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The University of Manitoba the Season Of THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA THE SEASON OF WINTER IN ART AND LITERATURE FROM ROMAN NORTH AFRICA TO MEDEVAL FRANCE Carol E. Steer (B.A., B.L.S., B.F.A. Hom. Art History) Thesis Advisor Professor Lea Stirling in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wdlingtori OttawaON KlAûiû4 OtcawaON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERiiIISSION PAGE The Season of Winter in Art and Literature From Roman North Africa to Medieval France Carol E. Steer A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfientof the requirernents of the degree of Master of Arts CAROL E. STEER O 2000 Permission has been granted to the Library of The University of Manitoba to lend or seU copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis/practicum and to tend or sel1 copies of the film, and to Dissertations Abstracts International to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither this thesidpracticum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would iike to express my gratitude to Professor Lea Stiring of the Department of Classics for her helpful suggestions, encouragement, and support during the preparation of this thesis. 1 am also gratefbl to the other faculty members of the Department of Classics, particularly Professor Rory B. Egan, who provided invaluable assistance with original translations from the Latin texts. ABSTRACT The role of \\inter in the daily lives of Romans in North Afica \vas investigated. using midence provided by the mosaic of Nephine and the Szasons at La Chebba and the calendar mosaic at El Jem as wetI as Columella's agicultural manual. Ijè rc rztsrlca. Selected works of art and poétry from the Carolingian period and t'rom twelfih-century France wers examined in order to determine whether the esperience of winter during thrsc: later periods ditTered from that of the Romans. Illustrations of the winter months in the Vienna Calendar of 81 5:530 and in Wandalbert von hm's Marîyrolog of St. Goar were studied along with srveral Carolingian poems inciuding Wandalbert's Dr dzcoc/c.crnr rneït.virnrt. The medieval period wsrepresented in art by a cycle of the labours of the months sculpted onto the west facads of Chartres cathedral. Several Christian Latin poems were esamined in order to invcstigatr. their relationship to the theme of wintsr in the illustratzd calendars on church ficades. The Christian poems were cornpared with secular pet- from the ( irrnrrmr Hurmt~. Winter activities cornrnonly represented in the an of al1 three periods were tcasting, eating and dnnkins. and hunting boars or killing pigs. The etfsct of the cold winter weather is consistently represented by a ~varmly-dressedpsrsonitication of the season. The symboiism of winter is connected with the recum-ng annual cycle of the months and seasons. indicating the passage of tims. in literature? wintsr is described as a period of relative inactivity and relaxation. This is sometimes regarded positively and sometimes negativelv. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ ix Introduction ...................... ....... ......... .. ........... 1 Chapter 1 Winter in North A£iican Mosaics........................................................................... 14 1. TheLaChebbaMosaic,SecondCenturyA.D ................... ...... 14 2 . Summary: Winter in the La Chebba Mosaic .................. .. ............ 32 3 . The El Jem Calendar Mosaic, Third Century .................................. 33 4 . Sumrnary: Winter in the El Jem Mosaic .......................................... 40 Chapter II Winter in Roman Literature ................................................................................... -41 t . Columella De re rusrica ................................................................41 2 . Summary: Winter in Columella ........................... ... ...................... 56 3 . Discussion: Winter in Roman Art and Literature ......................... 62 ... Ill Chapter ïiI The Caroiingian Period: Calendar Illustrations ............. .. ................................. 64 1. ViennaCalendarof818f830A.D................................................ 64 2 . The Martyrology of Wandaibert, an Illuminated Manuscript ........ 70 3 . Summary: Main Themes in the Carolingian Art .......................... -75 Chapter IV .. The Carolmgian Period: Poetry. ............................................................................ 77 Alcuin 's Debate of Spring and Winter........................... .. .......... -77 Carmina salisburgensia "Calendar Verses" ................................ 85 Wandalbert 's De duodecirn mensium nom inibus. signis aensque qualitatibus .................................... .... ................. -89 Two Winter Laments: Walahfnd Strabo and Sedulius Scottus .. 106 Summary : Main Themes in the Poetry ...................................... -110 Discussion: Winter in Carolingian Art and Poetry .................... -111 Chapter V Medieval Art: Labours of the Month at Chartres Cathedrai .............................. 115 1. Sculpture, West Facade (Twelfth Century) ................................. -118 2 . S ummq: Main Themes in the Art ........................................... 139 Chapter VI Medieval Poetry ................................................................................................... -142 1 . Christian Latin Poems .................................................................. 142 2 . Smary: Main Themes in the Christian Poetry ....................... 162 3 . Secular Latin Poems: The Carmina Burana ............................... 163 4 . Summary: Main ïhemes in the Secular Poetry .......................... 171 5 . Discussion: Winter in Medieval Art and Poetry ......................... 172 Chapter VI1 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 175 Appendix A . Incipit Horologiurn ....................................................................... 182 Bibliography ........................................................................................................185 Illustrations ...................... .. ............... ......................................................... 19 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Unless othenvise noted, photographs and diagrarns were made by the author . Fimire Paee La Chebba: Neptune and the Seasons (after Blanchard-Lemée) ....................... 191 Pornpeii. House of the Ancient Hunt: Winter (after Hanfinam) ........................ 192 Fenek. Budapest. bronze relief: Winter (after Hanfinam) .................................. 192 Carthage: -Mosaic of Lord Mus(after Parrish 1984)......................................... 193 St-Romain-en-Gd, Roman house: Mosaic of Rural Labours (after LIMC) ....... 194 Sousse. fountain-basin fiieze: four beasts (after Kondoleon) .............................. 195 Haidra: Zodiac mosaic (afier Dunbabin) ............................................................196 Carthage: Mosaic of the Boar Hunt (afler Dunbabin) ...................................... 197 Leptis Minor (Lempta): Apollo, the Muses, and the Seasons (after Parrish 1984) .............................................................................................. 198 EL Jem (Thysdrus): Calendar Mosaic (after Panish 1984) ................................ -199 "Vienna Calenda?' of 8 L 8/830 A.D. (after Cornet 1983) ...................................200 Cherchel, mosaic: pig-butchering (after Dunbabin) ........................................... 201 Tivoli. Villa Hadnana: painted stucco vault with Seasons: Winter (fier Hadinanu) .......................... .. .................................................................. -202 Chronograph of 354 A.D.. January (afterSaizenan) ....................... ........... 203 Rome. Vatican Library: Martyrology of Wandalbert (der Webster) ................ 204 Paphos. House of Dionysos. seasons mosaic: Winter (der Kondoleon) ........... 205 Dair Solaib. Church "A". seasons mosaic: Winter (der Hanhaun)................. 205 Chartres. west facade: portals. .................. ...,..
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