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Surface Water Quality Monitoring for Thamirabarani River Basin, Tamil Nadu

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Surface Water Quality Monitoring for Thamirabarani River Basin, Tamil Nadu International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING FOR THAMIRABARANI RIVER BASIN, TAMIL NADU USING GIS S. Krishna Kumar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu N.Karthikeyan, Dept .of Civil Engineering, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu M.C.Sashikkumar, University V.O.C College of Engineering, Anna University, Tirunelveli Region, Thoothukudi campus, Tamil Nadu existing dynamic equilibrium among the environmental segments Abstract get affected leading to the state of polluted rivers. Hence moni- toring of surface water quality has become indispensable. Sur- Water is an important natural resource of earth and plays a vi- face water quality depends on various parameters such as pH, tal role in our life. Surface water and groundwater are the major Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total hard- sources of water. The surface water qualities of major river ba- ness, Ammonia, Nitrate and BOD etc. sins are contaminated by the municipal and industrial discharges. Mapping of spatial variability of surface water quality is of vital The present study attempts to map the spatial variation of sur- importance and it is particularly significant where it is primary face water quality parameters for Thamirabarani River Basin of source of potable water. In order to assess the water quality the Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu using GIS. GIS is an effective present study has been undertaken to map the spatial variability tool for water quality mapping and essential for monitoring the of water quality using Geographical Information System (GIS) environmental change detection. The water samples were col- approach. The water quality of Tamirabarani River, an important lected from 21 locations randomly distributed in the study area. domestic and potable water source of Southern India, Tamil Na- The physio-chemical parameters namely pH, Electrical Conduc- du state has been assessed in the present study. The water tivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total hardness, Ammonia, qualities of 21 sampling stations were randomly selected in Nitrate and BOD of the samples were analyzed. GIS is used to Thamirabarani River Basin, Tamil Nadu state for the present assess the existing condition of surface water quality and the study. GIS is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of contaminated areas can be identified for further monitoring and spatial information related to water quality analysis. The spatial management. Also the present study encourages the stake variation map for the major water quality parameters are generat- holders of the river basin for its suitability for irrigation, industri- ed and integrated using Arc View 3.2a software. The final inte- al and also for drinking purposes. grated map shows three priority classes such as Good, Moderate and Poor water quality zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the suitability of water for domestic purposes. Study area Keywords: GIS, Groundwater, Arc View 3.2a, Weighted overlay The present study has been carried out in Thamirabarani River method Basin of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. It lies between Lati- tude 08o 8’N and 09o 23’N and Longitude 77o 09’E and 77o 54’E. Introduction The location of the Study area is shown in Fig.1 and Index Map of Thamirabarani River Basin is shown in Fig.2. The major rainy Water is an indispensable natural resource on earth. Safe drink- season is from October to middle of January. The average an- ing water is the primary need of every human being. Fresh water nual rainfall prevails over the study area is 815mm. The total has become a scarce commodity due to over exploitation and length of River is 120km of which 75km runs in Tirunelveli dis- trict. It is fed both by monsoons and by its tributaries. The area of pollution of water. The possibility of contamination of river wa- 2 ter is due to the mixing of toxic chemicals, fertilizers and impro- the river basin is 5942km . The relative humidity in general, per disposal of liquid wastes from the industries. In the absence during the year, is between 55 and 65 percent. Physiographical- of appropriate waste management strategies, many human activi- ly, the area represents flat topography with gentle slope. It flows ties and their by-products have the potential to pollute surface roughly east and enters the Gulf of Mannar of the Bay of Bengal and subsurface water. Acute short fall of monsoon rains, poor near Palayakayal (Thillai Arasu at al. 2007). The wastewater watershed management, lavish use of water for domestic and from the industries and municipal areas are discharged and agricultural purposes have led to the overexploitation of the drained into Thamirabarani River. surface water sources especially from the river bodies. On the other hand, surface water bodies become the dumping source for industrial effluent and domestic wastes. As a result, the naturally ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2013 22 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com major area of the river basin has good range of EC except at dis- Methodology charge area of the river into the sea. The water samples collected from 21 sampling stations was Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) tested for physio-chemical parameters and compared with the prescribed drinking water standards by Bureau of Indian Stan- The mineral constituents dissolved in water constitute dis- dards (BIS, 10500:2010). The locations of the water sample sites solved solids. Concentration of dissolved solids in water decides were listed in Table 1. The major parameters namely pH, Elec- its applicability for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. trical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total hardness, The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was classified to three ranges Ammonia, Nitrate and BOD of the samples were analyzed. The (0-500 mg/l, 500-1000 mg/l and >1000 mg/l). The spatial varia- base map of the Thamirabarani River basin is derived from the tion map for TDS was prepared based on these ranges and pre- thematic map collected from Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna sented in Fig 5. From the map it is evident that except the central University on 1:50,000 scale. The base map was georeferenced and south eastern part of the basin, all other portions have good and digitized by using MapInfo software and exported to quality range for TDS. Arc view software for spatial analysis. Spatial interpolation technique through Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) approach Total Suspended Solids (TSS) has been used in the present study to delineate the distribution of The Total Suspended solids was classified in to three ranges water pollutants. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) referred (0-50 mg/l, 50-150 mg/l and >150 mg/l) and based on these to as deterministic interpolation methods because they assign ranges the spatial variation map for total hardness has been values to locations based on the surrounding measured values obtained and presented in Fig 6. It is clear from the map that and on specified mathematical formulas that determine the except in central part of the basin has good range of Total smoothness of the resulting surface. This method uses a defined Suspended Solids. or selected set of sample points for estimating the output grid cell value. Ammonia (NH3) Results and discussion The standard value of ammonia ranges for good quality water should be less than 1.2mg/l. From the Figure 7, it is clear that The spatial and the attribute database generated were inte- major part of the basin has good and moderate range of ammo- grated for the generation of spatial variation maps of major water nia. quality parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total hardness, Ammonia, Nitrate and BOD. Nitrate and BOD Based on these spatial variation maps of major water quality pa- rameters, an integrated water quality map of Thamirabarani Riv- Nitrate in natural water is due to organic sources or from in- er basin was prepared using GIS. This integrated water quality dustrial and agricultural chemicals. While nitrogen is an essential maps helps us to know the existing water condition of the study constituent of protein in all living organisms, nitrate concentra- area. tions of greater than 45 mg/l can cause blue baby syndrome among infants. The standard value of Nitrate ranges for a good pH quality water should be less than or equal to 20mg/l and for BOD pH is one of the important parameters of water and determines the guideline value should not be more than 0 mg/l. From the the acidic and alkaline nature of water. The pH of the good quali- Figures 8 and 9, the variation of the Nitrate and BOD in the river ty water ranges from 7 to 8.3. The pH of the samples was well basin is uniform. The river basin has an overall poor range of within the prescribed standards for drinking water. The spatial BOD for the entire study area. variation map for pH was prepared and presented in Fig 3. Data Integration Using GIS Electrical Conductivity (EC) In the integrated GIS analysis, all the spatial variation maps of major water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductiv- Electrical Conductivity (EC) depends upon temperature, ionic ity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Am- concentration and types of ions present in the water. Thus the EC monia, Nitrate and BOD were integrated into a weighted index gives a qualitative picture of the quality of groundwater. The overlay process. In this study, the criterion table with suitable Electrical Conductivity (EC) was classified in to three ranges (0- ranks and weightages adopted in this study was presented in Ta- 2250 mhos/cm, 2250-3000 mhos/cm and >3000 mhos/cm).
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