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Role of Mushrooms in Soil Mycoremediation: a Review [J]

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Role of Mushrooms in Soil Mycoremediation: a Review [J] http://www.cibj.com/ DOI: 10.19675/j.cnki.1006-687x.2019.04021 Uddin M, Zhang D, Proshad R, Haque MK. Role of mushrooms in soil mycoremediation: a review [J]. Chin J Appl Environ Biol, 2020, 26 (2): 460-468 Role of mushrooms in soil mycoremediation: a review Minhaz Uddin2, Dan Zhang1 , Ram Proshad1 & M. K. Haque3 1 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Conservancy, Chengdu 610041, China 2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China 3 Department of Crop Science and Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6025, Bangladesh Abstract Bioremediation is an innovative and promising technology available for the removal and recovery of heavy metals from contaminated media. Bioremediation uses organisms to absorb heavy metals at low cost and with no secondary pollution. Bioremediation by macrofungi that degrade pollutants or wastes is referred to as mycoremediation. Macrofungi, like mushrooms, can produce enzymes and have the ability to degrade and accumulate a wide range of toxic metals. In this paper, the research status and advances in the field of mycoremediation using different mushroom species are reviewed. Generally mushrooms use three effective strategies to recover contaminated or polluted soils: biodegradation, bioconversion, and biosorption. Mushrooms can degrade and recycle wastes and pollutants to their mineral constituents and convert wastes, sludge, and pollutants into useful forms. In addition, they can uptake heavy metals from substrates via biosorption, which is a very effective method to reclaim polluted lands. Different wild and cultivated mushroom species are used in mycoremediation, which can degrade large quantities of organic and inorganic pollutants and produce vendible products. Mycoremediation is still in its infancy, but it has notable remediation potential for pollutants or metals in soil. Mushroom species that can biodegrade, bioconvert, or absorb pollutants and metals effectively should be given the highest preference. Further research is needed to verify that this method is an easy, cost effective, and eco-friendly tool. Keywords bioremediation; mycoremediation; heavy metal; mushroom 1 Introduction and accumulate a considerable amount of heavy metals when they grow on toxic metal-polluted substrates or soil. Mushrooms are available as both wild growing and In addition, mushrooms can accumulate heavy metals from cultivated species. These macrofungi have been considered toxic metal-contaminated surfaces [7]. Akin et al. [8] measured a special food since the earliest times in many countries. the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Lactarius Mushrooms can grow everywhere on biological, agricultural, deliciosus, Russula delica, and Rhizopogon roseolus and and industrial wastes or can be grown in toxic metal- obtained mean values of 0.72, 0.26, 28.34, 1.53, and 64 polluted lands. Mushrooms are considered to be a source mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, maximum Cd, Cu, Pb, of proteins and bio-active molecules with helpful therapeutic and Zn concentrations were found in R. delica, while the applications while being useful in preventing diseases, such Cr level was greatest in L. deliciosus. A pot experiment [1] [2] as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia , and cancer . tested the influence of bacterial inoculation on the growth Mushrooms are very rich in nutritional components, some of of Coprinus comatus, the content of Ni in C. comatus, Ni which have been compared with animal proteins like those speciation in soil, fluoranthene dissipation, soil enzymatic from eggs, milk, and meat [3]. Mushrooms produce single activity, bacterial populations, and community structure. cell proteins, which are easily digestible and more or less With an inoculation of bacteria, the fresh weight of C. free of cholesterol. comatus, concentration of Ni in C. comatus, and dissipation Mushrooms are not only an important dietary product, rates of fluoranthene increased by 17.73%-29.38%, 68.97%- they are also used as a low-cost, effective mycoremediation 204.97%, and 34.84%-60.90%, respectively [9]. tool because of their role in the biodegradation, biosorption, Zhang Dan et al. [10] studied wild growing mushroom and bioconversion of contaminants [4-6]. Mushrooms uptake species to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Received: 2019-04-09 Accepted: 2019-06-28 Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571315) Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected]) Role of mushrooms in soil mycoremediation: a review Vol. 26 No. 2 Apr 2020 461 They found that Cu, Pb, Cd, and As content in Termitomyces The influence of chelators and surfactants on microcarpus were 135.00, 13.28, 65.30, and 1.60 mg/kg, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the mushroom respectively. Agaricus bisporus showed a higher affinity to Tricholoma lobayense Heim from multiple contaminated absorb Cr, Cu, Cd, and Zn. In addition, maximum Zn content soils was studied. The results showed that a high was found in Pulveroboletus amarellus and was 142.00 mg/ concentration of EDTA (5 mmol/kg) reduced mushroom kg in the fruiting body. Several studies for reducing metal biomass by 26%, while the concentrations of Pb, Cu, and concentrations with mushrooms have also been conducted. Cd in the fruiting bodies increased by 15-88-, 0.8-3.3-, and According to Xu et al., a pot experiment was performed to 0.5-0.6-fold, respectively, when only EDTA was added [14]. investigate the combined effects of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP) and metals on the growth of Clitocybe maxima, and 2 Remediation through mushrooms an accumulation of heavy metals as well as the dissipation of TCP were observed [11]. The results showed a negative Mushrooms use three effective methods to reclaim and effect of contamination on the fruiting time and biomass of ameliorate polluted lands: biodegradation, bioconversion, C. maxima. TCP decreased significantly in soils, accounting and biosorption. for 70.66%-96.24% and 66.47%-91.42% of the initial 2.1 Biodegradation extractable concentration in planted soil and unplanted soil, Mushrooms have the ability to accumulate heavy respectively, which showed that the dissipation of TCP was metals with their rich network of hyphae. Each mushroom [11] enhanced by mushroom planting . has a specific capacity and genetically induced ability [15] Zhao et al. developed an effective bottom-up metal to absorb heavy metals from the soil . Mushrooms are removal system, which was based on the synergy between utilized in mycoremediation because of particular features [16] the immobilization of metal-resistant bacteria and the associated with the potential uptake of heavy metals . [17] extraction of the bio-accumulator Stropharia rugoso- Hammel et al. reported that mushrooms have the ability annulata [12]. The results demonstrated that the system to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). significantly increased the proportion of acid soluble Cd The degradation and subsequent recycling of wastes or and Cu and improved the soil micro-ecology (i.e., microbial pollutants by living organisms to their mineral constituents counts, soil respiration, and enzyme activity). The maximum is called biodegradation, while mineralization converts extraction of Cd and Cu was 8.79 mg/kg and 77.92 mg/kg, compounds to simple and inorganic forms. A large number respectively. In addition, details of the possible mechanisms of studies have investigated the degradation ability of of metal removal were discussed, and it was found to be various mushrooms and their enzymes. Nyanhongo [18] positively correlated with acetic acid (HoAc) extractable et al. reported that mushrooms can produce extracellular metals and soil micro-ecology. Meanwhile, the dilution peroxidases, ligninases, cellulases, pectinases, xylanases, effect in S. rugoso-annulata probably played an important and oxidases. Furthermore, mushrooms can degrade [19] [20] [21-22] role in the metal removal process [12]. PAHs , plastic , organic and synthetic dyes , Mushroom mycelia spread over the surfaces where 2,4-dichlorophenol [23], crude oil [24], malachite green [25], and they grow and extract metal ions under suitable conditions. radioactive cellulosic-based waste [26]. The mycelia extract metals from polluted soil, which leads to 2.2 Bioconversion a type of mycoremediation known as mycofiltration. Mycelia Research on the conversion of wastes, sludge, and act like plant roots and extract toxic metals. According to pollutants into useful forms is ongoing in many countries. Srivastava et al. [13] and Sesli et al. [2], heavy metal uptake The bioconversion process is based on utilizing sugar from by mushrooms is affected by some environmental factors cellulose and hemicellulose to form macrofungi metabolites and the physiology of the mushroom species, such as the that are essential for the growth and survival of macrofungi. pH, metal ion concentration, nature of the fruiting body, age Wild mushrooms are a potential source of secondary of the mycelia, and the enzymes and proteins present in metabolites and enzymes. Secondary metabolites help mushrooms. mushrooms compete and adapt to untoward conditions, O O O O O Fig. 1 Primary stages of the degradation process of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungi (image modified from Field et al. [27]) 462 26卷 第2期 2020年4月 Minhaz Uddin et al. and these metabolites are also used for the production paper, and pharmaceutical industries. Wild macrofungi of
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