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WATER, ICE, and METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS at SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, BALANCE YEAR 2003 Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5210 U.S

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WATER, ICE, and METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS at SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, BALANCE YEAR 2003 Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5210 U.S WATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, BALANCE YEAR 2003 Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5210 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Cover: Photograph of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, from the north-northwest, August 19, 2003 (photograph by Austin Post for the U.S. Geological Survey). Water, Ice, and Meteorological Measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, Balance Year 2003 By William R. Bidlake, Edward G. Josberger, and Mark E. Savoca Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5210 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2005 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Bidlake, W.R., Josberger, E.G., and Savoca, M.E., 2005, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, Balance Year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5210, 48 p. iii Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Previous Work …………………………………………………………………………… 3 Purpose and Scope ……………………………………………………………………… 3 Description and Climate of the Study Area ……………………………………………… 3 Study Methods ……………………………………………………………………………… 5 Meteorological and Streamflow Measurements ………………………………………… 5 Glacier Mass Balance and Related Principles ………………………………………… 7 Glaciological Measurements …………………………………………………………… 8 Photogrammetric Measurements ……………………………………………………… 9 Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 9 Meteorological and Streamflow Data …………………………………………………… 9 Winter Balance ………………………………………………………………………… 29 Net Balance ……………………………………………………………………………… 33 Summer and Annual Balances ………………………………………………………… 41 Some Sources of Mass-Balance Errors ………………………………………………… 41 Terminus Retreat, Glacier Area, and Equilibrium Line …………………………………… 41 Ice Movement …………………………………………………………………………… 43 Summary and Conclusions …………………………………………………………………… 45 References Cited ……………………………………………………………………………… 46 iv Figures Figure 1. Map showing location of the study area, South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington ……………………………………………………………………… 2 Figure 2. Map showing south Cascade Lake Basin and vicinity, Washington ……………… 4 Figure 3. Photographs showing self-adjusting mount for an air-temperature sensor over a glacier ……………………………………………………………………… 5 Figure 4. Mosaic image of south Cascade Glacier, Washington, September 13, 2003 ……… 10 Figure 5. Graphs showing hourly average air temperature at selected sites in and near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ………………… 11 Figure 6. Graphs showing air temperature at three sites at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, July 9–September 30, 2003 ………………………………………… 18 Figure 7. Graphs showing hourly average atmospheric water-vapor pressure, wind speed, and incoming solar radiation at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ……………………… 21 Figure 8. Graphs showing recorded stage of Middle Tarn, South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, and recorded stage of Salix Creek and hourly precipitation (gage catch) at the Salix Creek gaging station, Salix Creek Basin, Washington, water year 2003 …………………………………………… 25 Figure 9. Map showing snow depth at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 7–11, 2003 …………………………………………………………………… 30 Figure 10. Graph showing snow-water equivalent as it varied with altitude on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 2003 ………………………………… 32 Figure 11. Map showing altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 2003, measured from variously dated vertical aerial photographs ……………………… 34 Figure 12. Graph showing summer balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, as it varied with average air temperature at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, June through September ……………………… 37 Figure 13. Graph showing net balance as it varied with altitude on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, balance year 2003 ………………………………………… 40 Figure 14. Map showing outline of part of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, and adjacent snow fields on September 13, 2003, position of the terminus September 13, 2002, and average speed and direction of surficial ice movement ………………………………………………………………………… 42 Figure 15. Graph showing cumulative net balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, balance years 1953–2003 …………………………………………… 43 v Tables Table 1. Daily maximum, minimum, and average of hourly average air temperature at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 …………………………………………………… 12 Table 2. Daily maximum, minimum, and average of hourly average air temperature at the Middle Tarn gaging station, 1,631 meters altitude, Middle Tarn Basin, Washington, water year 2003 …………………………………………………… 14 Table 3. Daily maximum, minimum, and average of hourly average air temperature at the Salix Creek gaging station, 1,587 meters altitude, Salix Creek Basin, Washington, water year 2003 …………………………………………………… 16 Table 4. Daily maximum, minimum, and average air temperature over South Cascade Glacier, Washington, at site P-1, altitude 1,844 meters, during July through September of water year 2003 …………………………………………… 19 Table 5. Daily maximum, minimum, and average air temperature over South Cascade Glacier, Washington, near the glacier terminus, altitude 1,670 meters, during July through September of water year 2003 ……………………… 19 Table 6. Daily maximum, minimum, and average air temperature over South Cascade Glacier, Washington, near the upper end of the glacier, altitude 2,032 meters, during July through September of water year 2003 ………………… 20 Table 7. Daily average atmospheric water-vapor pressure at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ……………………………………………………………………………… 22 Table 8. Daily average wind speed at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ……………………………… 23 Table 9. Daily average incoming solar radiation at the Hut, 1,842 meters altitude, near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ………………… 24 Table 10. Daily total precipitation (gage catch) at the Salix Creek gaging station, Salix Creek Basin, Washington, 1,587 meters altitude, water year 2003 ………… 26 Table 11. Miscellaneous stream discharge measurements made in and near South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ……………………………… 26 Table 12. Daily average runoff from Middle Tarn Basin, Washington, water year 2003 …… 27 Table 13. Daily average runoff from Salix Creek Basin at Salix Creek gaging station, Washington, water year 2003 …………………………………………………… 28 Table 14. Snow depth on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 2003 ………………… 29 Table 15. Snow density measured at site P-1 on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 7, 2003 ……………………………………………………………………… 31 Table 16. Snow density measured at site P-1 on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 19, 2003 ……………………………………………………………………… 31 Table 17. Snow density measured near the terminus of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, May 9, 2003 ………………………………………………………… 31 Table 18. Altitude and snow water equivalent values defining a curve used to estimate snow water equivalent as it varied with altitude on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, on May 7, 2003 …………………………………… 32 Table 19. Altitude grid for South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 2003 ……………………… 35 Table 20. Winter, summer, and net balances of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, balance years 1953–2003 ………………………………………………………… 36 Table 21. Ablation stake measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, balance year 2003 ………………………………………………………………… 38 vi Table 22. Altitude and net balance values defining a curve used to estimate net balance as it varied with altitude at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, balance year 2003 ………………………………………………………………… 40 Table 23. Positions of selected surface features at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, used to estimate horizontal speed and direction of ice movement during September 20, 2001–September 13, 2003, or September 13, 2002–September 13, 2003 ……………………………………………………… 44 Table 24. Selected glaciological quantities and dates for South Cascade Glacier, balance year 2003 ………………………………………………………………… 45 Table 25. Rating table for the Middle Tarn gaging station (U.S. Geological Survey station number 12181090), South Cascade Lake Basin, Washington, water year 2003 ………………………………………………………………………… 47 Conversion Factors, Vertical Datum, Symbols, and Abbreviations Conversion Factors Multiply By To obtain cubic meter per second (m3/s) 35.31 cubic foot per second kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.06243 pound per cubic foot kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile kilopascal (kPa) 0.01 bar 0.1450 pound per square inch meter (m) 3.281 foot meter per second (m/s) 2.237 mile per hour millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile watt (W) 0.2388 calorie per second watt per
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