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(Oebalus Pugnax) in Louisiana Bryce Blackman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

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(Oebalus Pugnax) in Louisiana Bryce Blackman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Evaluation of Economic Injury Levels and Chemical Control Recommendations for Rice Stink Bug (Oebalus Pugnax) in Louisiana Bryce Blackman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Blackman, Bryce, "Evaluation of Economic Injury Levels and Chemical Control Recommendations for Rice Stink Bug (Oebalus Pugnax) in Louisiana" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 302. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/302 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS AND CHEMICAL CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RICE STINK BUG (OEBALUS PUGNAX) IN LOUISIANA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Entomology by Bryce D. Blackman B.S. Arkansas State University, 2003 M.S. University of Arkansas, 2005 August 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my wife, my best friend, for supporting me in this undertaking. She has been an invaluable encourager along the way. I would not have pursued this degree had it not been for the guidance and encouragement of my father and mother over the years, and I cannot thank them enough for their selfless acts of love and support. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Mike Stout for accepting me into his research program and investing his time in my education and development as a researcher throughout the journey. He has been an exceptional professor and mentor throughout my time at LSU, and I am greatly appreciative of the advice and direction he has provided over the years. My grandparents, suegros, and many aunts and uncles have inspired me to pursue education in and out of the classroom, and I am indebted to them for their love and advice. Thanks also to my brothers and sister for their many years of support and encouragement throughout each of my degrees. Numerous people have encouraged me throughout the years in 4-H, science, and agriculture whom I would like to acknowledge: my high school science teacher, Mrs. JoAnn Johnson; county extension agents, Eric Grant and Brannon Thiesse; UA professor, Max Meisch; and Brad ‘Atlas’ Hook. I could not have completed my program without the help of Marty Frey, my classmates, lab technicians, and student workers. Special thanks to Joey Braswell, T. Wright and Gabriel Gotte for countless hours spent inspecting damaged rice grains and collecting insects. Srinivas Lanka, Jason Hamm, and Jaspreet Sidhu each provided helpful advice that has helped me navigate the maze of research and graduate school, and I am very grateful to them for the time and wisdom they shared. My committee members: Rogers Leonard, Xueyan Sha, Dennis Ring, Satish Verma, and Natalie Hummel have provided helpful insight and countless hours to help me achieve this goal, and I would like to thank them as well. We are ii fortunate who are given the opportunity to attend college and graduate school, and I count myself as blessed by God to be at this point in my studies and in life. I only hope that moving forward I am allowed the opportunity to use my education to teach and encourage others to develop solutions to agricultural problems throughout the World. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………….. ii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….. vi LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………. vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… ix CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1 Rice Cultivation.……………………………………………………………………… 1 Rice Stink Bug……….…….…………………………………………………………. 2 Studies Conducted…….……………………………………………………………… 3 References……………………………………………………………………….......... 4 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE…..………………………………………… 7 Distribution and host plants ………………………………………………………..… 7 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… Morphology and life cycle……………………………………………………………. 7 Morphology and lilfe cycle ..…………………………………………………………. Damage……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Results………………………………………………………………………………… Control Tactics………………………………………………………………………... 10 Sampling……………………………………………………………………………… 12 Economic thresholds …………………...…………………………………………….. 13 Discussion ……………………………...…………………………………………….. References……………………………………………………………………….......... 14 References……………………………………………………………………….......... CHAPTER 3. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF NEONICOTINOIDS AND PYRETHROIDS AGAINST OEBALUS PUGNAX (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN RICE………..…………………………………. 18 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 18 Materials and Methods…….…………………………………………………………. 20 Results………………………………………………………………………………… 27 Discussion ……………………………...…………………………………………….. 34 References……………………………………………………………………….......... 37 CHAPTER 4. COMPARISON OF MALATHION, KARATE Z AND TENCHU 20SG AGAINST RICE STINK BUG.……………………..……………………………... 40 Introduction………………………………………………………………………......... 40 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 41 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 42 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………... 45 References…………………………………………………………………….……….. 47 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY OF SOUTHERN RICE PRODUCER PRACTICES FROM A MULTISTATE SURVEY (2008-2012)……………………………………...… 48 Introduction………………………………………………………………………......... 48 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 49 iv Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 50 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………... 53 References………….………………………………………………………………….. 55 CHAPTER 6. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RICE STINK BUG DENSITY AND DAMAGE TO LONG-GRAIN RICE...………………………….. 56 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 56 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………….. 65 Results………………………………………………………………………………... 72 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………. 75 References……………………………………………………………………………. 78 CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE OEBALUS PUGNAX F. (HEMIPTERA: PENTATMOIDAE) ON RICE AND THEIR IMPACT ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LONG GRAIN RICE ………………..……………………………. 82 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……… 82 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 83 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 86 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………... 89 References……………………………………………………………………………... 92 CHAPTER 8. USE OF INTERNET BASED STREAMING VIDEOS TO EDUCATE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS IN RECOMMENDED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SAMPLING PRACTICES……………………………………………. 9 4 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 94 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 94 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 95 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………... 95 References…………………………………………………………………….……….. 96 CHAPTER 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………………...... 97 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………… 100 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………… 107 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Insecticides and rates used for small plot insecticide trials, 2011-2013………... 20 Table 3.2 Demonstration trial rice varieties and insecticide rates .………………………... 26 Table 4.1 2012. Mean rice stink bug adults caught in each treatment over all three sampling times in both experiments. Different letters denote significant difference at the P=0.1level…..……………………………………………………………………….. 43 Table 4.2 2012. Mean rice stink bug adults caught in each treatment at each sampling time………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Table 4.3 2013. Rice stink bug nymphs per 10 sweeps in each treatment by sampling date…………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 Table 4.4 2013. Rice stink bug adults per 10 sweeps in each treatment by sampling date... 45 Table 5.1 Percentage of respondents who reported they used the listed method(s) to control or prevent rice water weevil infestation in rice……………………………………. 51 Table 6.1 Types of damage resulting from feeding by rice stink bugs at different stages of panicle development…………………………………………………………………….. 57 Table 6.2 Summary of previous research investigating relationship of RSB density and damage in rice……………………………………………………………………………… 63 Table 6.3 Calculation of densities of RSB adults in cages using relationship of cage size and RSB infestation density to current Louisiana thresholds (3 RSB per 10 sweeps) and sweep net sampling efficiency……………………………………………………………... 68 Table 6.4 Descriptive statistics for mark-recapture study………………………………… 72 Table 6.5 Statistical relationship between rice stink bugs released and recaptured………. 72 Table 7.1 Descriptive statistics for treatment variables for infested panicles for Replicate 1 (July 19th) and Replicate 2 (July 22nd)…………………………...……………..………. 87 Table 7.2 Effects of total rice stink bugs (fifth instar nymph and adults) on two response variables, percent blank weight and percent brown rice, in two experiments..……………. 88 Table 8.1 Viewing statistics and links to sampling videos………………………………… 95 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Mean ± SE rice stink bug nymphs (a) and adults (b) in 10 sweeps on untreated and insecticide treated rice small-plots in 2011. Means accompanied by different letters indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05). ………………………………………………... 28 Figure 3.2 Mean ± SE rice stink bug nymphs (a) and adults (b) in 10 sweeps on
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