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Home , Papal primacy

A Pilgrim People

The Story of Our

Presented by:

www.cainaweb.org Early Church Growth & Threats (30-312 AD)

Rapid Growth & Great Councils (313-450 AD)

Rise of (450-1050 AD)

High Medieval Church (1050-1300 AD)

Renaissance to (1300-1600 AD)

Worldwide Growth (<1500-1800 AD)

Revolution to Renewal (1600-2000 AD) Outline

 Fall of Roman Empire

 Growth of Monasticism

 Rise of Holy Roman Empire

 Great East-West Schism Roman Empire

became mainstream Fifth Century – Roman Empire viewed as God’s Kingdom on Earth

 When Western Roman Empire Collapsed: – God did not seem to protect Christians – Does correct conception of Kingdom of God involve political powers? Barbarian Invasions

Video: Barbarian Invasions

Fall of Roman Empire

Fifth -  “Pax Romana” (Peace of ) Sixth no longer maintained in West by Centuries Roman legions – Anarchy, brutality, lawlessness

 Trade became more local – Barter economy – Towns and cities declined Dark Ages

Fifth -  Social & political order declined Sixth – Social & political structures Centuries became more localized  Church only large-scale institution left that could provide social order & stability – Formerly provided by Roman Empire – Church’s leadership role moral, not political Leo the Great

Fifth -  Pope was only remaining Sixth figure of authority in Rome Centuries  Pope not supported by an emperor with military – But Pope Leo able to defend Rome from barbarians

 Video: Pope Leo and Attila the Hun

East and West

 After collapse of Roman Empire in the West, was center of empire Fifth -  Western Empire in Dark Ages, Sixth but Byzantine Empire in East Centuries cultured and civilized – At the time, it appeared Christianity in West was dying

 Video: Byzantine Empire

East and West

of Rome (Pope) appeared much weaker than Bishop of Constantinople Fifth - () Sixth  BUT from a position of Centuries weakness Pope Leo was able to turn back Attila the Hun

 AND from a very early date, the Bishop of Rome (Pope) claimed absolute primacy East and West

 Different views of authority in the Church between east and west – West: Pope has spiritual Fifth - authority over all Sixth Centuries  “See” (seat) of St. Peter – East: Authority shared equally by of “”  Rome, Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Constantinople East and West

 Christianity’s brightest future appeared to be in the East Fifth – Future didn’t shape up that way Century  Despite collapse of Roman order Onward in West, Church did not despair – Church accepted that Germanic “barbarians” were there to stay  New mission: Convert them – Took centuries, but succeeded  Due to efforts of ordinary people  Especially Monasticism

Fifth  Monks sought deeper holiness Century apart from chaotic and sinful Onward world  Monks had huge impact on the world by withdrawing from it – Monasteries became centers of missionary activity among rural peasants

 Video: Monasticism

Monasticism

Fifth  It appeared Christianity might fall Century with the fall of Roman Empire Onward  Christianity may have died without monasticism

 Monks spread Christianity quietly and non-violently

 Emperors and Kings sometimes spread Christianity by force Spread of Christianity

 History shows two ways of trying to spread God’s Kingdom:

– Changing other peoples’ lives by force

– Changing other peoples’ lives by changing their own lives first Monasticism

Fifth  Anthony of Egypt was a wonder Century and a sign Onward – Sought in desert

 Monastic spirit spurns power and comfort – People would travel to be learn from monks and provide food and other necessities Monasticism

Fifth  Started with individuals Century – Hermetic Onward  Developed into communities – Cenobitic

 St. Basil

 St. Benedict Fruits of Monasticism

 Libraries and Schools  Preservation of Western Culture – Art, Literature, Philosophy – Church Latin, the  Spirituality, Prayer, Music  Unique Opportunity for Women – St. Marcella (St. )  Bishops, , Doctors of the Church Conversion of Europe

Fifth  In addition to monasticism at Century the grassroots level, Christian Onward rulers began to govern society based on how they believed God intended – Also contributed to conversion of Europe

Conversion of Europe

 Conversion of the Franks – Modern France and Germany

 King Clovis – First leader of the Franks to become Christian

 In 496, Clovis was Baptized – 3,000 others joined him

Conversion of Europe

 Pope Stephen II went to Germany to seek Frankish King Pepin’s help – Defeated Lombards in – Gave pope control of in central Italy  Over next several centuries the Franks would ensure stability of Christianity in Europe by: – Protecting the Papacy – Establishing the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe Rise of Christendom

 Christendom formalized when “crowned by God” as Emperor by Pope Leo III – Became Ruler of Holy Roman Empire  Second Roman Empire in West  Also called “Carolingian Empire” – Charlemagne controlled “civilized” Europe  Except Spain (Muslim) Charlemagne's Empire

Video: Charlemagne

Rise of Christendom

 Alliance of Papacy and the Franks, aided by the monks, built a distinctively Christian Fifth - political and social order in Ninth Central Europe Centuries  Christendom – Society ordered by – Christianity involved in every aspect of life Holy Roman Empire

 Continuous struggle for primacy

– Orthodox (Eastern) view was that Emperor occupied higher position than the Patriarch – Charlemagne also considered he had higher authority than Pope – However, in view Pope has highest authority  Spiritual authority over political authority Holy Roman Empire

 Big problem: Lay investiture

Seventh – Practice of lay persons Through (secular rulers) appointing Eleventh bishops, priests, , Centuries  State had authority over Church – Emperors, Kings, and other secular rulers wanted bishops they could control  Bishops also had secular power Holy Roman Empire

Video: Status in 1000 A.D.

Great East-West Schism

separation of the Eastern (Orthodox) Church from the Western () Church – Mutual excommunication  Seeds of schism developed long before 1054 A.D. – Differing practices  West: Unleavened bread and celibate clergy  East: Leavened bread and married clergy Major Causes of Schism

 326 A.D. – Constantine moved capital to East

– New center of political power

 451 A.D. – – Gave greater ecclesiastical prominence to Bishop of Constantinople (the “New Rome”)  Ranked second to Bishop of Rome  Pope Leo the Great protested reduction of honor given to Bishops of Antioch and Alexandria  589 A.D. – Western Council of Toledo “”

 At Council of Toledo, Western bishops added word “filioque” (“and the Son”) to Nicene – “I believe in the , the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son” – Rejected by Eastern bishops

 “Proceed” = begot = from Father

 Descended “through” the Son Major Causes of Schism

 326 A.D. – Constantine moved capital to East – New center of political power  451 A.D. – Council of Chalcedon – Gave greater ecclesiastical prominence to Bishop of Constantinople (the “New Rome”)  589 A.D. – Western Council of Toledo – “Filioque” controversy  630’s A.D. – Fall of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria to the Muslims left Constantinople undisputed head of Eastern Church Five

Rome Constantinople

Antioch

Jerusalem

Alexandria Islamic Expansion

Video: Islamic Expansion

Major Causes of Schism

– 700’s A.D. – Iconoclast controversy

 Since Christ was human and human nature can be depicted, Christ can be painted

 West’s view of East’s destruction of icons was denial of ’ human nature

– “Closet Monophysites”

 West disagreed with Emperor imposing doctrinal decisions on bishops Major Causes of Schism

– 753 A.D. – Creation of Papal States

 East: Rejected Papal States – 800 A.D. – Coronation of Charlemagne

 East: One God = One Emperor – 1054 A.D. – Mutual Excommunication

 Year of the Great East-West Schism Byzantine Empire

Eastern Churches

 Today, there exist 3 main forms of Christianity in the Middle East – 80% not in union with the Pope: 1.  After Great East-West Schism 2. Oriental (Monophysite) Churches  Split off at Council of Chalcedon (451 A.D.) Eastern Churches

– 20% are in union with Pope: 3. Various Eastern Rite “Uniate” Churches – Developed from both Byzantine and Monophysite traditions by interaction with European Christianity during – Each retain their own liturgical customs and languages Catholic Churches

Summary

 In this presentation, we covered a period of huge

difficulties and massive changes for the Church – Fall of Roman Empire and Dark Ages – Eastern Byzantine Empire – Papal Primacy – Monasticism – Charlemagne and Rise of Christendom – Expansion of Islam – Great Schism between East & West Churches Early Church Growth & Threats (30-312 AD)

Rapid Growth & Great Councils (313-450 AD)

Rise of Christendom (450-1050 AD)

High Medieval Church (1050-1300 AD)

Renaissance to Reformation (1300-1600 AD)

Worldwide Growth (<1500-1800 AD)

Revolution to Renewal (1600-2000 AD)

Questions?

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Closing Prayer A Pilgrim People

The Story of Our Church

Presented by:

www.cainaweb.org