OLA Quarterly

Trends in Genealogy for Librarians In This Issue

Why Don’t Librarians Like Genealogists? Beginning Genealogy for Librarians

Identifying Historic Photographs: Clues for Genealogy Researchers

Resources for Tracing American Indian Ancestry

The Molecular Genealogy Research Project

Genealogy and the Virtual Library

Basic African American Family Research: Oregon and Other Resources OLAQWinter *++, Vol - • No OLA Quarterly Oregon Library Association Winter 2001 http://www.olaweb.org Vol 7 • No 4 ISSN 1093-7374

The OLA Quarterly is an official publication of the Oregon Library Association. Please refer questions Trends in Genealogy for Librarians and input regarding the Quarterly to: Table of Contents Colleen Bell , , OLA Publications Chair Editorial The Molecular Genealogy Knight Library Genealogy: Looking Backward Research Project 1299 University of Oregon from the 21st Century Ugo A. Perego, Eugene, OR 97403-1299 Fred Reenstjerna Natalie M. Myres and Scott R. Woodward phone 541-346-1817 * fax 541-346-3485 Why Don’t Librarians Like * [email protected] Genealogists? Beginning Genealogy Genealogy and the Virtual Library for Librarians Thomas Jay Kemp Graphic Production: Anne Billeter Tobias Weiss Design * 7345 SW Deerhaven Drive - Basic African American Corvallis, OR 97333 Identifying Historic Photographs: Family Research: phone 541-738-1897 Clues for Genealogy Researchers Oregon and Other Resources Irene Zenev Jacqueline E. A. Lawson [email protected] ,* Resources for Tracing American Indian Ancestry Lorna Avery Scott

Upcoming Issues Spring 2002 The Enduring Value of Libraries Summer 2002 Research You Can Use OLA Quarterly is indexed in Library Literature. Editorial Genealogy: Looking Backward from the 21st Century

dentity and history have become somehow superior, seem to repudi- who ask us about this topic. These more critical questions since 11 ate the very basis of our profession. articles will establish a basis in theory I September 2001. Before, we in Who cares if someone’s great-great- and articulate current practice, so the United States didn’t have to think uncle was a physician? (Besides, a that you can frame your knowledge about things happening over there, physician didn’t have the social in a structure that allows you to wherever “there” might be. History was cachet in the 1800’s that the occupa- relate future learning to your everything that happened to other tion has today.) We hurry along the knowledge base. people; genealogy was the province of reference interview, trying to In addition to the articles in this self-aggrandizing dilettantes. determine as quickly as possible print edition, an additional article will Suddenly, we have been dragged which other agency can be the be available on our Web site, at http:// back into the mainstream. We have a fortunate recipient of our client’s www.olaweb.org/. That article, by powerfully public collective history rapture about his or her great-great- Certified Genealogical Researcher since 11 September, but we also have whomever. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote Jacqueline E. A. Lawson, describes individual histories. Newly aware of that existence precedes essence, and basic resources and techniques for the certainty of our mortality, we have he made this the fundamental African American genealogical a heightened need to know who we principle of existentialism. Geneal- research in Oregon. Ms. Lawson are in every sense of that term. Part of ogy attempts to connect many describes valuable local, statewide, that self-knowledge is an awareness different existences into one essence and national resources. of our ancestry. that is a family and individual Out of all the questions we story—a story answering who we —Fred Reenstjerna librarians encounter, none are more are, perhaps implying why we’re Douglas County Library System deeply motivated than the genea- here. Along the way, we see how Guest Editor logical queries so many of us dread. interrelated all of us ultimately are. Our disdain is often justified: many This issue of the Oregon Library of our clients approach genealogical Association Quarterly looks at the Fred Reenstjerna, Ed.D., has worked as a librarian and archivist in academic, research as an attempt to prove they past from the perspective of some- special, and public libraries. He is are somehow better than their times futuristic techniques. We Cataloging Librarian at the Douglas present circumstances. As librarians, librarians must be conversant in the County Library System, Roseburg, we are dedicated to equal access to technologies and the resources Oregon. A member of OLA’s Publications information. These genealogists, in available for genealogical research, Committee, Fred’s email address is their quests to prove themselves so that we can better guide those [email protected].

OLAQ 1 Why Don’t Librarians Like Genealogists? Beginning Genealogy for Librarians

by Anne Billeter, Ph.D. T’S TRUE: Most librarians don’t like sources (ancestor charts, family group genealogists. Why? Librarians are sheets, Sutro, census, Soundex, LDS); I human: they don’t want to admit their become familiar with the local genealo- ignorance of the specialized resources gists; and learn about the local organi- genealogists use. They believe (errone- zations and agencies to which library ously) that they don’t need to know about patrons should be referred (the local these resources in order to assist other genealogical society, the local historical patrons. They are wrong: genealogy society, county archives, the city resources are an eye-opening treasure- department responsible for cemeteries, trove for historians, the source of clues for etc.). Learning the language of any adoption and missing persons researchers, special clientele is an important part of and increasingly important for genetic continuing library education. medical research. Why else don’t librarians like genealo- 3) Have a core reference collection for gists? Because genealogists often are not genealogists and become comfortable library users prior to becoming genealo- with using these resources (see the gists, so they don’t know library jargon recommended resources below). (ILL, Ref, Circ, fiche) or procedures (using the catalog, using microfilm and microfiche 4) Learn about regional and state organiza- readers, requesting an interlibrary loan). tions, agencies, and libraries and REFER, Notice that even spelled out the jargon REFER, REFER. Refer neophytes to the isn’t self-explanatory to the new library local genealogical society: part of their user: interlibrary loan, reference, circula- mission is to help new genealogists get tion, microfiche. started. Refer patrons doing local Even the smallest public or academic research to the appropriate agencies. library can be a great resource for local Refer patrons doing research involving genealogy patrons, not by spending scarce distant places to the appropriate organi- money and space on lots of library materials zations, resources, and libraries. about genealogy, but by devoting some time and energy to learning the basic terms and The local genealogical library often has resources of this special field of knowledge. many resources pertaining to distant By doing this, the library will be able to places, past and present, but many assist an underserved group of patrons times the patrons’ needs are best met pursuing a hobby, an interest, a passion, and by referring them to a larger resource. sometimes even medically essential data. Oregon is blessed with a number of What an opportunity to gain a whole new strong libraries which are well worth group of library users and supporters! the travel effort, if the genealogist is well-informed about the specifics of Steps in Library Service their collections. (See “Libraries in 1) Learn a little about genealogy. Be sure Oregon with Strong Genealogy Re- the library has an adequate circulating sources” below.) collection of how-to books for genealo- gists and READ one of the books for 5) Explore the Internet and refer patrons beginners recommended on the to appropriate sites. Genealogists have following page. capitalized on the strengths of the Internet. The genealogical resources 2 2) Take a beginning class in genealogy. available on the Internet are numerous You will learn basic terms and re- and well-organized. They include Vol  No  • WINTER 

wonderful indexes, images of original ogy. Houghton Mifflin, New York, documents, electronic mailing lists for 1997. people with common research inter- ests, and much, much more. (See There are a number of books to help “Genealogy on the Internet” and the genealogists learn to use the Internet article by Tom Kenyon.) effectively.

These five steps will put you well on the Helm, April Leigh and Helm, Matthew way to providing services to genealogists. L. Genealogy Online for Dummies. Learn their vocabulary and resources, and Hungry Minds, Inc., New York, 2001. Librarians believe they you will enhance the quality of your library’s service to its community. Howells, Cyndi. Netting Your Ances- don’t need to know tors: Genealogical Research on the about genealogical Beginning Genealogy Booklist Internet. Genealogical Publishing Each of these books presents the beginner Company, Baltimore, 1999. resources in order to with basic information. assist other patrons% McClure, Rhonda R. and Wilcox, Croom, Emily Anne. Unpuzzling Your Shirley Langdon. The Complete Idiot’s Past: A Basic Guide to Genealogy. 3rd Guide to Online Genealogy. Alpha They are wrong% Edition. Betterway Publications, Books, Indianopolis, 1999. Cincinnati, 1995. Richley, Pat. The Everything Online Hartley, William G. The Everything Genealogy Book. Adams Media Family Tree Book: Finding, Charting, Corporation, Holbrook, Mass, 2001. and Preserving Your Family History. Adams Media Corp., Holbrook, Mass., For library patrons who need to maximize 1997. their use of limited time on the Internet, the printed version of Cyndi’s List will Hinckley, Kathleen W. Locating Lost allow them to plan their Internet search Family Members & Friends: Modern prior to going online. Genealogical Research Techniques for Locating the People of Your Past and Howells, Cyndi. Cyndi’s List: A Com- Present. Betterway Publications, prehensive List of 40,000 Genealogy Cincinnati, 1999. Sites on the Internet. Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 2000. Melnyk, Marcia Yannizze. The Week- end Genealogist: Timesaving Tech- Reference Resources niques for Effective Research. For genealogists who are doing local Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, research there are a number of useful 2000. resources. The first title on the list is specific to genealogy; the others are titles Rose, Christine, et al. The Complete which serve a number of uses, but to Idiot’s Guide to Genealogy. Macmillan, which the genealogist may need to be New York, 1997. introduced.

Willard, Jim, Willard, Terry, and Battaile, Connie Hopkins. The Oregon Wilson, Jane. Ancestors: A Beginner’s Book: Information A to Z. Saddle 3 Guide to Family History and Geneal- Mountain Press, Newport, Ore., 1998. OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Lenzen, Connie. Oregon Guide to Harris, Maurine and Glen, eds. Genealogical Sources. Genealogical Ancestry’s Concise Genealogical Forum of Oregon, Portland, 1996. Dictionary. Ancestry Incorporated, Salt Lake City, 1998. McArthur, Lewis Ankeny. Oregon Geographic Names. Oregon Historical Thorndale, William and Dollarhide, Society, Portland, 1992. William. Map Guide to the U. S. Federal Censuses, 1790–1920. Genealogical Oregon Blue Book. Secretary of State, Publishing Company, 2000. biennial, Salem, OR. (Latest edition is 2001–2002; includes an excellent Dollarhide, William and Derheim, history of the state, and a wealth of James A. The Census Book: A other information.) Genealogist’s Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes. Heritage Oregon Historical Quarterly Index. Quest, 1999. 3 volumes. Oregon Historical Society, Portland. (The Oregon Historical Libraries in Oregon with Quarterly contains serious articles on Strong Genealogy Resources every aspect of Oregon history. The Use each library’s Web page to access index in three volumes indexes the practical information (hours, fees, and how quarterlies published from 1900–1980.) to get there) and, for most, their catalog of library materials. The following resources will begin a core reference genealogy collection. Oregon State Library State Library Building Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Luebking, Summer & Court Streets Sandra H. The Source: A Guidebook of Salem, OR 97310 American Genealogy. Revised Edition. Web page: http://www.osl.state.or.us/home/ Ancestry Incorporated, Salt Lake City, Special Resources: Oregon Index, a 3 x 5 1997. card index filling almost 600 drawers, primarily indexing newspapers and periodi- Greenwood, Val D. The Researcher’s cal literature. (Many Oregon libraries have Guide to American Genealogy. 3rd an old microfilmed version of this index.) Edition. Genealogical Publishing The Genealogy Room on the 2nd floor is a Company, 2000. comprehensive collection of genealogical materials with special attention to Oregon. Everton, George B., ed. The Handybook for Genealogists: United Oregon State Archives States of America. 10th Edition. 800 Summer St. NE Everton Publishers, 2001. Salem, OR 97310-1347 Web page: http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/ Eichholz, Alice and Dollarhide, E-mail: [email protected] William, eds. Ancestry’s Red Book: Electronic mailing list: American State, County and Town [email protected] Sources. Ancestry Incorporated, Salt (to subscribe send message: Lake City, 1992. “Subscribe OR Roots.”) 4 Vol  No  • WINTER 

Special Resources: vital records, naturaliza- Knight Library tion records, military records, probate University of Oregon files, and the Oregon Historical Records Eugene, OR 97401 Guide. The latter is an inventory of Web page: http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ records in county courthouses and the First Special Resource: Oregon Collection Archives. It is available on the Archives Room, which is in the Knight Library, but web page and in print, and has been which has more limited hours. Has a card published for each county. file index of scrapbooks of newspaper clippings of Fred Lockley’s column “Obser- Multnomah County Library vations and Impressions” which ran for 801 SW 10th Ave. many years in the Oregon Journal; has a Portland, OR 97205-2597 comprehensive Oregon collection, includ- Web page: http://www.multnomah.lib.or.us/lib/ ing many city directories. Only 30 percent Special Resources: Library Association of of holdings are currently in the online Portland Newspaper Index. (A name and catalog; there is an extensive card catalog. subject index for more than 100 years, primarily of the Oregonian and the Oregon Second Special Resource: Manuscript and Journal. (Many Oregon libraries have a Rare Book Collection, which is in the microfiche version of this index.) Compre- Knight Library, but which has more limited hensive collection of Polk’s City Directo- hours. Arrangements should be made for ries, particularly for Portland; newspapers materials to be retrieved from storage prior and censuses on microfilm. to arrival. Strong collection of WPA papers

Oregon Historical Society Library 1200 SW Park Ave. Portland, OR 97205-2483 Web page: http://www.ohs.org/ (click on Collections; click on “Horizon Online Catalog.”) Ebsco Ad Special Resources: Several card indexes, including an extensive one of biographies in Oregon county histories, the Pioneer Card File, and the Overland Journeys Index; manuscripts; over two million photographs; second largest newspaper on microfilm collection.

Genealogical Forum of Oregon Library 1505 SE Gideon Portland, OR Web page: http://www.gfo.org/ Special Resources: Early Settlers file, Civil War Soldiers Who Lived in Oregon card file, very strong Oregon resources; strong U.S. resources; some international resources. 5 OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

and of personal papers, including diaries http://www.familysearch.org and correspondence. This is a page to begin the search for ances- tors. The IGI (International Genealogical Third Special Resource: Newspapers on Index) contains millions of names and events microfilm collection, which is in the Knight such as births, christenings, and marriages. Library and is accessible whenever the The Ancestral File will provide entire family Library is open. This is the most complete group records and pedigree charts. Also collection of newspapers on microfilm in includes the catalog for the Family History the state. They are arranged alphabetically Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. by city, which is a wonderful timesaver. The microfilm may be borrowed through http://www.ancestry.com local libraries via interlibrary loan, and may Has a number of free databases such as the be requested by city and date (as long as Social Security Death Index and the Ameri- only one newspaper was published can Genealogical Biographical Index simultaneously in the city!). (which indexes 1628 databases), plus ever- changing databases which are free for Fourth Special Resource: Map Library, several weeks and then available by a which is in the Knight Library on the first membership subscription fee. For an floor, and which is accessible whenever the additional fee actual images of the census Library is open. Has a large Oregon collec- pages may be viewed. tion, including Sanborn maps and Metsker county atlases. A special web resource has http://www.familytreemaker.com been created which indicates which of four Includes millions of names in their Family libraries (University of Oregon, Oregon Finder Index, Internet Web sites, CD-ROMs State University, Oregon Historical Society, and more. Has areas for genealogy help, or Oregon State Library) has which Metsker how-to articles, a Web site directory, and county atlases (these show actual land more. owners at the time they were published.) http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ http://www.rootsweb.com mapmetskers.htm The Internet’s oldest and largest genealogy site. Includes surname, subject, and re- Genealogy on the Internet gional electronic mailing lists. http://www.CyndisList.com One of the most complete listings of ✥ ✥ ✥ ✥ ✥ genealogical sites on the Internet. Over 100,000 links categorized and cross- Anne Billeter is the Manager of Children’s, referenced in over 150 categories. Young Adult, and Outreach Services for Jackson County Library Services. She has been an Updated constantly. amateur genealogist for more than 20 years. She compiled the genealogies included in a number http://www.usgenweb.com of Oregon Trail diaries and other books A countrywide project to provide and link published by Bert Webber. Internet Web sites for genealogical reseach in every county of every state in the United States.

6 Identifying Historic Photographs: Clues for Genealogy Researchers

by Irene Zenev ntil the invention and dissemina mark. Many 19th century studio photogra- tion of photography in the mid- phers imprinted their name or studio name U 19th century, only a small portion right on the photo mount. Through re- of the population in Europe and America search, one can find the dates that the could afford to have portraits made. Before photographer worked in a specific loca- 1850, having one’s likeness transferred to a tion. Local historical societies and museums two-dimensional work of art meant commis- are good resources for information on 19th sioning an artist to draw or paint it. Only century photographers. the wealthy could afford this luxury. And the last, and somewhat trickier, Then came the photograph, and the way to help identify a photo is to examine world changed forever. Photography the clothing of the sitter. Styles of clothing brought instant and affordable portraiture to and the inclusion of personal items in a the masses, and the popularity of the portrait may help identify the time period medium soared. By the 1850s and ’60s, as well as the portrait’s subject. photographers had set up elaborate studios Researchers should always be cautious outfitted like salons in expensive homes. In about identifying a historic photograph. the American West, itinerant photographers There are several things that can throw you traveled the countryside, setting up tents, off track. The first consideration is that putting out signs, and making images of modern tourist photography sometimes people of all ranks and classes for posterity. imitates 19th century processes. Some of Family photographs are often a god- these “old-timey” portraits that you can have send for genealogists. But sometimes, made at county fairs and carnivals can be finding a photograph of an unidentified confused with the real thing. These photog- ancestor can be a “good news-bad news” raphers offer period costumes and accesso- situation. Problems usually begin when a ries for customers to wear, and even repro- researcher is handed a box of family duce historic types of photos—tintypes or photographs from Aunt Emily’s estate that daguerreotypes, for example—with great are undated, unidentified, and come with accuracy. If you’re not sure about the no supporting material to give clues about authenticity of your photograph, take it to an who these people are or what their family appraiser or to your local historical society or affiliation might be. Fortunately, there are a museum for identification. (Remember to call few ways to narrow down the possibilities. ahead to make an appointment at your local If you’re already heavy into your family historical society or museum.) history, then the research you’ve done will The final caution in identifying a help tremendously. Then, you just have to photograph through the clothing styles is know how to search for clues in the to remember that 19th century photogra- photographs themselves in order to date phers also lent clothing to their subjects. them and corroborate your information. Don’t assume that great-great Uncle There are three different ways that a Theophilous was wealthy because he was researcher can attack the problem of photo sporting a beautiful suit in his portrait. identification. The first way is to identify Etiquette developed in the 1800s about the photo process itself. Like any new proper dress for having one’s photograph technology, photographic processes have taken, and ladies and gentlemen were constantly improved. Fortunately, informa- advised in magazines and other publica- tion about the history of photography and tions about the most appropriate wardrobe the changes in photo processes is readily for the sitting. Since available. many people could 7 The second way to help identify a afford the price of the photograph is to look for a photographer’s photograph but could Vol  No  • WINTER 

not purchase new clothing, studio photog- rights to the process in the United States. raphers had a collection of “appropriate” The daguerreotype, named for its French garments for sitters to wear. inventor, came to the U.S. through patent For an authentic historic photograph, rights in 1847, and the popularity of this dating through clothing styles (even though process spread rapidly. the clothes might not belong to the sitter) Clothing styles of the late 1840s are can be helpful. Fortunately, people abided distinctive. Women wore tight-fitting by much more convention in dress in the blouses, sometimes called basques, with a 19th century than in the 20th or 21st full, wide skirt. The sleeves of the blouse or centuries. Generally, women always wore basque were tighter in the earlier part of dresses, men wore suits, and babies wore the decade, but became bell-shaped by the dresses until they reached a certain age, end. Older women wore lace collars or and then they were dressed like small bibs. Sometimes a short cape covered adults. What changed over the years was women’s shoulders. Female headwear fairly subtle: the silhouette or shape of the consisted of bonnets, often straw, tied with outfits changed, the fabrics changed, and a ribbon. Women and girls wore their hair the accessories and hairstyles changed. The parted in the middle and drew it back into only confusion arises when the sitter was a bun. At the beginning of the decade, wearing out-of-date clothing. Sometimes loose ringlets were worn over the ears. elderly people who sat for photographs Toward the end of the decade the ringlets wore clothes from a previous decade. disappear, but the parted hair droops over the ears. Overview of Photo Processes Men wore a fly-front trouser with a and Clothing Styles light cotton shirt that typically had a small, 1840s stand-up collar. A dark-colored necktie, tied Photography was invented in Europe in horizontally in a bowknot, finished the the late 1830s, and developed in England collar. Coats and shirts had long, narrow and France. Henry Fox developed the sleeves. The hair was worn short to me- collotype in England, but never sold the dium length, parted on the side. Facial hair consisted of a fringe beard.

1850s Photo processes flourished in the 1850s. Collodion, or wet-plate processing, was developed. The daguerreotype still pre- vailed, but by the mid-1850s, the ambrotype gained popularity. Tintypes were a variation on the process. “(N)either the tintype nor the ambrotype dealt the death blow to the daguerreotype. That was left to a third application of the collodion technique, the carte-de-visite photograph, patented in France by Disderi in 1854.” (Newhall, 1964.) In this process, a special camera produced multiple negatives. When developed, the prints were pasted on a 4 by 2-1/2 inch 8 mount. Mass production came to photogra- Courtesy of the Horner Collection, Oregon State phy through the carte-de-visite. University, #15270-1 Daguerrotype (1844). Women’s fashions changed slightly from the previous decade. Skirts were OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Courtesy of the Horner Collection, Oregon State University, #14939-5,6 Ambrotype (1858). becoming fuller and fuller. Corsets nar- often carried a trim, and buttoned down rowed the waist, and hoop skirts and the front like a uniform. A high, narrow, crinolines gave fullness to the skirts. The round collar finished the look. The shoul- bodice was much more jacket-like. Collars der line dropped, but the sleeve width were broad at the beginning of the decade, varied. Full skirts with pleats worn over but gradually became narrower. By the end hoops dominated. Hair was parted in the of the decade the hoop skirt was popular. center and covered the ears. Jewelry made from human hair was also Men wore longer, larger coats and prevalent. Sleeves on bodices were fuller, shirts with bowties or narrow ties. Trou- sometimes gathered at the wrist. Women sers were also wider, and suspenders wore decorative combs in their hair. common. Hair was parted on the side and Men’s coats were cut larger, with vests facial hair consisted of chin whiskers or a underneath. The shirt collar was turned beard. Full beards were fashionable by the over the tie, which was still wrapped end of the decade. around the throat. Pants legs got wider. Dress shirts had removable fronts. By the end of the decade, full beards were popular. Hair was longer and pomaded.

1860s In the United States, taxation for the Civil War gives clues to dating photographs. From 1864-1866, a tax stamp appeared on the back of photographs making them easy to identify. Carte-de-visite was still popular, along with ambrotypes and tintypes. By the end of the decade, Courtesy of the Horner collection, Oregon State University, 9 cabinet cards were introduced. #893-4-900 Tintype (1864–1866), (photo on front, civil war Clothing styles of the Civil War period stamp on back). took on a military flavor. Women’s bodices Vol  No  • WINTER 

moderate bell or three-quarter-length sleeve and a small, corseted waist. A black velvet ribbon often adorned the neck. Large lockets and jet beads were worn as accesso- ries. Hair was parted in the center and was sometimes worn loose and cascading down the back, or in a large braid with a hair comb. By the end of the decade the bustle diminished in size, sleeves narrowed and ruffles appeared at the neckline. Hair was still center-parted, but frizzed in front. Men wore narrower jackets, collarless shirts with detachable collars, and wide, striped ties worn in a loose knot. Fur hats and coats were popular with men. Hair was shorter.

1880s In this era, picture taking came out of the studio and into the American home. Smaller, more convenient cameras made photogra- phy accessible to the amateur. Eastman Kodak introduced its first camera in 1888. The 1880s were also distinctive years, fashion-wise. In women’s clothes, the bustle moved up higher on the back of the dress and became more pronounced. An overskirt often revealed a ruffled underskirt. Sleeves of the bodice developed a small puff at the shoulder. Higher collars predominated for both men and women. By the end of the decade, the bodice was tight, dropping below the waist. Sleeves were tighter as well, and the skirt often had an overskirt. Hair was worn frizzy at the crown. Accessories included muffs. Men’s coats and trousers were also shorter and narrower. White shirts were Courtesy of the Horner collection, Oregon State worn with a variety of ties. University, #15348-8, 4 Tintype (1870–75). 1870s 1890s Innovations in the photo process contin- With the refinement of gelatin emulsions, ued in this decade. The introduction of the photographic processes became easier to gelatin dry-plate process made the collo- handle. The developing and printing dion wet-plate process obsolete. process was separated from film-exposure In fashion, the 1870s brought in the era in the camera, and photography became 10 of the bustle skirt. Women’s skirts devel- accessible to the masses. Amateurs all over oped a large bustle by 1872. The female the world became enthusiastic picture- silhouette consisted of a high stand collar, takers. Taking snapshots was a huge fad. OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

In the world of fashion, women’s clothing took on a very dramatic silhouette. The large, ballooned, “leg-o-mutton” sleeve predominated by the end of the decade. A- line skirts were worn with gathered bodices that had high collars. Small straw boaters or bonnets with bird feathers were popular. Men wore small, narrow coats that buttoned high. Collars were stiff, coming up high on the neck by the end of the decade. Bowties prevailed. Short hair and moustaches were commonly worn by men of this era. A Special Note on Wedding Portraiture White wedding gowns did not become “traditional” until the 1930s. Prior to that Courtesy of the Horner Collection, Oregon State University, #893-8-57 Carte-de-visite (1880). era, women’s wedding attire changed with the fashion of the time. Around 1900, white Current and Current. Photography and the Old dresses were de rigeur for graduation or West. Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1978. second-day (honeymoon) wear. In wedding portraits, don’t look at the clothing, but at Dennis, Landt and Lisl. Collecting Photo- the sitters’ hands, which will be predomi- graphs: A Guide to The New Art Boom. E.P. nantly featured toward the camera, showing Dutton, New York, 1977. the wedding rings. Malcolm, Daniel. Inventing A New Art: Early Bibliography Photographs from the Rubel Collection. The Buckland, Gail. Reality Recorded: Early Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Documentary Photography. David and York, Spring, 1999. Charles, London, 1974. Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography. Courtesy of Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1964. the Horner Collection, Oregon State Taylor, Maureen. Uncovering Your Ancestry University, through Family Photographs. F and W #893-8-47 Carte-de-visite Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2000. (1885). Thomas, D.B. The First Negatives. A Science Museum Monograph, 1964.

Witkin, Lee D. and London, Barbara. The Photograph: A Collector’s Guide. New York Graphics Society, Little Brown, 1979.

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Irene Zenev, Exhibits Curator at the Benton County Historical Museum in Philomath, Oregon, 11 has been working with museum collections and developing exhibits since 1985. Resources for Tracing American Indian Ancestry

by Lorna Avery Scott ssisting those tracing American the southern Oregon coast. Many different Indian roots can be a fascinating tribes and bands were removed and located A and rewarding endeavor. Such a together on the Siletz and Grand Ronde search should begin with what is already Reservations. Closely related peoples known—a family name, a place of birth, a sometimes ended up separated by the photograph, a tribal identity. If an administrative boundaries of the adjoined ancestor’s name and tribe are known, a reservations. phone call to the tribe’s cultural director or A full census of tribal members was not enrollment clerk could yield the informa- conducted until the 1880s. However, tion sought. If less information is known, a annuity rolls were created to direct and more time-consuming search will be record the distribution of treaty-stipulated necessary. A search of this type must begin goods, and partial censuses were taken with the researcher and continue back into periodically from the 1850s on. Usually a his/her family’s history. This search may be partial census listed the head of each challenging and lead down many interest- family’s name as well as the number of ing roads. If the search is successful, the male and female adults and children in knowledge of one’s heritage gained will be each “household.” its own reward. When the allotment of parcels of The federal government has long been reservation lands to individual tribal involved in overseeing Indian affairs. members became the standard policy in the Because of this, the closest regional branch late 1880s to early 1890s, there were of the National Archives may have records generally good records kept regarding this that will be helpful and provide a good process. Allotment applications sometimes place to start. As an example, the Siletz included personal information that cannot and Grand Ronde Agencies of Oregon be found elsewhere. Figure 1 shows an were established in 1856. These agencies example of this type of information that were responsible for American Indians was located for me by my tribe’s cultural who had been removed from their lands in resources director, Robert Kentta. Similarly, the interior valleys of western Oregon and when original allottees passed away, there George Harney (sic), Chief of the Siletz Indians, Melissa Montgomery, my great-grandmother. 1875 (NARA).

12 OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

were sometimes elaborate Toledo, Benton County, Oregon proceedings to establish the January 9th 1892 most direct heirs to certain Hon. John W. Noble allotments. Affidavits given at Secretary of the Interior these proceedings sometimes Washington, D.C. included family history going Sir, back several generations. My wife (Melissa Montgomery) is a half breed Indian whose mother was full These allotment and heirship blood Indian brought on the Siletz Indian or probate records are kept in Reservation after the close of the Rogue the National Archives and river War in 1855–56. She (my wife’s mother was a sister to George Harney include names and dates that once chief of the Rogue Rivers and who may provide clues in the now lives upon the Siletz Reservation. My wife’s mother lived upon the reservation, search. For a further descrip- died, and was buried there. Now accord- tion of archival holdings, see ing to this relationship, I wish to ask if my National Archives and Records wife and her children are entitled to an allotment of land upon the Siletz reserva- Administration resources listed tion. My wife’s mother’s name was below. Abagail. Please inform me as to the facts of this Since many American matter at your earliest convenience. Indians chose to leave reserva- Yours truly, tions long ago, they simply are not listed on tribal rolls. In Charles E. Montgomery these cases, other resources Figure 1: Allotment application written in 1892 requesting land for Melissa Montgomery and revealing her may need to be located. Some relationship to George Harney. reservations or regional offices of Indian affairs kept “Public Domain The Hudson’s Bay Company Archives and Indian Censuses” or “4th Section Allotment various church records have cleared up Rolls” for Indian individuals or families more than a few family mysteries. Micro- who remained “off reservation.” These filmed newspapers can be useful as well. rolls are separate from “tribal rolls” and are For example, if a date of death is known, meant for Indians whom the government an obituary might have been printed in a considered to have “severed” or “relin- local newspaper. Cemeteries and cemetery quished” tribal affiliations. Special Home- records can also provide clues. For stead Law amendments and the 4th instance, since I knew where my great Section of the 1887 General Allotment Act uncle was buried, I decided to take a walk made provisions for these non-reservation in that cemetery. I discovered a large Indians. They were considered discon- monument marking my great nected from their tribes and on their way grandmother’s grave and was able to to early U.S. citizenship. determine her date of birth. Until that State and local museums and historical discovery, I had been unable to locate societies may also possess helpful re- that information anywhere. sources. Journals, diaries, and other papers University and college libraries can of Indian agents, the agency doctor, or provide valuable resources. For example, others involved in activities at the reserva- The Valley Library at Oregon State Univer- tion in question often end up in other than sity has the Indian census rolls for the years federal repositories and can sometimes 1885–1940. Although the data on these rolls give a more detailed record than the often vary somewhat, most give the person’s dry and impersonal agency records. Fur English and/or Indian name, roll number, 13 trading post employees and missionaries age or date of birth, sex, and relationship to often kept detailed accounts of things far the head of the family. Starting in 1930, the beyond the scope of inventory and prices. rolls also indicate the degree of Indian OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

blood as well as other information. (For native Americans. This microfilm file more details about the Valley Library’s contains an index of other documents that holdings, see the resources listed below.) can be ordered from Salt Lake City. Once the microfilm records arrive, the particular Tribal Enrollment information sought can be located and If a researcher has located information copied. The center I visited in Corvallis has about an American Indian ancestor and both a copy machine and a microfilm wishes to become an enrolled tribal viewing station. The locality files also list member, he/she will need to contact the books that may be helpful. Although these tribe’s enrollment officer and probably books are not available at the history meet blood quantum and possibly other centers, they may be available through requirements. Since each tribe is an interlibrary loan. individual entity, requirements for enroll- ment vary. Perhaps the simplest way to National Archives and Records locate this information can be found Administration—Pacific Alaska Region Tombstone of my great through the resources located on the (Seattle) grandmother’s grave located in Bureau of Indian Affairs Web site. Enroll- E-mail [email protected] or phone Toledo, Oregon: ment criteria are explained and names and (206) 526-6501. A pamphlet entitled Melissa Wife of addresses are provided for contacting tribal Finding Native American Ancestors at the Charles E. Montgomery entities. The Native American Nations Web National Archives Pacific Alaska Region Born July 15, 1859 site provides links to various tribes’ Web (Seattle) is available on request. Note that Died Jan. 11 1899 pages. These provide another means of there are regional archives throughout the contacting one’s tribe. United States with holdings indigenous to their particular geographic areas. These Resources regional archives can be located and Locating and gaining access to appropriate accessed at http://www.nara.gov/. resources can be a daunting task. Many This resource is especially valuable for institutions are being inundated with those tracing ancestry among Northwest requests for genealogical information these Indian tribes. Its holdings include the Indian days, so researchers must be prepared to Census Rolls for 1884–1940. These rolls were be patient and persistent. compiled annually, and include both tribe and band. Although they are not indexed, Bureau of Indian Affairs once a name is located in a particular year, it To order a packet of information on tracing can be found in the same relative position on American Indian ancestry, dial (202) 208- the rolls for other years. The regular national 6123. Follow the recorded directions, and the census taken in 1900 and 1910 included a packet should arrive within four to six special schedule for Indians. The 1910 weeks. records are partially indexed. These records have been soundexed, or phonetically coded, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day which may prove very helpful. Also available Saints Family History Centers are the land allotment records described Many communities have a family history above and enrollment records from the center connected with this church. These Chemawa Indian School located near Salem, centers are staffed by volunteers who can Oregon. Note that when having trouble assist in accessing information held in finding a name on older census rolls, check- archives maintained in Salt Lake City. Each ing for spelling variations and name reversals 14 center has locality files for each state. For may be necessary. For example, changes example, to search for Oregon tribes, pull such as Strong Bill to William Strong or the Oregon locality file and look under Depot Charley to Charles DePoe are a very Vol  No  • WINTER 

common practice in Indian Country. Some of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints- these records are on microfilm or indexed on History Center microfilm. Others are original records. At http://www.familysearch.org/ some point, researchers may need to phone This site describes services available at The or e-mail an archivist at NARA (see above Family History Library in Salt Lake City, listing) for further assistance. Also, it should Utah. It features an interactive genealogy be noted that some original records have service. When family information is input, it been neither microfilmed nor copied and can provides links to relevant data. be found only in the Washington, DC NARA. National Archives and Records The Oregon Historical Society at the Oregon Administration History Center—Portland, Oregon http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/ The Oregon Historical Society Library in This source accesses a catalog of microfilm Portland possesses both primary and second- publications. When the genealogy page is ary documents relevant to American Indian reached, select the online list of microform genealogical research. The staff is helpful catalogs and finding aids. From the next and will assist researchers in locating and screen, select American Indians. Next, accessing the information they seek. Contact select the catalog of NARA microfilm the society by phone at (503) 222-1741. publications. There are eight categories. Probably the most relevant would be Internet Sources those records relating to census rolls and Web sites found through Internet searches other enrollments. These microfilm can provide up-to-the-minute information. documents are available for purchase. Some are incomplete, inaccurate, infre- quently updated, or difficult to navigate. http://www.nara.gov/nara/nail.html Others provide valuable information and This source allows a search of archival are well worth a look. holdings. Only those documents that have been digitized can be accessed. For Broken Threads example, the Dawes rolls of the “Five http://homepages.rootsweb.com/ Civilized Nations” are available. Also, ~snowdawn/ copies of enrollment cards for those Advice for those researching American nations can be accessed. Indian roots is provided. Also included are over a hundred links to other sites. Native American Nations http://www.nativeculture.com/ Bureau of Indian Affairs lisamitten/nations.html http://www.doi.gov/bia/ancestry/ This site contains a list of American Indian index.htm Nations with links to sites that have either This government source provides a guide been set up by the nations themselves or to tracing American Indian ancestry. This are sites devoted to a particular nation. comprehensive site contains links to They are in alphabetical order by tribe and information about ancestry and genealogi- include both federally recognized tribes as cal research. A link for those of Cherokee well as unrecognized tribes. ancestry is included as well as information about the Dawes rolls. A general descrip- Oregon Historical Society tion of the enrollment process in a feder- http://www.ohs.org/ ally recognized tribe is also provided. When the Society’s home page is reached, 15 click on “Visit the Oregon Historical OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

(1878) Heads of Families and Individual Indians Entitled to Supplies at Siletz Company Toledo Oregon No. in Names Indian Names English Translations Family Bill Te sue hone Many Men 3 Scalley Scal — lee Dirty Nose 2 Morris Ghil se Dry Back 3 Warner Sut-la-til-us Sing & Run 6 Santa Lawson Santa Lawson same as Flesh 6 Rogue Rivers George Harney Al-hale-y Forehead with hair 7 Evans Bill Men ge ena Killed & alive again 3 James Buchanan Se-me-sa 2

Partial census from 1878 listing George Harney, my great-grandmother’s uncle.

Society.” Choose “Collections,” and then Print Resources the “Horizon Online Catalog.” From this Although I have not reviewed these location the library’s collections can be references personally, I have included searched by author, title, or subject. descriptions given by others.

Valley Library Oregon State University Carpenter, Cecelia Svinth. How to Research http://osulibrary.orst.edu/research/srg/ American Indian Blood Lines: A Manual on nativeam.htm Indian Genealogical Research. 1994. 109 This site provides information about the pp. Four Winds Indian Books, PO Box 544, Valley Library’s American Indian collection York, NE 68467, 1-800-775-3125. This book and provides links to other sources as well. explains how to get started as well as problems that might be encountered. It State Historical Society of Missouri Native describes how to locate information in American Genealogy various records including census, marriage, http://www.system.missouri.edu/shs/ and death records. Information on tribal nativeam.html registration is also included. In addition to general instructions for those seeking information on American Indian Platle, Ron. How You Can Trace Your Family ancestry, this site includes links to a variety Roots. 1996. 32 pp. Four Winds Indian of American Indian genealogy web sites as Books, PO Box 544, York, NE 68467, 1-800- well as links to Cherokee-specific sites. A list 775-3125. This booklet contains forms, of books and references is also included. sources, guidelines, and procedures for research as well as relevant record keeping. WWW Virtual Library—American Indians— It includes a four-page supplement for those Index of Native American Genealogy wishing to trace their Indian heritage. Resources on the Internet http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/ ✥ ✥ ✥ ✥ ✥ indices/NAgenealogy.html 16 The title of this comprehensive site is an accurate description of what is provided. There are over 50 links to various resources. Vol  No  • WINTER 

Lorna Avery Scott was born into a Corvallis Judy Juntunen, Assistant Director/Librarian, pioneer family where she developed a lifelong Benton County Historical Society and interest in local history. She taught in Corvallis for thirty-six years and is now retired. Museum, Philomath, Oregon.

My own search was brief and successful, Susan H. Karren, Director Archival Opera- since I had the necessary names and knew tions, National Archives and Records my tribal identity. For those who lack that Administration—Pacific Alaska Region, knowledge, the search will be much more Seattle, Washington. difficult. In order to provide information to Robert Kentta, Cultural Resources Director, librarians assisting patrons conducting Confederated Tribes of Siletz, Siletz, Oregon. challenging research, I needed to locate sources that would be helpful. I learned Bob Kingston, Catalog Assistant, Oregon many things during this process and could Historical Society Library, Portland, Oregon. not have obtained this information if it had not been for the generous assistance of the Clara Royer, Volunteer, Family History following people. I would like to express my Center, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day thanks to all of them. My very special thanks Saints, Corvallis, Oregon. go to Robert Kentta who checked and rechecked my statements about tribal history Joe Toth, Social Science Librarian, Valley for accuracy and content. His knowledge Library, Oregon State University, Corvallis, and support were invaluable to me. Oregon.

HOLLINGER

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17 The Molecular Genealogy Research Project

by Ugo A. Perego, MS, Introduction organisms and is the repository of heredi- Natalie M. Myres, MS A couple of months ago, we received an tary traits. The human genome (DNA) is the and email with the following request, “In 1986, complete genetic blueprint of a person, and Scott R. Woodward, PhD my husband and I adopted a 5 month old it consists of over three billion chemical boy who was abandoned at birth, which pairs. It is found mainly in the nucleus of means we have no background informa- cells, in structures known as chromosomes: tion on the biological parents. He is bi- 23 received from the father and 23 received racial and they could not tell us his from the mother. In addition to nuclear nationality other than he is possibly Asian. DNA, there is also genetic material found Now that our son is 15 years old, he would inside mitochondria (mitochondria are like to know what nationality he actually is energy-producing organelles found in the as he gets questions all the time from cytoplasm). These genetic components friends. Is there anything in your research contain all of the necessary information for program that could help us to determine the foundation and the sustaining of human his nationality? I think it would be almost life. The color of our eyes, our height, our impossible to find the parents, but he predisposition to certain diseases are just a wants to know his nationality.” few examples of what is contained in the This request is not unique. Many people DNA of our cells. find themselves at a dead end with their genealogical research. Written records are What is Molecular Genealogy? simply not available, or not reliable. No DNA is transmitted from one generation to matter how willing they are to search for the the next. Some parts are passed almost needed information, there is almost no hope unchanged, while others experience a high to find the missing link with their past. rate of recombination. This mode of Sometimes, these precious ties with the past transmission from parents to children are destroyed by fire or flood. Other times, creates an unbreakable link between migrations or adoptions form a huge barrier generations and it can be of great help in between the branches (the present) and the reconstructing our family histories. Molecu- roots (the past) of our family trees. What can lar Genealogy is therefore a new way to do be done when these situations arise for those genealogy, where DNA is used in associa- who are desperately searching for their own tion with traditional written records. Since origins and personal identity? we have inherited our genetic material Genetic research with the purpose of from our ancestors, our relatives share with tracing genealogies by using DNA is us a portion of this information. The closer currently underway at Brigham Young the relative, the greater the amount of University. This study is known as the genetic information that is shared. This Molecular Genealogy Research Project means that inside any family unit, the (MGRP) and its main goal is to develop a members of that unit share a greater database containing correlated genealogi- quantity of genetic material than those cal and genetic data from all over the outside of it. In other words, even though world. This instrument will then be used to the entire DNA sequence of an individual is assist those having problems finding unique to that individual, similar genetic information about their family history. information can be found among those that descend from common ancestors. The What is DNA? objective of Molecular Genealogy is to DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the establish family links among individuals, 18 genetic material containing all of the families, tribes and populations by using genetic information necessary for living the information encoded in DNA. OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Why Do Molecular Genealogy? The Y Chromosome For some people genealogy is a hobby, The surname is not the only thing that is while for others it is part of finding out passed from father to son. One of the 46 who they are. In general, there is great chromosomes in every male is known as interest in understanding the origin and the Y chromosome (Ycs). This chromo- history of different populations. Written some is passed almost unchanged from records, pictures, archeological findings, father to son. Unless there is a case of and other material can provide important adoption or illegitimacy, the Ycs follows a information used to elucidate personal and strictly paternal line. This portion of DNA is world history. History books are the result relatively small compared to the entire of these types of research. Unfortunately, genome, but it is widely used in establish- because of the lack of such material, it is ing relationships among individuals sharing not always possible to reconstruct the the same, or similar last names. Fig.1 shows history of an individual or of a people. the inheritance pattern of the Ycs from one This can become a serious obstacle for those who are trying to reconstruct their own origins. Because each of us has received our genetic material from those that came before, we are literally a living record of our family history. The use of DNA in genealogy will bring additional information to those who have reached a wall in their search for ancestors.

How Do You Do Molecular Genealogy? DNA is extracted from samples donated by volunteers using simple techniques. Although there are many ways to obtain generation to the next, following the genetic material, the MGRP uses blood paternal line. Males are represented by samples. Blood samples are used because squares, while circles represent females. they yield DNA of superior quality and The Ycs of individual 1 is represented in higher quantity than other sampling black. Males 4, 8, 11 and 15 have the same methods. Each sample is analyzed at Ycs inherited from ancestor 1. Individuals approximately 250 loci (sections of DNA) 13 and 18 have different Ycs because they across the entire genome. This genetic belong to a different male line. This information is correlated to the genealogi- method was used to compare individuals cal data provided by the donors. The only sharing a common paternal ancestor with genealogical information gathered is places President Thomas Jefferson with descen- and dates of birth. Names are substituted dants of Sally Hemmings (one of President with codes to protect participants’ confi- Jefferson’s slaves). The Ycs analysis re- dentiality. People who belong to the same vealed that Sally’s descendants share a family groups or that share common places common Ycs with President Jefferson’s of origin will also share common genetic descendants, and therefore belong to the identifiers. This process will allow the same family. MGRP to reconstruct a genetic map of the world that will be used to help people The Mitochondrial DNA with blocked genealogies in tracing their As explained above, the nucleus is not the 19 family origins. only part of the cell that contains genetic Vol  No  • WINTER 

material. Inside the mitochondria there is a small portion of DNA (mtDNA) that is transmitted from a mother to all of her children, males and females. However, only daughters will pass the mtDNA to their children. Because of this property, the mtDNA is also widely used in genea- logical research. Fig.2 shows the inherit- ance pattern of the mtDNA through a number of generations, this time following

somes. Unfortunately, these chromosomes are not transmitted in as clear a manner as the Ycs and the mtDNA. In order to trace the movement of these chromosomes through time and space, it is necessary to develop a very large database that will represent world populations.

a strictly maternal line. The color black is The Application used to show all the people sharing the Every person that is born has (or had) two same mtDNA. They all inherited the parents, four grandparents, eight great- mtDNA from the common ancestor 2. grandparents, and so on. At each genera- Individuals 15 and 16 have mtDNA tion the number of ancestors doubles. This different from individuals 17 and 18 means that at the thirtieth generation (ca. because they belong to a different mater- 750 years) every person alive today should nal line. have had over a billion ancestors (Fig.4). However, the estimated world population The Remaining Chromosomes for the year A.D. 1250 is 400 million. This The Ycs and the mtDNA are relatively discrepancy is explained by the fact that at easy to use because they experience little some point in the past we all begin to recombination and they follow strict share ancestors (Fig.5). Therefore the total inheritance patterns. However, their use number of actual ancestors is much smaller places serious limitations on our search for than the number of possible ancestors ancestors. Within five generations, only (Fig.6). This means that we are all related two of sixteen great-great-grandparents to different degrees. These family ties are can be identified with these two methods continually lost at each generation. For (Fig.3). The majority of one’s DNA (and example, few people know their third or one’s family history) resides in the rest of fourth degree cousins, even though they the genome—the remaining chromo- share ancestors relatively close in time. somes. To better use genetics in genea- The genetic and genealogical work 20 logical research it will be fundamentally being conducted at BYU through the MGRP important to use the remaining chromo- will result in the construction of a world- OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

In Peru, most people know little about their past because of the absence of written records, and because of migrations within the country, particularly toward the larger cities. Within just a few generations, these movements have caused a gap between the present population and the past genera- tions. Through the analysis of modern and ancient DNA, it was possible to link together the mummies of San Josè de Moro with the modern population of Cajamarca (Fig.7). Similarly, a number of genetic characteristics of the people living on the shore of Lake Titicaca are also found in other villages. These similar genetic traits shared by people of diverse locations could have resulted from Inca conquests that displaced local peoples to other parts of the country, in order to maintain control over them (Fig.7). This is just one example of how it is possible to shed light on the history of a people with limited written records through genetic analysis.i

The Database In the past eighteen months, over 20,000 people have volunteered to participate in the MGRP by donating blood samples and four-generation pedigree charts. These samples have come mainly from people that wide family tree that will link people together based on the genetic information inherited from common ancestors. This knowledge will be of great use to those people living in countries that do not have written records. For example, researchers from BYU collected over 6,500 DNA samples among different population groups in Peru, with the objective of increasing our understanding concerning the complex history of this country. These samples were collected in large cities along the coast and in small villages in the mountains. Among these samples were some collected from the ancient mummies in San Josè de Moro. 21 Vol  No  • WINTER 

live in the United States. Other sample Conclusion collections have taken place in Oceania, Blocked genealogies, adoptions, and Europe, South America and the Middle East. records that are missing or unreliable are The first objective of the MGRP is to all situations in which the MGRP might create a database of correlated genetic and provide some help. The success of this genealogical information representative of project is based on the participation of worldwide populations. To accomplish this individuals with known genealogies from goal, the MGRP will collect at least 100,000 all over the world in the construction of the samples from all over the world. The database. The MGRP is willing to work database will continue to grow until every with groups that can help in accelerating population of the earth is properly repre- the process of developing the database. A sented, both genealogically and geneti- packet of instructions will be sent to all cally. The collection and the analysis of those interested in organizing such groups. these first 100,000 samples will take at Participants need to be eighteen or older least four years. Participants in the first and provide a biological pedigree chart in stage of the project will not receive any the form of paper or GEDCOM file. information back because of confidential- Qualified medical personnel will ity issues. As the database progresses and perform the blood draws and the MGRP genetic markers of specific populations are will provide all the necessary equipment identified, the MGRP will use this informa- for the collection of the samples. Those tion to assist individuals with genealogical interested in learning more about the questions that cannot be answered using MGRP, or who would like to organize a traditional written methods. group to be included in the database can use one of the following contacts: Special Cases Write: Molecular Genealogy Research As explained in this article, the main goal Project 775 WIDB Brigham of the MGRP is to complete the worldwide Young University, Provo, UT 84602 database. This is stage one of the project. Email: [email protected] Many answers regarding the migration of Fax: (801) 378-1576 populations and the reconstruction of For more information concerning the family trees will come with the availability progress of the research, visit the Web site of the database. In the meantime, the at: http://molecular-genealogy.byu.edu/. MGRP can assist in solving a certain number of family situations defined as iJoel E. Myres, PhD (1969–2001) was responsible for “Special Cases.” At the moment, many of the collection and analysis of the Peruvian samples. these cases are limited to the use of the At the time of his premature death, Dr. Myres was in Ycs and mtDNA analysis. As the database charge of the special cases and co-principal investiga- grows, it will be possible to work on more tor for the MGRP. complex cases, such as the one cited in the introduction. Participating in the Ugo A. Perego has many responsibilites with the Molecular Genealogy Research Group. He is construction of the database does not the Director of Public Relations and his main imply necessarily qualification as a “special job is to find the 100,000 participants for the case.” Those individuals who think they project worldwide. He organizes the presenta- might have a genealogical situation that tions and blood draws, and writes articles and can be solved with the use of genetics answers to inquires pertaining to the project. He also maintains the Web site, offers presentations should contact the MGRP. and helps with the special cases. He has a 22 background in accounting and health sciences and a masters in Health Science from BYU. Genealogy and the Virtual Library

by Thomas Jay Kemp enealogy has always been at the They are in the process of adding the cutting edge of technology. complete backfile of The New York Times, all G In the early 1940s, Fremont Rider of the Revolutionary War Pension and was the Librarian at Wesleyan University Bounty Land Warrant Application files, and and an early proponent of virtual libraries. images/indexes of the entire US Census, 1790 Based on the micro-formats of his day he to 1930, etc. Gale (http://www.gale.com/) envisioned research libraries filled with provides libraries with in-library access to a microtext copies of books shelved directly wide array of biographical and genealogical in card catalogs. These microtext cards materials indexes, as well as the images/ would then be removed from the card indexes to census records between the years catalog as requested and read by research- 1790 and 1920, the Social Security Death ers. He was using cutting edge technology Index, and Periodical Source Index (PERSI), to save space and accommodate the and plans to add Filby’s Passenger and growing number of books acquired annu- Immigration Lists Index. ally by libraries. He left Wesleyan in 1951 American libraries have been collecting and founded one of the key genealogical genealogy and local history materials for libraries in the country, the Godfrey Memo- the past 370 years. The public’s interest in rial Library in Middletown, Connecticut. genealogy has steadily grown, taken a Librarians today are focused on provid- phenomenal turn in the past 25 years and ing more and more service online to the in the last 5 years has shifted to “warp” public. Hundreds of libraries, genealogical speed. We have gone from a time when and historical societies, and other groups genealogists had to go to a library or are mounting various levels of research archives to do their research to a time content on their Web sites. The Library of when images and indexes of primary Congress’ enormous American Memory documents are full-text searchable online. Project, begun in the late 1980s and Every library in Oregon of every size launched in 1995, is steadily growing to its can now, today, provide their patrons with goal of providing full-text and digital in-house and remote access to the core images of thousands of the key records genealogical reference materials that and books in its collection. The University previously meant a trip to multiple libraries of Michigan began its Making of America and archives. All the more powerful when project in the fall of 1995, and it has we remember that genealogy is the most mounted over 1,600 books and serials and requested reference topic by adults in our has plans to add 7,500 more titles within libraries. It is a good feeling when we can the next two years. Michael Hart began the give our patrons all that they need and oldest of these projects, Project Gutenberg, more to meet their research needs. in 1971. “The Project Gutenberg Philoso- phy is to make information, books and 1Project Gutenberg Web site, other materials available to the general http://www.promo.net/pg/history.html public in forms a vast majority of the Thomas Jay Kemp is an OLA member and the computers, programs and people can Chair of ALA’s Genealogy Committee. He has easily read, use, quote, and search.”1 written numerous articles on genealogy and the Using this same philosophy, commercial Internet for Library Journal, and is the author data providers like ProQuest Information & of the Genealogist’s Virtual Library: Full-text books on the World Wide Web (2000) and the Learning (http://wwwlib.umi.com/geneal- International Vital Records ogy/main.htm) offer libraries remote access Handbook, 4th ed. (2001). He for their patrons to the images of every page works at Heritage Quest, 23 in more than 25,000 genealogies from the which was recently purchased Library of Congress, all fully searchable. by ProQuest. Basic African American Family Research Oregon and Other Resources

onstruct a very basic ancestor tree, Federal censuses have been taken By Jacqueline E. A. beginning with YOU and going every ten years, beginning in 1790. Micro- Lawson, CGRS C backwards to your furthest-back (a film of all Federal censuses is available term used by the late James Dent Walker, except for the year 1890, most of which who was an African American archivist at was burned in a fire in the 1920s. The most Editor’s Note: We often assume the National Archives), known ancestor. recent Federal census currently open to the that a specialized topic, such as This basic tree should include as many public is the 1920. The 1930 census will be African American genealogy, dates and places as known, but should available to the public in April 2002. must use specialized materials include only the information that does not Begin with the 1920 Federal census and from the beginning of the have to be researched. That is, for this work backwards. The reason for beginning process. Certified Genealogical beginning step, simply include what you with 1920 is that, regardless of what we Researcher Jacqueline E. A. know right now. think we know about our family, the Lawson takes us through this It is advised that beginning researchers census often reveals additional children and research process from the select one ancestral line at a time for even second and third marriages about beginning, and then recom- researching. Decide which ancestral line which we had not known. You must know mends titles that would augment you want to research first. Beginning with the surname (last name) of the individual a reference collection—or a the furthest-back ancestor of that line, who would have been the head of a personal research library. construct a descendant tree or outline. This household in that year. You must also should include the brothers and sisters of know the state in which that individual was each person in each generation. Hopefully, living in 1920. The 1920 census will reveal you have a genealogy computer program, places (states) of birth so that we know such as FamilyTreeMaker™, to input your where to look for the family in preceding information. This program will automati- census years. cally produce ancestor and descendant Once you have identified the family in trees, among other charts and lists. that year, you will search for them in the Your research purpose now should be previous census year (1910), then in 1900, etc. to fill in the blank spaces regarding: A point to consider: If you have a male ancestor who was 72 years old or older in • dates and places of birth 1920, he may have volunteered to serve • marriage during the Civil War and applied for a • death pension. The Civil War pension files are a • names of spouses and children great resource for family history informa- tion. Make a list of the individuals included A second point to consider: If you have in the descendant tree or outline, and an ancestor who died, as an adult, after indicate what documents are needed— 1960, that ancestor may be included in the birth, marriage, and death records. (Such a Social Security Death Index. This index is list can be produced from available at Family History Centers and may FamilyTreeMaker™.) also be available in the Genealogy Section Send for the documents needed. While of your local library [Editor’s note: The waiting for these documents, conduct Social Security Death Index, as well as the research of Federal censuses. These are Oregon Death Index, may be available available at the National Archives in through your regional reference library, Seattle. If this site is not convenient, census such as SOLIC in Southern Oregon]. microfilm should be available at the local Information contained on the Social public library or historical society library Security Death Index will provide you with 24 (or via interlibrary loan), or they may be the date of birth (for birth certificates) and ordered from Salt Lake City through the the date and place of death (for death local Family History Center. certificates). Vol  No  • WINTER 

Publications Pertaining This publication is updated periodically, so Specifically to Oregon no publication date is given here. It con- Bosco-Milligan Foundation. Cornerstones tains forms (which may be photocopied) for of Community: Buildings of Portland’s requesting birth, marriage and death African American History. The Founda- records for each state. Also includes ad- tion, August 1995. dresses and telephone numbers, as well as Contains a master list of individuals, prices of documents. Researcher should call institutions, and businesses as well as ten first to find out current prices. area maps. Describes the changes in the Because I conduct research for all parts community throughout the years. of the United States, one of my favorite resources is the National Zip Code Directory, Davis, Lenwood G., comp. Blacks in the a two-volume set. Near the end of the State of Oregon, 1788–1971 [A Bibliogra- second volume is a “Numerical List of Post phy of Published Works and of Unpublished Offices By Zip Code…” I use this to deter- Source Materials on the Life and Achieve- mine the location at the time of death of an ments of Black People in the Beaver State]. individual who is listed on the Social Monticello Il: Council of Planning Librar- Security Death Index. That index usually ians, 1974. shows the zip code of the last residence and the zip code where benefits were sent. Little, William A., & James E. Weiss, ed. Blacks in Oregon: A Statistical and Histori- Research Sites cal Report. Portland State University: Black Federal Studies Center and Center for Population National Archives—Pacific Alaska Region Research and Census, 1978 (Seattle) 6125 Sand Point Way NE McLagan, Elizabeth. A Peculiar Paradise: A Seattle, WA 98115 History of Blacks in Oregon, 1788–1940. Phone: 206-526-6507 Portland, Oregon: Georgian Press, 1980 Local Portland Bureau of Planning. The History Family History Centers of Portland’s African American Commu- (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day nity (1805 to the Present). Portland: City of Saints). Portland Planning Bureau, February 1993. The Family History Centers have Contains maps and many photographs, and indexes (on computer as well as three pages of related articles and books. microfiche) to the holdings in Salt Lake City. Use this resource for finding and Reference Books Used Personally ordering early birth, marriage, and Burroughs, Tony. Black Roots. A death certificates which may not be Beginner’s Guide to Tracing the African available at the specific county or state American Family Tree. New York : Fire- offices. They also include city directo- side, 2001. ries, court records (wills, probate), and many other sources of information not Byers, Paula K., Ed. African American found elsewhere. Genealogical Sourcebook. Gale Research Inc., 1995. City Public Library Kemp, Thomas Jay. International Vital Most larger city libraries include a 25 Records Handbook. Genealogical Publish- Genealogy Section. Such a section ing co., Inc. would hold reference books of births, OREGON LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

marriages, and deaths, genealogies of genealogical research. During the past specific families, information on three years, however, I have become an histories of cities and counties, etc. advocate of “surfing the net” and have found innumerable resources this way. My State current favorite is Ancestry.com, where I State Archives have located marriage records, city direc- State archives hold publications and tory listings, and census citations that other material relating specifically to would have taken me weeks to obtain. that state and may include indexes to I do caution the reader, however: Unless local births, marriages, divorces, and the material has been digitized using the deaths. original document, any use of internet- retrieved information should be docu- Genealogical and Historical Societies mented personally. For example, if you Check for locations in the specific cities should find a marriage listed in an index, and counties being researched. It may send for the actual marriage document for be helpful to join the society of your authenticity. research site. These resources should give you and your genealogical customers an idea of Internet possible resources available to them, to My personal family history was conducted begin the rewarding process of finding years before Internet became popular for their African American ancestors.

26 27 Oregon Library Association 2001–2002 Executive Board

President OEMA Representative Oregon Young Adult Network Janet Webster Kelly Kuntz Heidi Weisel Marilyn Potts Guin Library Beaverton School District Corvallis-Benton County Public Library OSU/Hatfield Marine Science Center 503.591.4286 541.766.6784 541.867.0108 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ALA Representative Public Library Division Vice President/President-elect Wyma Rogers Rob Everett Connie Bennett Newport Public Library Eugene Public Library Eugene Public Library 541.265.2153 541.682.8314 541.682.5363 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] PNLA Representative Support Staff Division Past President Carolynn Avery Diane Bolen Anne Van Sickle State Library Willamette University McMinnville Public Library 503.378.4243 x269 503.370.6673 503.435.5550 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] State Librarian Trustees and Friends Division Secretary Jim Scheppke Barbara Wright Barbara O’Neill Oregon State Library Hillsboro Public Library Washington County Cooperative 503.378.4367 503.644.7307 x221 Library Services [email protected] [email protected] 503.988.5577 [email protected] Academic Library Division Member at Large Sara Brownmiller Shirley Roberts Treasurer University of Oregon Eastern Oregon University Suzanne Sager 541.346.2368 541.962.3540 Portland State University [email protected] [email protected] 503.725.8169 [email protected] Children’s Services Division Dan White Parliamentarian Douglas County Library System Ed House 541.440.6009 Beaverton City Library [email protected] 503.526.3705 [email protected] The Publications Committee

Colleen Bell, chair Fred Reenstjerna Mary Ellen Kenreich, ex officio University of Oregon Douglas County Library System Portland State University Ad Coordinator Juanita Benedicto Victoria Scott University of Oregon University of Portland Pam North, ex officio Sherwood Public Library Sue Jenkins Rachel Mendez Editor, OLA Hotline Driftwood Public Library Multnomah County Library System Editor, OLA Web Site Kris Kern Portland State University Upcoming Conferences March 1, 2002 Online Northwest, Eugene http://www.ous.edu/onlinenw/ April 17–19, 2002 Building Bridges Oregon Library Association and Washington Library Association Joint Conference, Portland http://www.olaweb.org

June 26–29, 2002 LOEX-of-the-West 2002 Expanded Conversations: Collaborating for Student Learning http://libweb.uoregon.edu/loexwest/

July 12, 2002 Gateways 2002, Newport http://library.willamette.edu/ssd/conf.htm

Oregon Library Association Non-Profit Organization P.O. Box 2042 U.S. Postage Salem, OR 97308-2042 PAID Permit No. 121 Salem, OR