Three People's Principles have Furthermore, unlike Singapore, are counted by the millions. There not even been completely enforced Taiwan is an inseparable part of are also about 28,000 Taiwan in Taiwan. The KMT brags about China. Taiwan and Singapore natives now living on the the Three People's Principles should not be mentioned in the mainland. None of them can being the most powerful weapon same breath. return home to reunite with their for reunifying China. Such kith and kin. All these have caused shameful remarks are really We are for the pattern of great misfortune and trauma to inappropriate." Everybody knows Taiwan becoming a "special the Taiwan compatriots and their that the 22-year rule by the KMT administrative region" under relatives on the mainland. In on the mainland under the "one country, two systems." addition, the division of the signboard of the Three People's Among the various patterns motherland has also wrought not Principles ended up imperiling the mentioned above, this is the only only inconveniences for. but also nation, withering its strength and reasonable and practical one that suffering on the Chinese residing plunging the people into dire allows the two sides to cultivate abroad. China's reunification poverty. In the end, the KMT their common ground while under the pattern of "one country, retreated to Taiwan. reserving their differences. This two systems" will bring an early pattern conforms to the principle end to this unfortunate situation. "The federal state pattern." It of one China. While safeguarding has also been suggested that the the unity of China and fulfilling mainland. Taiwan and Hongkong the wishes of the whole nation, the It Is Conducive to Taiwan's form a "federal republic of pattern also takes into account Stability and Prosperity. At China," a "united states of both sides" history and con• present, although Taiwan's China," or other similar systems. temporary situations, and thus economy continues to grow, a These propositions all entail conforms with the reality and number of possible investors have creating a loosely organized tradition of China as a whole. been deterred by the uncertainty "federal parliament" or other Since the Qin (221-206 BC) and of the island's political future and symbolic federal organizations, Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties, the public anxiety. Many high- under which there will be no China's rulers have attached ranking government officials and central government and each of importance to having one unitary business people in Taiwan have the three governments will possess state system. The KMT. too. has acquired "green cards" or other its own independent diplomatic hitherto stood for a single state identification for overseas resi• powers. Others have suggested system rather than a federal dence. And there is a substantial China adopt a format similar to system. This one-state system also drain of capital from Taiwan to the "German pattern." All those conforms with the reality of foreign lands. All this is detri• suggestions, which are tan• China's status in the world today. mental to Taiwan's economic tamount to creating "two Most countries have established development. • As some of Chinas." or even "three Chinas," formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan's economists have re• are unacceptable to people on China and have acknowledged the cently pointed out, the current both sides of the Taiwan Straits. goyernmeni of the People's recession in Taiwan is not a purely]

FEBRUARY 3. 1986 23 i FORMULA FOR REUNION

economic problem, but a political and internal strifes, its national the Chinese nation. one. When the "one country, two strength fizzled out in the century systems" .pattern is realized, the since the Opium War. Although it Is Conducive to Asia-Pacific public will become assured of the the situation has taken a turn for Economic Development and to future of Taiwan, which will get a the better over the past 30-plus World Peace. Implementation of better opportunity for quicker years, the country is not yet the "one country, two systems" economic development. The powerful and prosperous. To concept and the peaceful reunifi• mainland's modernization drive, rejuvenate China, we must unite cation of China will eliminate one too, will benefit by this pattern. all the Chinese people to build the of Southeast Asia's potentially country with concerted efforts. destabilizing factors and remove It Is Conducive to Rejuvenating Each side has its strengths, its a major barrier to improved Sino- the Cliinese Nation. With a long advantages. After the realization US relations. This will be of great history and a brilliant culture, of "one country, two systems," the importance to the further develop• China once made outstanding two sides will be able to ment of the Asia-Pacific economy, contributions to world civilization complement, support and pro• to improved Sino-US relations and human development. Because mote each other's development and to peace in Southeast Asia and of continuous foreign aggression and work together to rejuvenate the rest of the world.

A.ppendix I Ye Jianying On Policy for Peaceful Reunification

(September 30, 1981)

1 (I) In order to degree of autonomy as a special for them, that there will be no „jfXjtf bring an end to the administrative region and it can discrimination against them, and| 1 i unfortunate separa- retain its armed forces. The that they will have the freedom of tion of the Chinese Central Government will not entry and exit. nation as early as interfere with local affairs on (8) Industrialists and business• — 1 possible, we pro• Taiwan. men in Taiwan are welcome to pose that talks be held between the invest and engage in various Communist Party of China and (4) Taiwan's current socio• economic undertakings on the the Kuomintang of China on a economic system will remain mainland, and their legal rights, reciprocal basis so that the two unchanged, so will its way of life interests and profits are parties will co-operate for the and its economic and cultural guaranteed. relations with foreign countries. third time to accomplish the great (9) The reunification of ihej There will be no encroachment on cause of national reunification. motherland is the responsibility of' the proprietary rights and lawful The two sides ma\ send all Chinese. We sincerely welcome I right of inheritance over private people to meet for an exhaustive people of all nationalities, public property. houses. land and exchange of views. figures of all circles and all mass enterprises. or on foreign organizations in Taiwan to make! investments. (2) It is the urgent desire of the proposals and suggestions regard-' people of all nationalities on both (5) People in authority and ing affairs of state through various sides of the straits to communicate representative personages of vari• channels and in various ways. with each other, reimite with their ous circles in Taiwan may take up Taiwan's return to the embrace families and relatives, develop posts of leadership in national of the motherland and the trade and increase mutual under• political bodies and participate in accomplishment of the great cause standing. VVc propose that the two running the state. of national reunification is a great sides make arrangements to (6) When Taiwan's local finance and glorious mission history has facilitate the exchange of mails, is in difficulty, the Central bequeathed on our generation., trade, air and shipping services, Government may subsidize it as is China's reunification and prosper• family reunions and visits by fit for the circumstances. ity is in the vital interest of the; relatives and tourists as well as (7) For people of all nation• Chinese people of all academic, cultural and sports alities and public figures of nationalities — not only those on| exchanges, and reach an agree• various circles in Taiwan who wish ment thereupon. the mainland, but those in Taiwan' to come and settle on the as well. It is also in the interest of| mainland, it is guaranteed that (3) After thfe country is peace in the Far East and the proper arrangements will be made reunified. Taiwan can enjoy a high world.

24 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 5 /ippendix II Deng Xiaoping On ''One Country, Two Systems"

Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission and Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, expounded the concept of ''one country, two systems" in his talks with a group of foreign guests and compatriots from Hongkong and Macao in 1984. The following is a slightly abridged translation of his talks.

he reunification advanced in accordance with our unchanged in realizing the "one J 5, ,, T of China is a conditions, has drawn interna• country, two systems" concept in i' national desire, and tional attention. China's present Hongkong. The social system and '«epF,'"-" if it is not reahzed socialist system cannot be changed lifestyle, and its position as an ^ ' in one hundred and will remain in the future. But, international financial centre and — ' years it will be in if the capitalist system in free port will be kept. China's plan one thousand years. This goal, in Hongkong and Taiwan is not for Taiwan is' the same. Our my opinion, can only be reached guaranteed, stability and prosper• actions will follow our words, and by using the "one country, two ity therecannot be maintained and we will never play tricks. Not only systems" concept. The idea is not peaceful settlement will becom.e before 1997, but for 50 years formed today. It had been in the impossible. So. on the Hongkong afterwards, conditions in Hong• making for several years and took question. China must first of all kong will not change. Fifty years shape after the Third Plenary guarantee that the present capi• of capitalism there will not affect Session of the Party's 11 ih Central talist system and lifestyle will the socialist system on the Committee (in 1978). remain unchanged for 50 years mainland. after 1997. The policy of "one country, two Based on China's Realities. The idea of "one country, two systems" was first put forward with the view of settling the Taiwan and Hongkong issues. There are two ways to settle the issues: peaceful and non-peaceful. The non-peaceful way. or the way to settle the issues by force, was deemed inappropriate. How could these issues be settled peacefully? \ It requires taking into full consideration the history and \ present conditions of Hongkong \ and Taiwan. Chairman Mao's line \ of seeking truth from facts was re• \ established in the Third Plenary Session of the Party's 11th Central Committee. All work should be Fifty Years Unchanged. The 'one systems" is not my personal idea, based on reality. So, it is country, two systems" concept indispensable for us to respect the but a principle and law adopted by will first be put into practice in history and reality of Hongkong the National People's Congress. Hongkong. After China resumes and Taiwan when we consider the Therefore it will not change. The: the exercise of its sovereignty in question. Our proposal for key is whether this policy is correct i 1997. Hongkong will remain reunifying the mainland and or incorrect. If it is correct, i capitalist for 50 years. When Taiwan is reasonable. After the nobody can change it. Otherwise, meeting with some friends from reunification is realized. Taiwan it should be changed. The flexible Hongkong, I told them. "Fifteen can still practise capitalism while domestic policies of opening to the years is too short. Let it be 50 the mainland maintains socialism. outside world and enlivening years." This is quite a long time, Both of them are part of a united economic activities that China has and has been advanced in China. This is what we mean by followed since the Third Plenary connection with the fact that "one country, two systems" which Session have proved successful in China needs 50 to 60 years to also applies to Hongkong. the countryside. Who can alter completely modernize. these policies now? The living The concept, which has been Several things will remain standard of about 80 percent of

FEBRU.ARY 3. 19X6 2? FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

provided this is in accordance with A New Cadre System Proposed state laws. The state cadres, with the exception of a few leading "ZHONGGUO LAO NIAN" would have the power to decide cadres appointed by higher authorities, should be tested (China Elderly) their own wage scales and retirement plans (including age before they are hired. There ome people have suggested limits and offerings). While should also be strict rules for their S introducing a two-track ensuring that these units imple• appointment and dismissal. A system for the country's offices ment the state general principles more flexible system should be adopted for hiring and firing non- and cadres. State employees, or concerning labour and wages, the state employees as well. Even people who work in state organs state would, under the new plan, those leading cadres should also and receive salaries and pensions allow them more flexibility. not be exempt from dismissal. If from the state are supposed to be As many state organs as no units are willing to hire the long to the first category. These possible that fulfil the require• ments should be encouraged to dismissed or fired cadres, unem• organs include the Party, govern• ployment payments would be ment and army institutions, as adopt non-state status. The state will provide favourable loans and provided them for a period of well as economic, cultural and time. As to non-state cadres, there social organizations directly ad• subsidies to aid the transformation. should be an even mofe flexible ministered by the state. Under this policy for appointment and plan, however, the number of such Under this system, cadres dismissal. What such a policy offices should be limited and their employed in state and non-state entails is the gradual destruction structure streamlined. organs will enjoy different treat• of the "iron rice bowl." The other cadre section would ment. For example, state em• be the personnel employed in non- ployees may have more stable In addition, state cadres should state organs. These units would be jobs, enjoy more subsidies and be allowed to take up other jobs in eventually required to provide better benefits. Because the wages their spare time, especially those their own funds and assume sole for non-state personnel may vary who have stepped down from responsibility for their earnings. greatly, they should be allowed big active service. The advantages of At the same time, these units pay increases when warranted. this practice surpasses its disad- the Chinese people would decrease entire city is practising capitalism. with the two sides pitted against if these policies were changed, and The same is true of Shenzhen, a each other. If both refuse to in that case, 80 percent of the special economic zone which still budge, in the long run hostilities Party's popularity among the practises socialism. So Shen• will break out. and even armed people would be lost. zhen is different from Hongkong. conflicts may break out, and war Shenzhen is not a model for may be used to resolve them. So, if Hongkong in the future, nor is stability is desired, instead of Hongkong a model for Shenzhen fighting, the only way to settle Socialism Is Dominant. The main today. In China, socialism is problems is by the method we have system in China must be socialism, dominant. advanced. Using this method we which has already achieved can justify ourselves to the people, success. The socialist system A Way of Settling International stabilize the situadon, and neither practised by 1 billion people on the Issues. We must always decide side is hurt. History is not without mainland will not be changed, but whether we are going to solve an such precedents. a capitalist system will be allowed international issue in a peaceful or A number of problems cannot to exist in certain regions, such as a non-peaceful way. We must find be settled in the old way. New Hongkong and Taiwan. a way to break deadlock. When we ways must be worked out. New worked out the idea, we also took problems must be resolved by new It is a supplement to the into consideration what methods methods. To stabilize the world development of socialism that should be used to resolve situation we must have fresh ideas. China pursues an open policy and international disputes. So many I have said repeatedly that the allows some methods of capital• issues all over the globe are tied up Chinese are as concerned about ism to be introduced. It will in knots which are very difficult to international peace and stability benefit the expansion of the forces undo. It is possible, I think, that as the rest of the world. China of production. For example, when some of them might be untied needs at least 20 years of peace to Shanghai makes use of foreign through this method. Otherwise, concentrate its attention on capital, this does not mean the disputes will remain unsettled. economic construction.

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 vantages. Cadres could also be prevented. Anybody who seeks and a projectionist after he encouraged to shift from state to personal gain from his rank graduated from a middle school. non-state status. should be prosecuted. Despite Sun spent much time teaching such potential problems, however, himself science. When he mastered Some people fear that these the two-track cadre system is radio, tape recorder and television cadres may abuse their power for worth experimenting with, for it is repair, his neighbours dubbed him personal gains. The fear is never prudent to "forego eating a "rural electomics expert." justified, and such abuse should be out of fear of chokeup." Sun decided to set up his own electronics school so that he can train more people in the field of electronics. In 1980 he wrote a Small Coal Mines Need Attention 140,000-word textbook in five months and collected about 6,000 yuan for his school. With that "JINGJI RIBAO through mergence or closed down. money and the support of the local (Economic Daily) Second, small coal pits should government. Sun rented 20 be permitted only in designated classrooms and bedrooms, and areas in order to avoid damaging bought a number of teaching aids. n the last few years, a large the natural resources. Over the Since opening later that year, the I number of small coal mines past few years, people have been in school has been growing rapidly. have been established by town• keen competition to open mines At present, it has 92 classrooms ships, villages and individuals in and have disregard damage to the and dormitories, six classes with all of China's mining areas. nation's coal resources for the more than 400 students and 42 Although these mines have helped sake of profits. In so doing they teachers and administrators. Sun alleviate the country's coal have wasted much of the nation's has even opened two branch shortage, they have also sparked coal. For instance, more than 10 schools in Jilin and Gansu new problems that merit small coal mines were set up in an provinces. The two have a attention. area no bigger than 5 square combined annual enrolment of First, the small mines should be kilometres. To curb such blind more than 350 students. subject to strict control, and a exploitation, departments con• cerned should designate special demanding set of requirements for To guarantee quality at his their establishment should also be areas for small coal mines, so as to ensure rational mining. school. Sun Keyuan and his implemented. Most small mines teachers worked out a rigid are opened by farmers working Third, while speeding up the curriculum. Each year he recruits together on a voluntary basis. development of state-run coal recently-graduated students who Some have had neither design mines support should also be show promise for the teaching blueprints nor adequate technical given to the small mines. This is in staff. He also holds regular staffing, or managers. As a result, line with the state policy of discussions with the teachers, there have been a number of "walking on two legs." In addition invites experts to lectures, and mining accidents that have to cracking down on their abuses, sends teachers for refresher threatened many lives. The the departments concerned should courses in institutes of higher inadequacies of these mines have give energetic support to small learning. Moreover, the school also endangered state-run coal mines in terms of technology and has bought more than 300 pieces mines. administration and should also of teaching equipment, including a It is for these reasons that small sponsor various training courses transistor testing machine, a mines should be investigated and for the managers, section chiefs camera and an overhead either brought up to standard and technicians of small mines. projector.

Of Sun's graduates, more than 300 have established their own A Rural Electronics School Opens schools in their hometowns; more than 2,000 have set up repair "JINGJI RIBAO have graduated from a vocational shops; about 400 are working at (Economic Daily) school established by Sun town and state-run enterprises; Keyuan. a farmer in Zouping and 50 are teaching at vocational County, Shandong Province. schools. The government of the ver the last five years, more Sun Keyuan, 38, who has been county where Sun lives recently O than 3,000 electronics stu• interested in radio technology ever awarded him the title "Model dents from all parts of the country since childhood, became a teacher Teacher."

FEBRUARY 3. 1986 27 BUSINESSARAPE

and semi-finished materials as chemicals, steel products and timber, and technology and Foreign Trade Logs Record Year equipment which are indispen• sable to China's industrial and agricultural production.

hina's import and export trade experiencing a decline, recorded a During the 1981-85 period, the C volume reached US$59.21 sustained and steady growth (see imported raw materials that biUion in 1985, 19 percent more Table I). During that same period, showed larger growth than during than the previous year, and 56.6 textiles (including silk), grain and the Fifth Five-Year Plan period percent more than in 1980, said cotton became increasingly im• were as follows: Steel products Huang Wenjun, a spokesman for portant among China's export rose by 48.6 percent; chemicals, the Ministry of Foreign Economic commodities. 150 percent; timber, 640 percent; Relations and Trade, at a Beijing and chemical fertilizer, 82.4 news briefing in January. From 1981 to 1985, because the percent. During the same period, Ministry of Foreign Economic Huang said during the Sixth the amount of foreign exchange Relations and Trade carried out Five-Year Plan period (1981-85), used for the import of new- import trade in a planned way, the total volume of China's import technology and complete sets of rapid progress was made in this and export trade was USS229.37 equipment increased by 60 percent field (see Table I). The product billion, a 100 percent increase over compared with the Fifth Five- the US$114.7 billion logged Year Plan period. These imports during the Fifth Five-Year Plan Table I were for dozens of industries, period (1976-80). Of the 1981-85 including machinery, electronics, volume, the import trade account• China's Import and Export Trade In chemical and light industries, ed for US$114.35 billion, or 95 1985 petroleum, coal, building percent more than the US$58.6 materials, metallurgy, motor veh• billion of the Fifth Five-Year Plan Unit: USSlOO million icles, hydro-electricity, textiles, period, an average annual increase railway and communications. of 11.3 percent. Total export Between 1981-85, the import of Total import Export volume between 1981 and 1985 sugar, Western medicine, tropical was US$115.22 billion, 105.2 1985 592.1 334.1 258 and subtropical medicine, house• percent more than the US$56.1 Percentage in• hold electrical appliances and billion of the Fifth Five-Year Plan crease over other consumer goods also period, and an average increase of 1984 19 31.8 5.7 somewhat increased. 7.1 percent a year. The trade Percentage in• Actively developing its foreign crease over trade on the basis of equality and surplus from 1981 to 1985 came to 1980 56.6 70.9 41.2 US$870 million, showing that mutual benefit is a long-term there was a basic balance between policy of the Chinese government. import and export trade. According to this policy, China Huang said the growth of has forged trade relations with 170 export trade has become the focal mix also changed significantly. countries and regions. In 1985, the point of China's foreign trade in The long-standing import of large volume of China's foreign trade recent years. During the first half quantities of agricultural and with its main trading partners of the 1980s, though the world was sidehne products, such as grain, increased to some extent com• in the throes of a recession, cotton, fats and oil crops, was pared with that of the year before China's export trade, instead of replaced by the import of such raw (see Table II).

Table II China's Foreign Trade With iVIain Trading Partners in 1985 Unit: USSlOO million

Country or region Japan Hongkong EEC US West Soviet Britain Italy France Germany Union

Total trade volume in 1985 165.7 96 69 64.2 28.4 19 14.3 8.3 7.9 Percentage increase over 1984 30.2 7,2 24.5 7.6 27.9 61 20.1 25 36.2

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 In reference to China's yawning January in Nanchang. capital of trade deficit of US$7.61 billion in Chaotic Tungsten Jiangxi Province. 1985, Huang said the additional import in 1985 of vital equipment Exports Changed and materials needed for eco• Coal Exports nomic construction aggravated the growing trade deficit. Some n 1985, the volume of China's On the Rise units, he said, also mistakenly I tungsten concentrate exports imported colour TV and re• rose by 25 percent over the frigerator production lines and hina exported an all-time high previous year, reinstating China as C of 7.567 million tons of coal expensive consumer goods such as the "kingdom of tungsten." cars and colour televisions. In in 1985, 860,000 tons more than view of this situation, measures China's total tungsten reserves, the planned targets. have been taken by the Chinese the output and export volume of Shanxi Province, China's lar• authorities to curb the improper its tungsten concentrate all rank gest coal producer, exported 3.4 import of such consumer goods. first in the world. China's tungsten million tons of coal last year. Hebei Province followed with 1.06 Huang said he believed China concentrate exports accounted for 40 percent of the world's total. The million tons of coal. will begin to right its unfavourable production level and the amount Last year, Japan was the largest balance of trade in 1986. of tungsten supplied by China are importer of coal from China, —Yue Haitao vital to a balance between supply followed by the Democratic and demand on the international People's RepubHc of Korea. CITIC to Buy tungsten market. During the According to the coal ministry's chaotic decade (1966-76), the plan, total coal output by the end Ka Wah Bank slump in China's tungsten concen• of 1990 is expected to reach 1 trate exports entailed a sharp rise billion tons. The expo?t volume is in the international market price also expected to increase signifi• of tungsten. Since China im• cantly by then. e China international Trust plemented the policy of opening to r and Investment Corp. the outside investors in 1979, some (CITIC) will buy more than 90 Chinese department officials, News in Brief percent of the shares of the Ka disregarding the interests of the Wah Bank of Hongkong, said a overall situation, exported mass• • China will, for the first time, CITIC official recently. ive amounts of tungsten, causing participate in the 20th Intern• Lei Ping, general manager of the plummeting of the mineral's ational Tourism Fair scheduled CITIC's banking department, said price on the international market. for March in West Berlin. the transaction will entail an The fair's sponsors will provide investment of HK$350 million. Two measures have been taken China with a floor space of 120 With total assets of HK$300 by the Chinese authorides to stem square metres. The China Inter- million, invested mainly by such practices. nationl Travel Service, the Youth overseas Chinese, the Ka Wah First, the product mix of Travel Service, the White Swan Bank which registered in Hong• China's tungsten export has been Hotel and the China Hotel in kong has clients in the region and changed, and strenuous efforts Guangzhou have signed up for the throughout Southeast Asia. Ka have been made to develop refined fair. Wah Bank has for some time faced processing of tungsten products. • In January, the China Swan financial difficulties. The varieties of both processed International Travel Co. began Rong Yiren, chairman of the primary tungsten products and receiving tourists from abroad. board of CITIC, is vice-chairman finished tungsten products have This company is the first travel of the Standing Committee of the grown markedly. In 1985 the service in China to concentrate on National People's Congress. Ap• export volume of tungsten carbide arranging specialized boat and car proved by the People's Bank of powder rose by 400 percent over tours for foreign tourists. China China, his corporation can handle that of 1981. Swan International has been financial business. CITIC repre• invested with the power to sentatives said the purchase of the Second, trans-departmental establish contact and sign con• Ka Wah Bank is an important and trans-regional organizations tracts with other countries, and to move to expand the bank's have been set up to co-ordinate the open offices abroad. It has business, and hoped that it would export of tungsten and its established business and agent contribute to Hongkong's finan• manufactured products. The relations with travel services in cial stability. China Tungsten Association, for North America, Europe, Japan, —Yue Haitao example, was established in early Australia, Hongkong and Macao.

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 29 CULTURE/SCIENCE

Greeting New Year in Varied Fashion

hina's most popular holiday. generations. Today during lunar dinner (northerners have Jiaozi), C Spring Festival, or the first New Year, people set off fire• fire-crackers, decorating their day of the lunar New Year, fails on crackers, don their holiday best, rooms with lanterns and coloured February 9 this year. In order to paste red New Year couplets ribbons, and playing games until celebrate the occasion, people all inscribed with good wishes on midnight, or sometimes until daybreak. On New Year's Day, the Hans put on their holiday outfits, visit family elderlies, friends and relafives, and exchange greetings and good wishes. Such visits are known as hai nian, or New Year's calls, lasting from New Year's Day to the middle of the first lunar month. During the day many go to New Year's fairs, where they buy delicacies, necessities or toys. For the Hans, the 15th of the first month is the Lantern Festival, during which people dine on yuan xiao (round sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice fiour stuffed with dried fruits or nuts), Hebei farmers celebrating in dragon dance. WANG DON

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 more to eat and drink in the the holiday, young Tibetans joined by beautifully attired coming year. The eating is often participate in horse races or unmarried girls who also sing. The interrupted by toasts from the shooting contests. After the boys and girls then proceed to younger generation to their contests, people often gather by a select possible spouses. parents and grandparents. Fol• bonfire while they sing and talk lowing the main meal, famiUes until midnight. — Bais. often sit by the fireside until dawn, For Bais, who live in Yunnan playing chess with pieces made — Miaos. Provice, a family get-together lasts from goat bone, and listening to The Miaos spend their Spring all night on New Year's eve. After stories. Festival in different ways accord• midnight, young men and women Early the next morning, men ing to where they live. In Yunnan, compete with each other to see and women dressed in brightly during the first week of the month who can carry the most water— a coloured gowns mount their elder Miaos hold a ceremony in symbol of diligence and happi• horses to visit relatives and which they offer the young their ness. Early New Year's morning, friends. During the visiting blessings and good wishes for the breakfast for the Bais is always rounds, if there is a son-in-law coming year. During this cere• sweet rice soup, which is served in present at the host's family, he mony, a pole decorated with anticipation of a "sweet'" new must toast the guests, who are then flowers and colourful streamers is year. required to empty their cups. The set on a wide path. Miaos come Among the Bais' favourite series of toasts is then followed by from all over to see the pole, and to activities are the dragon lantern singing and dancing. receive the blessings of the local dance and the lions' dance. The elderly. The young people also most thrilling of the Bais New —Tibetans. sing folk songs, play reed pipes, Year's events is when their set off Tibetans have their own New and do the lion.s' dance during the an enormous fire-cracker made Year's Day which does not follow ceremony, which is normally a from a hollow bamboo pole the same day as Spring Festival. jubilant one. stuffed with gunpowder. When lit, On the day before the Tibetan the fire-cracker shoots some 100 New Year's Eve, families toss a In Guangdong Province bull• metres into the sky. This tradition bucket of dirty water to the west fighting is the main activity for dates back more than 1,000 years. Miaos during Spring Festival. just before sunset. The act — Dongs. symbolizes that those elements Thousands of spectators gather on hills to watch the bull fights, after On New Year's day the Dongs that may be harmful to the health in Guizhou and Hunan provinces will be cast off with the setting sun, which the Miaos celebrate with rice wine and dancing. and Guangxi Zhuang Autonom• and that the New Year will bring ous Region have large bands and health to all new boms, plants and It is also common for unmarried song and dance troupes that tour animals. Miaos to look for partners during their villages paying New Year On New Year's Eve, cakes, the festival. A ceremony to aid calls. All the entrance to Dong cream crackers and meat are the their search begin with a group of villages women line up to welcome food of celebration. Early the next young men who go to girls' the orchestra. Band members also morning, Tibetan women go to the villages where they indicate their ask the women questions in song. rivers or wells to fetch "new availability by singing and blow• They are supposed to sing their water," symbolizing auspicious ing leaves. The men are soon response. beginnings and longevity for their family. A farmer's family in Huangtugang, outside Beijing, making "jiao zi" for tfie Spring Back at the homes large Festival. colourful oval plates sit on the centre., table and are filled with wheat, sugar, roasted barley, decorated with paper flowers in the shape of wheat-ears. Family members toast each other with barley wine and present hadas to the elderly, (a hada is a long piece of white silk used as a greeting gift.) During the Spring Festival, hadas are also exchanged between relatives, friends and neighbours. Guests are entertained with barley wine, butter tea and cakes. During SPORTS

Sports in China Has Ancient History

and 30 steps away. The one who nasty (1368-1644), weiqi became came closest to the designated site one of society's more fashionable won. Jirang was probably the games, and reached its full earliest competitive sport. development in the Qing Dynasty Cuju (ball-kicking), another (1644-1911). Several dozen weiqi ancient sport, was similar to manuals written by famous today's football, and has a history players have been handed down of at least 2,500 years. During the from past are still available today. Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 The strategy behind weiqi has AD), according to a book from often been likened to directing that period entitled Twenty-Five military operations, which may Articles on Cuju, kicking a ball "The Equestrian," a stone relief from the explain why scholars and mihtary Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), un• towards a goal was played people have long been among its earthed in YInan, Shandong Province. competitively and was judged by more devoted fans. Weiqi was referees. In the Tang Dynasty introduced to Japan in the Sui and any of China's ancient fairy (618-907), the game changed. Tang dynasties (581-907) and to M tales contain accounts of the Contestants were no longer in Europe in the 19th century. nation's forefathers honing their direct contact with one another athletic skills. but separated by a high net with a Attesting to the validity of the 0.3-metre-wide goal on the net. Games of Strength tales are, among other things, the Like in football, the team with the large number of stone "balls" most goals won. A cuju ball was A variety of trials of strength unearthed in Shanxi Province's composed of eigth pieces of have also been found among Yanggao County, which were smooth hide with an inflated China's historical records. During used in hunting by men in the animal bladder inside. The ball the Spring and Autumn Period paleolithic age, about 100,000 could be kicked about several and the Warring States Period years ago. Movements such as metres high. (770-221 BC), two forms of such those involved in throwing the ball During the Northern Song trials took shape, qiaoguan and at the prey are considered by many Dynasty (960-1127), new routines kangding. Qiaoguan involved rais• to be man's earliest sports forms. were added to kicking games. The ing a heavy door bar by one end A further indication of early ball-kickers could touch the ball with one arm. Kangding involved athletics was a clay bowl, with any part of their body except lifting a large tripod by its two unearthed in Datong County of their hands and often kicked the handles. The tripod lifting pre• Qinghai Province and dating back ball 100 times without letting it fall vailed in the state of Qin. where a between 4,000 and 10,000 years, to the ground. famous muscle man called Wuhuo which was decorated on the inside During the Yuan (1271-1368) was reported able to have lifted a with three groups of dancing and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties, 500-kg tripod. Professional vessel figures. A 3,000-year-old cliff women also played the ball- lifters also appeared in the Han carving in Yunnan Province bore kicking game. The game gradually Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), when similar evidence of the athletic died out during the mid-Qing other tests of strength, such as abilities of early Chinese with its Dynasty (1644-1911). uprooting a tree, carrying an images of men dancing, running animal on one's back and Hfting a and constructing acrobatic pyr• "Weiqi" deer, were also popular. amids. In the latter part of China's Qiaoguan was still in vogue primitive society, sports gradually Weiqi, also known as go in during the Tang Dynasty. How• become distinguished from labour Japan, is said to date back about ever, it was no longer a contest of and were eventually integrated 2,000 years before Christ. It is one strength among imperial court with recreation and health of the oldest form of chess in the warriors. Instead, it was listed as a activities. world. In the Eastern Han subject on the examination for Dynasty (25-220), weiqi players cadets. The door bar was replaced Ancient records showing a were divided into higher, middle by specially-made weights accord• game called jirang (hitting the soil) and lower grades. Later in the ing to prescribed specifications. was popular some 4,000 or 5,000 Southern and Northern Dynasties In the cadet examinations years ago. The game involved (420-589), nine levels of players during the Ming and Qing trying to toss a ball between 20 evolved. During the Ming Dy• dynasties stone lifting replaced

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 qiaoguan. Stones, which weighed particular merits: self-defence, physical and mental co• 100, 125 and 150 kgs, were easy to health benefits and beautiful ordination. It is also said to be make and practise with. Lifting movements. effective therapy for many stones and barbells later became a Wushu dates back to primitive illnesses. traditional sports event in China. society when people used clubs and other primitive tools to fight A stone inscription of the Archery animals. In the Spring and Warring States Period (475-221 Autumn Period and Warring BC) attests to the ancients' Archery has a history of more States Period, wushu assumed understanding of the relationship than 3,000 years in China. Books greater importance as more between movement and energy. from the Spring and Autumn weapons were developed. Ad• Monographs on daoyin first Period and Warring States Period ditional attention was also given appeared during the Western Han record the processes of making to its health benefits. In the Qin Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD). The silk bows and arrows. During the and Han dynasties (221 BC-220 painting "Daoyin Movements," period of Warring States, schools AD), wushu contests and perfor• unearthed in 1979 from the No.3 for teaching archery were es• mances became popular. In the Western Han tomb in Changsha, tablished and number of theories Historical Records, compiled by Hunan Province, is to date the on archery were published. Skilled Sima Qian (c. 145 BC-?), a piece earliest description of daoyin and archers during this period are said entitled "Banquet at Hongmen" so far the most complete to have been able to shoot an describes a performance of sword illustration of ancient gymnastics. arrow through a willow leaf a attack and defence. During the The painting shows 44 people hundred paces away, or through Tang Dynasty (618-907), wushu performing various daoyin exer• seven metal leaves on a warrior's reached new heights when it was cises. The famous physician Hua armour. included in the imperial court's Tuo (220-280 AD) of the period of examinations. By the Ming Shooting arrows while riding a the Three Kingdoms adapted Dynasty, many schools of wushu galloping horse is an age-old about 40 daoyin movements into with different styles were born Chinese skill. In«the Warring five groups copied from the throughout China. The famous States Period, horseback archery movements of the tiger, deer, bear, Shaolin Temple was one of the became one of the army's most ape and bird — the so-called cradles of wushu. important combat skills. wuqinxi (five-animal exercises). During the Song Dynasty daoyin Daoyin which combines brea• was evolved into baduanjin. Later thing exercises with movements yijinjing, which came into being in Gymnastics that imitate those of animals, is the Ming and Qing dynasties used to promote good health. It combined breathing exercises and In the middle of the Western not only encourages physical massage. Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD), fitness but also develops one's Juedixi (gymnastics) began to take centre stage among China's "Baduanjin" exercises from the Song Dynasty (960-1279). sports. Combining ancient Chinese culture, arts and sports, early gymnastics incorporated dance, music, acrobatics, magic and wrestling. In 108 EC during the Reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, a gymnastic perfor• mance was held at Changan, the capital, drawing people from as far away as 150 km. The emperor often held such shows in honour of foreign visitors, in order to promote exchanges in culture, arts and sports. Martial Arts

With a distinctly oriental flavour, wushu or martial arts is considered the quintessential Chinese sport. Wushu has three

FEBRUARY 3, 1986 33 LETTERS

Zhou Enlai: Consummate Shadows — Notes on a 100-Day duce China as it really is, with both Diplomat in Action Journey in the South." I think it merits and faults, is an honest and brings home to readers what wise way of reporting. Everybody China is now like. has his or her own views on China Beijing Review. No. 1, 1986, and can judge on their own with with its feature on Premier Zhou Reports on the special other reliable materials. Enlai was certainly a special issue. economic zones are always Jean Paul Metz After reading the article "Zhou interesting too; like the one on Nancy, France Enlai: Consummate Diplomat in Xiamen. I think it is a good idea to Action" I felt I had watched advertise employment Zhou's life first hand. China used opportunities. In "Events and Trends" the to commemorate birthdays, but Some Suggestions seldom the anniversary of article "Ji Pengfei on Hongkong's someone's death. With this issue, Basic Law" (Issue No. 2, January however, Beijing Review published 13, 1986) is very good. Ji Pengfei I have found the "Events and a set of articles on the 10th states in an unambiguous way the Trends" column and "Articles anniversary of the passing away of policy for the transition period. and Documents" the most inter• Premier Zhou. The articles I would like to see more articles esting. They provide objective illustrate both the deep impression on how the responsibility system is and actual reports on China's the Premier left on his people and now being applied in the cities. current life and major events. The the great love the Chinese people Congratulations on your new information in your magazine is have for Premier Zhou. We cover and layout. They are very useful and necessary for readers Japanese also respect and love sophisticated. interested in China. Zhou, he is not only still living in J. Martin L. Clarke I have been reading Beijing the hearts of the Chinese people London, Britain Review for almost three years, and but also in ours. We need to have noticed much improvement uphold and develop a solid in that time. May I suggest you Japanese-Sino friendship. Today, Comments From a French include the following in your reportage. our review of the great contri• Reader butions made by Zhou Enlai is of — Radio Beijing programming special importance. and shortwave frequency Naotaro Murayama At the beginning of the new channels. Tokyo, Japan year, I give my sincere and best — More indepth news reports and wishes to all the staff of Beijing stories on Chinese cultural and Your No. I issue of 1986 was Review. As a long-time subscriber social activities. indeed a good one. First of all, I of yoiir magazine, 1 speak highly — The philosophical makeup of was deeply impressed with the of your work. Chinese education, also its photograph of Premier Zhou on This year, I noticed an obvious foundation, structure and system. your front cover. improvement in your magazine, — Brief reports on potential The article "Zhou Enlai: both in content and layout. trends and problems for China's Consummate Diplomat in Ac• Because subscriptions are your urban residents. tion" explains the beginning of main contribution to circulation, R. Varela E Zhou's diplomatic life and how he there is not a great need for BR to Mexico established Chinese diplomacy. look beautiful. It is the articles of This article was surely appreciated the magazine that are important. 1 In Beijing Review. No. 39, 1985 by many. must say I am satisfied as far as was an article by Wang Dacheng The article "Zhou Com.es Alive this is concerned. entitled, "SEZS: Why an Experi• on Screen, Stage" shows the Ten years ago, your articles ment." This article was useful for Premier's more lively side. 1 hope were too political, full of quotes the information on the rules and you publish more articles like and slogans, and lacking in facts. regulations of the special these. Toda'y, the reports I read are both economic zones. Masatashi Swada clear and precise, and your The content, layout and writing Hyogo, Japan analyses of international situ• in your magazine have impressed ations are very objective. I think me. May 1 suggest you begin an your "International" colunm has "Export Information" column, in What China Is Now Like the best articles. The correct views, which you would introduce deep analyses from Chinese business information on China's In your issue of January 13, commentators and leaders, and various products and enterprises. 1986 I particularly enjoyed Duan their insights into the future are M. Alegre Liancheng's article "Sunshine and often very impressive. To intro• Lima, Peru

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 5 ART PACE

Folk Papercuts

The following papercuts were made by Chinese folk artists in celebration of the new year, 1 986, which is, according tp the ancient Chinese lunar calendar, the year of the tiger. Subscribe to BEIJING REVIEW

Know China Through a Chinese Source I

Airmailed direct to you every weelt Also available in French, German, from Beijing. Spanish and Japanese editions

• Keeps you abreast of political, Advertisements to be printed theoretical, economic and cultural on back cover of BEIJING developments in China. REVIEW are cordially invited • Acquaints you with Chinese viev/s on major international issues. SUBSCRIPTION RATES • Carries translations of important — 1 year 2 yeani 3 years USA US£$ 22 " 37 52 Party and government documents. England 12 22 30 Other • Standing columns and regular Countries in Europe US$ 16 27 37 features include: "Notes From the Australia A$ 22 37 52 Editors"; "Letters"; "Events & New Zealand NZ$ 30 52 72 Trends"; "International"; "Special Canada C$ 21 36 50 Switzerland SF 45 77 108 Report"; "From the Chinese Press"; W. Germany DM 50 90 125 "Business & Trade"; "Culture & Austria Sch 330 560 780 Science"; "Sports"; "Books" and Italy Lire 29,000 49,000 68,000 "Art Page."

Order from CHINA INTERNATIONAL BOOK TRADING CORP. (GUOJI SHUDIAN), P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China