1st Pan American Olympic Academies Seminar Antigua, Guatemala 2 – 7 July 2002

Preamble Sequestered in the ruins of Antigua Guatemala and surrounded by some of the most spectacular scenery punctuated by magnificently imposing volcanic peaks, the first Seminar for Olympic Academies of the Pan American region proved to be an overwhelming success. The setting was ideal for four days of intense concentration on Olympians, the core concept of the International Olympic Movement. Dr Fernando Beltranena, President of both the Guatemalan Olympic Committee and the Academy, the host of the Seminar, brought together and exciting mix of presenters whose expertise in their respective areas of endeavor was meticulously woven into the wonderful tapestry of Olympism. The presentations were well prepared, professionally executed and well received. The ambience created during the Seminar could only be described as true manifestation of Olympism. Conrado Durantez’s tremendous research into the life, times and spirit of de Coubertin assured all participants of a better understanding of the man and of his vision for the Olympic Movement. The presence of IOC member for Guatemala, Willi Kattschmitt, was as instructive as it was insightful. The Session focused on an array of relevant topics such as ……………………… The infusion of cultural visits to the Seminar was refreshing and gave greater understanding of the importance of Cultural Olympiads to the Olympic Movement. The Seminar marked a watershed in the Olympic Movement in the /Americas. It ushered in a new perspective and energy into the work being done by our NOCs. The time has obviously come for NOAs to become a permanent yet ever developing component of every NOC in the Olympic family. Annual grants must be made to NOAs to facilitate the more rapid and fervent spread of the very raison d’etre of NOCs, Olympism.

1. Opening Ceremony a) The President of the Guatemalan NOC and Olympic Academy, Sr Beltranena delivered the official welcome to all delegates. This is the first ever Session for Olympic Academies in the region. It is funded by PASO Olympic Solidarity.

b) Mr Willi Kattschmitt – IOC member for Guatemala He expressed gratitude to participants for having made the effort to be in Guatemala for so important and event. The are Quadrennial. It is the responsibility of the Academies to work to keep the Movement alive. These organizations infuse the Movement.

c) Mr Conrado Durantez – President Ibero-American and Spanish Olympic Academies He joined the previous speakers in welcoming the participants. He congratulated Sr Beltranena on the initiative taken to host this Seminar. The has among its tasks, the responsibility to disseminate the principles of the Olympic Movement. He officially inaugurated the first Pan American Seminar for Olympic Academies.

2. The – Mr Conrado Durantez Ancient Greeks saw spirits and physical culture as integral to the education process of all members of society. It was integral to the curriculums. The Greeks also introduced sports as a battle between two individuals – the victor was glorified while the vanquished was respected for performance in the altercation. Re the origins of the Olympism it is necessary to return to Greek mythology. Olympia – an ideal place to pay homage to Zeus. The historic origin of the Olympic Games - an atmosphere of moving simplicity – the pilgrims came to adore Zeus in Olympia. It was a religious pilgrimage. When Games began in Olympia is not known. First origin dated - 776 BC. The Stad – was a distance 192.4m. Stadium; the only Race. Bere Louis – France writer - see quotation Olympic Games developed in months of June/July – messengers went out indicating Olympiad – the first four-year gap between the Olympic Games. That the Games were coming and that there should be no war during the period – the Truce - A Sacred truce, was signed. 884 BC – The truce was signed by the three kings to defend the Games from wars. All had to swear to Zeus that they would observe the truce. Elians – the people who lived in Olympia.

Women in Olympic Games Women have had a difficult time in getting into the Olympics. Women were excluded from the Games of Antiquity, under the threat of being murdered. They were not allowed into the Stadium. They had to stay outside the borders of Olympia. Athletes competed naked. This was at a particular historic period. The Greeks felt no shame in performing naked because they had prepared themselves, physically, through the use of gymnasia. In the Games of Antiquity – bribery, accusations of corruption, were rampant. Sanctions were imposed and many were reflected in the status. Bodily punishment was also an option inflicted on the less able athletes. This was the case of those who engaged in false starts in events. We are unaware of the actual length of the Games in Antiquity – five or six days. Equestrian was important. The horse was extremely important in Greek society at the time. Mounted horses and also chariot races were part of the process. There were Greek champions. American champions were also known. There was also a Spanish Olympic Champion – 128 AD in Olympia is the 4-horse chariot race. Pentathlon – gave rise to what Aristotle thought to be the example of all that should characterize the athlete – the archetype of the Greek athlete. This was a most valuable event. Foot Races, Wrestling and Boxing.

Rewards – symbolic wild olive crowns; the ceremony was ritualistic. Wreath was made from a wild olive that - bears no fruit - cut by man whose parents were still alive - cut with a golden knife

N.B. All was not well at the Olympic Games of Antiquity - corruption, bribery, professionalism, were among the major problems faced. 392 AD – end of Circuit Games – legislation by Teodisius. Olympia was a Sanctuary. It was not a City. Elitism characterized the Games of Antiquity

3. Principles and Olympic Philosophy – Dr Fernando Beltranena Olympism – see the Olympic Charter - A way of life; a philosophy of life; a life led in accordance with the highest ethical principles. De Coubertin – the athlete must:  know himself  govern himself  conquer himself Participation in the Olympic Games must be founded in Olympism. Competition in the Olympic spirit is characterized by honesty and fair play.  Compliance to rules  Honorable treatment of losers  Apply in life and in sport, honesty at all times.

The development of the personality cult removes us from Olympism in sport. It facilitates selfishness and allows for the emergence of a philosophy to “win at all costs.”

Olympism is a way of life based on:  the joy of effort  the educational value of good example  respect for universal fundamental ethical principles

Baron Pierre de Coubertin  Placed sport at the service of harmonious development of the human being, with a view to encourage the establishment of a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity. He was appealing for justice among men.  He intended NOCs to be at the service of the athletes and not vice versa.  For him, the Olympic Games constitute a global festival that epitomizes at one and the same time the achievements of man in sport and the capacity of sport to enhance the human condition in terms of the removal of discriminatory barriers and the promotion of peace, camaraderie and cooperation.

Sport can form the character of the individual: - values - energy - discipline - will - perseverance

It is when we add Olympism to the aforementioned that we are able to allow for the emergence of ‘good’ rather than ‘evil’ character. The Olympic athlete: - is ascetic – concentrating on the plenitude of the definitive moment - is optimistic - is generous – sparing no effort in pursuit of excellence - is intelligent – works to a plan; leaves nothing to chance - Is competitive – i.e. the dialogue between effort and the struggle in striving to be better each day.

Discussion NOCs have the first responsibility to convince ourselves of Olympism and our capacity to promote it among all who are involved in sport – athletes, coaches, physicians, agents, and managers. NOCs have the power to begin the process of change. Olympic Academies have a tremendous responsibility to promote Olympism. Building the individuals build the society and humanity in general. We have a responsibility to practice Olympism in our homes, in our schools and everywhere – including our politics.

4. Fair Play – Ethics and Sport – Mr Carlos Luna longo Guatemala has delivered over 180 lectures on Fair Play at schools, universities etc – reaching over 16, 000 people. One of the mandates of Olympic Academies – to disseminate information and provide examples. We can speak about the moral and ethical principles that should guide involvement in sport. To put them into practice is something completely different. The meaning of Fair Play: Play – an activity – recreational activity with rules allowing for winning and losing. Fair – without blemish; clean Olympic Academies are the best institutions to disseminate the ideals of Fair Play. They are ideally placed to carry out this mandate. We need to work through the media for the promotion of the ideals of Fair Play. We have to overcome the media’s penchant to project news and images of negative conduct and persons rather than positive role models. Ours is a worthy cause – the promotion of Olympism and especially those of Fair Play. It is important that we are able to apply the moral and ethical principles and values in every aspect of my life. It is our business. Everything to do with the promotion of positive values and morals is our business. How is it that the scoundrels and criminals work consistently and with great diligence to succeed in their wicked deed? Ought we too not to go the extremities to promote Fair Play Committees everywhere to help effect change? The IOC does not have a Fair Play Commission. There is an International Fair Play organization.

Fair Play - just and correct behavioral standards - a behavioral standard by which we must live Who must apply this? athlete, coach, sports journalists’ agent, referee, the audience and the legislator?

Discussion Fair Play must be a way of life in all its aspects. Olympic Academies must commit to the essential principle of Christianity – “Love Thy neighbor.” Fair Play must be the conviction for all persons within the Olympic Movement.

5. Purpose of NOAs and the diffusion of Olympism – Dr Beltranena The Olympic Academy is: - an arm of the NOC - liaison with NOC - a leader with a university degree - members must be active in the Olympic Movement

Mission of NOA: - disseminates Olympism - defends Olympism - denounces violations of Olympism - the conscience of the NOC

It takes much to live up to the challenges of being the conscience of the NOC. Activities of the NOC: 1. General Meetings 2. Annual Session 3. Preparation of its members to disseminate Olympism 4. Intervention – schools etc, re Olympism – Fair Play 5. Preparation of Snaps materials related to the application of Olympism in the particular country. 6. Screening of persons to go to IOA 7. Develop chapters of the NOA across the country 8. Promote and support Olympic Day 9. Centre for Olympic Study 10. Encourage Seminars etc re Sports Organizations 11. Create student clubs – perhaps de Coubertin Clubs.

Rules of NOA 1. To organize Olympic educational activities 2. Olympic Museum 3. Centre for research and documentation 4. Preserve the Olympic memory 5. Establish awards and distinctions 6. Disseminate the programme of the IOA 7. Select participants for the Iowa’s annual programme 8. Cooperate with other NOAs and regional Olympic Academies. Form regional Olympic Academies. 9. To maintain strong links with the International committee of Pierre de Coubertin. 10. Promote the development of ex participants at NOA and IOA Sessions.

NOAs began after the first Session of the IOA, 1961. Spanish Olympic Academy was established as the first NOA in 1968. Today there are 115 NOAs from 205 NOCs. NOAs must agitate for funding for the development work in which they must engage.

The dissemination of Olympism – i.e. Olympic Education - the history of the Olympic Movement - the search for excellence through sports - live the principles of Olympism - a way of life - understand the enemies of Olympism – the obstacles of Olympic education - target groups:  the athletes  the judges  coaches  administrators  sports physicians  sports journalists and the media generally  educational institutions (all subjects)  sponsors (the images associated with the products)  NGOs Olympic Academies are the force and motors of Olympic Education. Olympic Academies – the conscience of NOCs

NOAs must seek to be integral to the cultural expressions – art; craft; philosophy; literature; music:  Presentations were then made by some of the NOAs in attendance. a) Dominican Republic i) Sports Federation ii) Politicians iii) Students iv) Army These are all fifteen hour sessions.

b) Brazil – established 3 March 1988 - seeking a Brazilian model at the beginning - looked at the German and UK Academies - brought together a group of persons to develop an appropriate model - developed educational programmes - identify and facilitate researchers - strive for quality, not quantity - Centers for Olympic Studies - Maximum use of the internet; develop website

c) Guatemala - Exhibitions - Programmes for sports leaders, athletes etc - Students at all levels - IOA - Ibero American Olympic Academy Sessions - Meet every 15 days

d) Honduras - relates to educational institutions - awards for sports media

e) Colombia - strategic plan in progress - post graduate education

6. Pierre de Coubertin – The Visionary – Mr Conrado Durantez De Coubertin as a philanthropist, a teacher who gave all he had in the service of mankind and its future. - Born 1 January 1863 to a rich and noble family - Died 2 September 1937. He wanted to go beyond his moment. He was a visionary who devoted his life to reforming pedagogy. He sought to bring sport to the international level. He sought to re-establish the Olympic Games. To achieve this he had to overcome much derision and adversity. 1984 – The agreement is reached to re-establish the Olympic Movement. This was at the Sorbonne in France. De Coubertin created the essence of Olympism over time. 1915 – Switzerland becomes the home of the IOC. He spent his fortune on the Olympic Movement. De Coubertin – Olympiad – the four-year period beginning with the celebration of the Olympic Games. He loved history. The Modern Olympic Games should also celebrate intellectual, artistic, cultural works as much as physical prowess. 1912 – Stockholm – first poster to announce the Games. These were the first time Cultural competitions were held in tandem with the Games. * De Coubertin felt deeply about sports loyalty.

7. Technology in Sports – Part 1 – Mr Francisco Bolanos Technology has always been integral to the Olympic Movement and the practice of sports. Thomas Arnold (1975 – 1842) – promoted physical activity and sport and was intent on promoting Fair Play. Modern sports seeks records. High performance in sport. Technology in sport today: 1896 – Telegraphs 1924 – Chamonix – radio was used (i.e. Winter Olympics) 1964 – Television – Tokyo Later – Telecommunications and sports facilitated communications

Sports Technology  Accreditation  Administration  Finances  Information systems for the media  Historical information – example of all elite athletes

Computer Technology  Biomechanical analyses of athletes’ performance  Technical and tactical analyses  Easy access to information the world over

Sports Science  The study of the human physiology  Altitude cameras – i.e. observing training at high altitudes  Artificial controlled water canals – example for swimmers, rowers etc  Equipment – i.e. making the most of the appropriate equipment for example ergonomic cycle seats, aerodynamic helmets etc.  Surfaces – synthetic tracks for runners, starting blocks, synthetic grass surfaces  Lighting  Structural engineering  Movable roofs and floors  Internal ambience of installations

Internet in Sports  Marketing  Communications  Exploration/investigation  Learning tool  Meet and interact with others

Technology in Olympic Games  Hardware and software  Security systems  Television images of performances  Traffic systems

N.B. Today, the athlete is the main actor in a scenario dominated by technology. He/she is dominated by technology. For example the track surfaces determine the spikes used and even the event in which he/she competes. There are sociological consequences. Once he signs a sponsorship contract the athlete turns to Technology to maintain high performance.

Rules and regulations impact on the athlete. They serve as agencies of control over the athlete.

External pressures - Climbing the social ladder – improved status - He/she has to work hard to succeed. - The media creates and/or destroys stars in sports - The people – sports enthusiasts demand good results

The Response NOCs and others create high performance centers. This raises the threshold re athletic performance. Technology has changed the very concept of preparation of the athlete.

Discussion  We have reduced the number of athletes at the Olympics and Pan Am Games – the pressure is on the athlete.  Ifs are pressured to make changes in their schedules – all in the pursuit of creating a sporting spectacle – the athlete is the one who suffers.  It is a veritable cul-de-sac for the athletes.  The media often sells the athlete very early. It appears that marketing and the media impact on the athlete almost as much as technology.  Technology has resulted in benefit for sports  Perhaps some attention should be paid to the impact of technology on the family of the athlete.  Technology gives the already advanced nations an even greater advantage over the less developed nations.

8. Cultural Olympiads – Mrs Ma del Carmen de Garcia and Mr Carlos Hernandez 1906 – de Coubertin summoned a consultant to assess the importance of the arts to the Olympic Movement. 1912- Cultural Olympiad was introduced alongside the Games. It has been this way ever since, held in the same city as the Games, every four years. Cultural Olympiad – prior to Mexico in 1968, it lasted for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. In Mexico it lasted one year and in Atlanta it lasted the entire Olympiad. Sport art reflect the aesthetic aspect of Olympism. The Cultural Olympiad: - An opportunity to spread the culture and artistic patrimony. - Possibility to express oneself, culturally.

Objectives: - Generate a programme of maximum participation - Reaffirm the links that city has – tradition with modern. - Strengthen the production of artists - Generation of a powerful international echo of Olympism and of the host city.

We have Exhibitions in the Cultural Olympiad: - Culture and Sport - Modernism - Future - Olympism - Olympic Movement

There are Festivals of the Arts: - Classical music - Contemporary and popular - Jazz - Theatre - Dance

Historical sin posting is also important to Cultural Olympiads. The same is true of architectural masterpieces. There is the matter of archeological sites.

During the Olympic Games there are activities in the Village and around the city hosting the Games. Mexico Olympics – 1968 – marked a watershed in the nature of the Cultural Olympiads. The Closing Ceremony as much as marks the opening of the next one.

Mr Carlos Hernandez – Mexico 1936 – Berlin Olympics- last time of cultural activities at the Olympics. 1948 – A void emerged in terms of the cultural competitive aspects of the Games. Countries gave expression to its own culture. 1968 – Mexico City – attempted a new format, making it more universal than specific to Mexico. This occurred for the years culminating in 1968 with the Games. Mexico produced a Cultural performance with several symbols. There were 20 cultural events spread out for the year. The Cultural Olympiad was important to celebrate the Games and involve many members of the Olympic Movement. The activities also generated greater interest in the Games in all of Mexico as well as the world.

Activities:  Mexican youth welcomed the youth of the world – 18,935 gymnasts.  Festival of short films – 65 from 20 countries shown in 3 Mexican cities  Olympic Youth Camp – 831 from different countries  Olympic Games and the Arts – major works of Art from different countries  There were Opera companies, Jazz Ensembles, Dances and the like

95 international and Mexican activities were featured:  International poets encounter was also featured  Children (160) paintings of 114 murals  Olympic Games and Popular Art  Ballet of the five continents – coming from 6 countries  International Exhibition of Folk Art form 35 countries  The celebration of the Olympic Games – “The Renewal of the New Flame.”  International Philatelic Exhibition  Exhibition of history and art of the Olympic Games  Olympic Games and the contemporary world i.e. science and technology, including space research.  Human genetics and biology – taking samples etc.  Bill boards across Mexico were changed to reflect the images of the Games and of Peace.

9. The philosophy of Olympism – Conrado Durantez De Coubertin: - Olympism is a state of the spirit. It is a way of life, not a system. - The Games have been restored for the glory of the athlete - He criticized the entry of luxury into the athlete

Olympism today is a philosophy of life – disseminating peace across the globe. Olympic Games bring to them:  the athlete  the judges  The people who come to draw conclusions. These are the philosophers.

Olympism – philosophy of life with guiding principles to facilitate peace and create a better human being and society. The Olympic Truce – consistent with de Coubertin’s quest for peace. Olympism has moved towards ending discrimination in sport, has risen above political, ethnic, racial and religious differences among peoples. Olympism has raised the level of recognition of our environment/ecology. Olympism often appears religious like, except that it does not have a deity.

The Olympic Symbol The five rings on a white background. 1913 – by de Coubertin. There is no evidence to suggest that the colors of the rings are related to the five continental areas. De Coubertin suggested that the colors selected were chosen because of their presence in the flags of the countries involved in the Olympic Movement at the time. See de Coubertin’s writings at the time.

The Olympic Motto: Citius! Altius! Fortius! Swifter! Higher! Stronger! This was accepted by de Coubertin. The creator of the phrase, a Dominican friar, had it originally as Citius! Fortius! Altius!

Competition De Coubertin –what is important in life is the struggle. He suggested that one must fight through to the end. The winner gets the glory but the loser feels justified by dint of his full effort.

Olympic Oath An undertaking in the spirit of Olympism. Origins lie in Antiquity.

Olympic Flame and Torch A ceremony originating in Antiquity. This was the Olympic Games in Berlin, 1936. This is the first time the flame was ever bought from Olympia to the Games. Each subsequent Olympic Games has seen the introduction of innovations to the Flame and Torch.

Olympic Anthem Two Greeks. One wrote. The Olympic Anthem was first used in 1896 in Athens. In 1958 the Olympic Session of the IOC in Tokyo approved this as the official anthem of the Olympic Movement.

10. International Olympic Academy – Mr Conrado Durantez Academy – “a school of knowledge” IOA – There was antecedents to the official establishment of this institution in the thinking of scholars even during the Games of Antiquity. The Olympic Congress was organized by the IOC to ensure the integration of culture in sport. July 16, 1961 – IOA’s first Session at Olympia. Karl Diem was very instrumental in these origins. The early programmes were done under tents etc. The IOA’s facilities have grown over the years and so have the structure of the Sessions. 1967 – Fixed facilities were established 1978 – Library, lecture hall etc 1995 – Modern amphitheatre constructed IOA has a Board of Directors of which seven are appointed by the Greek Olympic Committee. The President must always be Greek. There are some generic topics. Since 1967, there has been a theme having a deal with concerns of the Olympic Movement.

The Ibero-American Olympic Academy This was established in 1990. Peru, Argentina, Portugal and Spain. The intention was to adopt a common approach among countries with the same language and culture. Now there are 26 members and Biennial Congresses.

Olympic Games in the Americas – Mr Juan Zanassi 1904 – St Louis, Missouri 1932 – Los Angeles, California, USA 1968 – Mexico City, Mexico 1976 – Montreal, Canada 1984 – Los Angeles, California, USA 1996 – Atlanta, Georgia, USA 1984 – Los Angeles – the first profitable Olympic Games, under the leadership of Peter Uberroth. First time – heightened sponsorship and television marketing

11. The Olympic Movement – Mr Willi Kattschmitt (The Importance of NOCs in the Future Development of the Olympic Movement) 1984 – Uncontrollable marketing of the Games began. This brought benefits to the IOC, but it also bought a range of contradictions with Olympism – drugs, professionalism. This led to a ‘time bomb’ that exploded in 1998 with the Salt Lake City Scandal. The IOC made some changes which would now be evaluated in Mexico in November. Revision of the Olympic Movement must begin with a return to the Fundamentals of the institution. We need to refer to what the Olympic Charter states is the NOC and its role in the Olympic Movement (chapter 4 July 2001 edition).

Not all the countries that are members of the Olympic Movement are represented in the IOC. Power is extremely concentrated in the Executive Committee of the IOC. The IOC has selected to its membership people who have made little or no contribution to the Olympic Movement. It is ironic that the IOA does not feature in the diagrammatic structure of the IOC. How is this possible when it is involved in the very core of the raison de entre of the Olympic Movement, Olympism? NOCs have many responsibilities. These are enshrined in Chapter 4 of the Olympic Charter. All of these responsibilities are extremely important.

The Future: - strengthen the statutes of the NOCs - Provide financial support to NOCs to aid in the effective functioning of these units re the Chapter. - Revise the Olympic Solidarity programmes with the specific objective of addressing the specific needs of NOCs. - More members of the IOC should come from NOCs across the world. Europe dominates all aspects of the IOC. - NOCs must use the ANOC to facilitate the transformation of the IOC. - Ifs should communicate with NOCs to strengthen both institutions. This can gave rise to joint actions to facilitate change and development. - Without the flags of nations represented by NOCs there is no IOC. NOCs must be key players in effecting the requisite changes. The NOCs must realize their power.

12. Technology in Sport Part II – Ms Mercedes de Enriquez (Nutrition and Sport) - the body needs more than 50 essential nutrients - diet must be healthy, safe and balanced - diet must be subject to modifications

Training Diets a) Energy  adequate kilo carbohydrates  must be capable of supporting the athlete  the basal metabolism of the athlete must be considered  knowing the energy needs of the athletes  many of our athletes are deficient

b) Carbohydrates  55 – 60% of total carbohydrates  minimum of 5 grams of carbohydrates/kilogram of body weight  supplementary sources is related to athletes’ daily intake c) Protein  12-15% of total calories  1.2 – 1.6 g to 1 kilogram of weight  1.4 – 1.8 % to 1 kilogram of weight for strength athletes

d) Fats * 25 – 30% of calories in total * Necessary but not excessive amounts e) Variety in diet * Important to have a varied diet * obtain necessary vitamins and minerals f) Liquids * Necessary to consume adequate supply of liquids to have good hydration * After exercise, 150% of water lost must be replaced g) Nutritional Evaluation * Athletes must be well educated in respect of the adequacy of their diets * Inadequate diets may lead to underperformances of the athlete regardless of the competency/proficiency of the training regimen. Watch for anemia among athletes – men and women.

Nutrition and Competition - Coaches and athletes should monitor the diet prior to the competition. The meals must be easily digested. - The athlete must not be allowed to feel hungry. - The night before the competition, meals should be 5-7 hours before the competition. - Much depends on the tolerance threshold of the athlete. - Sports beverages should be no more than 4-8% carbohydrates. More than this percentage could lead to gastrointestinal problems. - Athletes must be trained to consume liquids every 15 minutes during exercise.

Nutrition following competition - It is important to have the athlete hydrated immediately after the competition. - He/she should also try to eat food.

While traveling - Airplanes cause dehydration therefore athletes must use a lot of liquids. - Consume carbohydrates two to three days prior to travel, depending on the length of the flight. - Adaptation requires a number of days - Always be careful with what is eaten during the travel or immediately after arrival - Avoid salads on arrival in another country. Eat cooked foods.

Weight Control - Weight reduction should be a gradual process with a good diet. Quick weight loss is not recommended. - Advice form a good nutritionist is essential when losing weight - It may be necessary to modify the training programme of the athlete - Sometimes, depending on the athlete and/or the event it may be necessary to increase the weight of the athlete i.e., to increase muscle mass.

N.B. Athletes have plenty of opportunities to get dietary problems for example anorexia and bulimia to name a few.

14. Olympic Movement and the Environment – Mr W. Kattschmitt and Mr Mercedes Bolanos The Congress Unity of 1994 acknowledged the importance of the environment and sustainable development. 1995 – The IOC established a Sports and the Environment Commission. The Environment was therefore established as the third dimension of Olympism. The other two dimensions are sports and culture. The IOC engaged in cooperation with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) to sensitize NOCs and others to the importance of the environment and sustainable development. There are Biennial Conferences on Sport and the Environment. The IOC has been involving elite athletes as spokespersons on sport and the environment. There is a mission to promote awareness among and educate the Olympic family and sports practitioners of the importance of a healthy environment and sustainable development.

Olympic Games and the Environment The environment became a concern of the Olympic Games only with Litlehammer’s Winter Olympics and all thereafter. Athens is currently involved in a tremendous amount of work to protect the environment. Beijing is investing $10 billion on the environment over the next six years for the 2008 Games. All the materials used in the Dining Rooms were recycled. In Sydney the construction and the buses environment were friendly. The IOC has established comprehensive guidelines regarding Candidature cities. The cities must sign the agreement that includes the aforementioned guidelines.

Heritage of the Olympic Games The IOC wants the legacy of the Games to be also a green legacy. The Olympic Movement’s Agenda 21 was adopted in 1999. This calls on members to play an active part in sustainable development in all its facets. N.B NOCs should seek to establish a Sport and the Environment Commission.

Ms Mercedes de Bolanos The Principles of Agenda 21  sustainable development  conservation of biodiversity  studied the environmental impact; water, air, lighting in closed spaces, noise, climatic conditions For example the Guatemala Chess Federation conducted a study in environmental impact. Air – carbon monoxide (cigarette smoke). This led to a decision to prohibit smoking within the sports facility during the Games.

Water – They checked for chlorine and bacteria. This led to a deliberate effort to raise the quality of the water in time for the Games.

Lighting – This was also checked and found satisfactory.

Climatic condition – humidity; altitude

Noise – the noise level was also checked.

A similar study was done in respect of the hosting of the Gymnastic competitions. One concern here had to do with the location of Magnesium Chloride (the material used on the hands of gymnasts for competitions) since this may lead to respiratory problems as well as eye irritation. Air purifiers were introduced, as well as plastic bubble covers over containers with Magnesium Chloride.

15. Women in Sport – Ms Mercedes de Enriquez/Mr Juan Zanassi Women do not differ in their body size form men. What differences exist may have more to do with cultural factors than biological ones. Women reach their final bone growth length than men. This occurs with the oestrogen following the onset of puberty. Women develop body fat faster than men. They have fewer muscles and fewer cross fibres. This is used to explain why women are weaker than men. Women show less strength in their upper bodies – hence the biomechanical differences. Women have greater cardiac rhythms than men. Thus they have a lower systolic volume. Women have lower force capacity than men in almost every sport. Women have to train the same as men. The training regimen should not differ. The menstrual cycle and its impact on women’s performances have been studied. Energy consumption has been found to be deficient during this phase and hence some dysfunction takes place. Pregnant women who practice sport must be guided by a physician. Women have less muscle mass and take a longer time to generate heat.

Mr Juan Zanassi – The Participation of Women in Sport 1896 – a woman ran the marathon the day after the men, in protest to the exclusion of women from the Games. 1904 – St Louis – the protocol of medal awards. Women participation – 0.9%. 1912 – Electronic clocks introduced 2.2 % women 1920 – 2.5% of women – Amberes, Belgium Olympic Oath 1928 – 9.6% - Amsterdam, Holland 1936 – 8.1% 1948 – London 9.4% - Canoeing introduced 1956 – 11.5% Melbourne – Dawn Fraser – Swimming 1960 – Rome – 11.4% - “The Black gazelle’ – Wilma Rudolph –athletics – 3 gold medals 1964 – Tokyo – 13.3% Women’s volleyball introduced, final of women’s volleyball attracted 80% viewership on television. 1968 – 14.1% Mexico. First time that a woman carried the Olympic torch and lights the flame. 1976 – Montreal – 20.6% - Nadia Commanechi – perfect 10 in Gymnastics 1988 – Seoul, 25.8% - Kristine Otto of Germany – 8 medals in Swimming. Women Table Tennis professionals at the Olympics openly. 1996 – Atlanta – 38.3% 26 countries had women. Women were included in the following competitions: Football, Beach volleyball and Softball. Canada and Norway had more women and men in their teams. 2000 – Sydney 38.3%; 199 countries – 54 had women flag bearers and 9 countries had no women.

1st and 2nd World Women Championships – 1922 and 1924 – organized by Alice Milliat. She had organized the International women’s Organization in 1917.

1993 - 6.5 million women playing football with a growth rate of 3% per year. Today – same number of women play football as men.

16. Anti-sports Ethic – Dr Fernando Beltranena (Violence in Sport) We have grown accustomed now to witnessing the growth of violence in sports, either on the field, in the stands or outside the arena. Such activities are anti the ethics in sports. 6th century – “competitions are justice” Hank Carp – “In itself, rivalry is not good or bad. It is how, when and where it is established.” (the book – Personal Power) Vince Lombardi – “To win is not everything. It is the only thing.”

Leo Durcher – “Show me a good loser and I will show you only a loser.” Violence has to do with a way of acting against natural behavior through the use of force. Competition – a dispute between two or more things; rivalry; opposition; contest. - Relating to competing in sport It is evident that violence occurs on the field in team sport. The Red Card is used in Football to exercise some measure of control over violence. In Baseball there is much conflict between players and the umpires. See the example of Ice Hockey in North America, where violence is almost an integral part of the Game. Sport emerged from an old way of having contests. It was almost ritualistic. Sport – It was an old regulated way of waging struggle. There have always been attempts to ensure regulations such that violence is minimized or eliminated altogether. Interestingly, sport has several terms that are common to way: for example attack, defend, force, strength, strategy and tactics, coordination, aggression.

Aggression has a capacity to lead violence. It could lead to offending others, an attack on others. Boxing, Wrestling, American Football, Ice Hockey, Taekwondo, Karate, Judo – are all violent sports. However, there are rules and regulations which govern the level of violence in the aforementioned sports. An independent study of Boxing revealed the harmful effects it can have on the athlete. This prompted fundamental changes and the introduction of protective gear – the head, the teeth, and the waist/belly.

Factors that contribute to violence  Rivalry  Fanaticism  Alcohol and drugs  Overcrowding  Poor performances  The media

Violence among spectators  Fanaticism  Hooliganism  Team sports  Competitions finals

Fanaticism – is taking the loyalty and support for an athlete and/or team to the extreme such that no defeat can be accepted and/or appreciated.

Hooliganism - Fanaticism mixed with a commitment to violence. Witness preparations in the USA (1994), France (1998) and South Korea and Japan (2002) for the World Cup. Concern was for the British Football Hooligans.

Television coverage tend to focus on hooligans and this is used by the hooligans to do more.

Violence and the Olympic Games There has not been much violence at the Olympic Games. The Munich incident/tragedy was unique and not really related to sport and the Games.

Getting Away From Violence In sports  The presence of the Olympic objectives – Olympism  Promote man as a physical and moral being  Education of the youth in Olympism  Promoting cultural mixtures/interaction/exchanges –the brotherhood of man  The promotion of exhibition of the culture of society  Promoting mutual understanding – peace. Discussion Ecuador – racism, violence in sport - the comments and actions of the administrators - the media coverage of what is negative - many who engage in violence actually go to the sporting arena to perpetrate acts of violence. It was noted that Argentina and Spain have revealed that youths are deliberately encouraged to engage in acts of violence. Extortion has also emerged in sport. Olympism is important to lead the charge against violence in sport. We must be aware that in the UK, studies have shown that deviant careers are encouraged in sport. We need to be careful of such films as Rollerball, starring James Caca, which stated in its promotions – “In the future there will no longer be wars, but there will be Rollerball. In other words, sport is the next frontier in the battle among nations. That we have not yet really experienced the in Olympic Games, the kind of violence in sport that we see elsewhere, may well have to do with more responsible media coverage and certainly because the Games are an expression of Olympism. The promotion of Olympism in all aspects appears to be the most efficacious mechanism to combat violence and other anti-ethical aspects making further incursions in sport. The Organisers of the Sydney Olympics made a science of security checks and the efficiency was remarkable. They made it into an art. It is necessary for the Olympic Movement to be forever vigilant. We must renew the Olympic Truce and establish permanently its place in the world of sport. Some attention needs to be paid to the physcological violence in sport (physic violence).

17. Human Misery in Sport – Dr Beltranena and Dr Alfredo Hermes Doping leads to misery in sport. Doping is banned because:  It goes against the health of the athlete  It is necessary to defend Sports and Medical Ethics  It goes against the principle of equality for all in sports competitions

There are different classes of drugs that have been banned. See, for example, the latest list of banned substances produced by WADA. There is a view that all is well once the athlete is caught. Others seem to think that those preparing the drug used to enhance performance are actually more intelligent than the average physician. 3rd December 2000 – WADA was introduced. The intention is for this organization, headquartered in Montreal, Canada, to become the global agency overseeing substances to enhance performance. WADA’s first comprehensive list of substances forbidden in sport in September 2001. WADA has warned about the use of nutritional supplements since many of these have performance enhancement capabilities.

Sydney 2000 - 618 cases of previous notification of use of anti-asthma medications. North America features prominently in this number.

Atlanta 1996 383 cases with a similar geographical spread.

Sydney 2000 Many athletes declared that they were using some form of medication. Some seemed not to know exactly why they were taking this or that medication.

Doping constitutes a search for a magic portion – something that would enhance performance, but it contravenes all sports ethics. We must rid sports of the scourge of doping. We must promote clean sports.

Dr Carlos Alfredo Hermes – (Human Misery in Sport) Doping is the most miserable activity that can be undertaken in sport. It contravenes human rights. It perverts the individual and dishonors him and his country.

Disgrace and Misery  isolation of the individual  punishes self, family and country

The other side promotes honor and glory for the individual, family and country. The pure athlete is admired by all. The pure athlete facilitates good example and a just and harmonious society.

Doping influences  The desire to win  To attain glory and honor  To fell the power of success  Bad advice  Bad technique or performance  Egoism  Physcological pressures

Doping versus health  It affects the performance of the athlete  Gender changes  Death

Philosophy of Doping To use forbidden substances to gain physical and physcological advantages to obtain better results.

Doping versus clean games It contravenes Fair Play in all its aspects.

As members of NOAs – Olympism must be heralded. Good examples must be promoted. Good, healthy personalities must become spokesperson on fair play – Olympism. NOAs must protect the health of the athlete and defend the ethics of sports and medicine. Olympism as a philosophy of life is an excellent sociological force for an alternative lifestyle for all human kind. Olympism proposes the use of sport to promote a lifestyle that is exemplary while striving for excellence. The betterment of the human condition is a fundamental right. Doping takes away that right. Fair Play is the best counter to human misery wrought by doping. It is a necessary fight that must be fought through to the end. Everywhere, the NOA must stands up and advocate healthy lifestyles as the way of combating doping. The message is clear – “Yes to Olympism” – “Yes to the pursuit of excellence.”

Discussion  There should be laws established that identify doping as death and deal with it appropriately.  It may be important to extend punishment for doping beyond the athlete to the coach and the physician.  NOCs must provide the athlete with due information.

18. Technology in Sports Part 2 – Ms Mercedes de Enriquez (Preventive Medicine and Physiotherapy) This presentation detailed the preventative approach to Sports Medicine.

Rehabilitation Objectives - Exercise to maintain aptitudes without aggravating the injury - Comprehensive evaluation of the athlete - Interpersonal aspects of the athlete - Consider the altitude of the athlete and the impact this has on his/her performance.

It is important to remember that an injury may be devastating to the athlete. It can end his/her career in sports. Medical staff must know how the musculo-skeletal system works. It ism important to know and understand the risk factors involved in the particular sport. This is critical to the preventive approach.

Preventive: 1. Understand the specific strategies to prevent injury 2. Speedy detection of injury to avoid its deterioration. Do rapid therapy. 3. Restore the function of the injured area and avoid repetition of the injury by appropriate rehabilitation.

Risk Factors re Injury in Sport Extrinsic factors:  type of field/surface  equipment used  atmosphere e.g. altitude  specific conditions for the sport  specific techniques of the sport  rules of the sport  quality of officiating  competent decisions of coaches

Intrinsic factors  physcological and physiological experiences of the athlete  the role of the doctor - knowledge of causes of injury - development of strategy re injury prevention - age, physical maturity, gender  whether or not there was a previous injury  training strategies on the individual  flexibility of the athlete  specific stretching exercises recommended to reduce risk of injury  the imbalance in the muscular tensions  the use of orthopedic apparatus to prevent injury  the contribution of bad alignment  the risk factor of certain injuries in sport must be considered  warm up – done before stretching is best. This prepares the athlete for physical activity.

19. Volunteering in Sport – Mr Carlos Luna longo - a winner knows how much he must learn to be considered an expert by others. A loser wants to be considered an expert by others before he realizes how little he knows.

Being a volunteer is something beautiful – it is to do what is born of our own will; the freedom to act.

The Olympic Games, Barcelona 1992 – 43 000 people volunteered but some 20 000 were eventually selected. Volunteering at the Game sis always remarkable. We need to remember that at the Games volunteers do not have an opportunity to eat the variety of food as participants. They cannot go into the stadiums for Opening and Closing ceremonies.

Why Volunteer?  To help others  To get to know people  Material benefit  Prestige  Participation of the family  The need of the community

Placing of Volunteers - retirees - physical educators and coaches - military personnel - housewives

Recruiting, placement, contacting volunteers 1. Search across the country 2. Conduct interviews 3. Media must advertise the programme 4. Contact teachers etc 5. Observe the volunteers in training sessions 6. Prepare comprehensive training programme - general culture - knowledge of people coming - exchange rates - shopping centers - languages of visitors We cannot organize any sports events without volunteers. We must feed volunteers well, thank them for their contribution and appreciate them. They work long and hard with little signs of recognition. NOCs must help in the ennoblement of volunteers. - give incentives - recognition - develop ideas regarding ways of appreciating volunteers in sport.

20. True Leadership – victory and failure – Mr Claudio V. Solis Leadership: - having influence on others - capacity to work with others - capacity to make sacrifices - to accept responsibilities

Leadership is not a lesson to learn. It is a condition that has to be met.

Leadership types  One who wants to attain a goal – Goal Oriented - gets information - motivates - coordinates - appreciates - evaluates - analyses - activates - gives direction

Relationship Oriented Leader - motivates and participates - seeks harmony - helps to communicate - observes the process - evaluates the emotional atmosphere - gains confidence - listens - solves interpersonal problems

The true leader is always eager to learn. He acknowledges that he does not know everything. This is true leadership characteristic. What we know is but a small grain of salt out of an arena of knowledge. The good leader knows when to choose the particular type of leadership required by the situation. The true leader does not hide behind the symbols of power. Once these symbols are removed, the truth is exposed. A true leader is transparent, generates cohesion and works well with others. He shares knowledge and information, facilitating growth among the membership. The essence of membership: - power and symbols of power - to ‘be’ and to ‘do’ as opposed to ‘having’ - family, work, health and love – all critical - love as sacrifice is the critical element that facilitates a readiness to work with others.

A leader is successful: * what others consider failure for him are opportunities for him. The secret of Olympism is not how often we fall but how many times we get up and continue on the mission. There is no such thing as failure  When he forever thirsts for knowledge even if others consider him/her expert.

Leadership guarantees a thirst for knowledge; promotion of good example. If we think we will fail, we fail If we think of losing, we will lose If we think little, we will stay behind If we think what we would like to win, but do not try, we would lose We can think big and positive, we will succeed We think that we can, we will achieve We have to think vigorously, sure of ourselves, we will succeed We have to think ourselves capable of achieving the highest goals and we will Life does not always crown or reward the great leader. The one who emerges the good leader is the one who has clarity of vision and a definitive purpose. Perseverance is critical to good leadership. Sport and the formulation of good leaders Sport is the best way to develop leadership

Sport allows for us to:  produce fair play  to strive after excellence  to practice teamwork  to generate and environment of harmony  to persevere  to work diligently  to live a healthy lifestyle  to overcome adversity  to display courage

Citius, Altius, fortius Olympism - a philosophy of life that generates good leaders. The good leader works swiftly, strives after excellence and works diligently. The good leader strives to be the epitome of Olympism. Olympism is a source of energy for the good leader. Olympism, therefore, allows us to live a better life and make planet earth a better place in which in which to live.

21. Sport For All – Mr Edgar E. Celada Council of Europe – 1968 – saw Sports For All as permitting all people of all sexes and ideas the opportunity to engage in activities of a physical nature that are critical to man’s survival. Between the 1960s and 1970s – the period of institutionalization of Sports For All. This growth must not be seen as wholly detached from de Coubertin’s Olympism and the Olympic Movement. They must have been an inspiration for those who Sports For All. 1936 – President of the IOC – Conde Baillet Latour – suggested that Sports should cease being an activity of the privileged and reach the masses, as de Coubertin had suggested. 1985 – The Sports For All concept was fully adopted by the IOC and a Sports For All Commission was established. Olympism means that Sports For All can become a driving force for National Olympic Academies.

The concept of Sports For All – free, spontaneous and diverse physical activity that give pleasure to human kind.  Sports For All propagates a sense of respect for all components of all peoples everywhere.  Sports For All is a human right; free from discrimination of any sort.  Sports For All opens up maximum opportunities for the maximum number of people.

Sports For All in practice: - Does not exclude anyone at any time - Characterized by rules and regulations - Dominated by outdoor activities - Includes aesthetic activities - Activities to maintain one’s conditioning

Objectives of Sports for All - Health - Education - General Aptitude - Social Integration - Creative use of free time - Therapeutic use

Health - Emotional equilibrium (balance) - Anatomy physiologic efficiency (coordination) - Quality of life

Education Knowledge – learning to know - Learn to do - Learn to live together - Learn to be (i.e. being - one’s personality)

General Aptitude - biomechanical efficiency i.e. relative to work - productivity - attitude

Creative use of free time - as a personal problem - as a social problem - as a cultural problem - as an economic problem

Therapeutic Use - emotional deficiencies - Physiological deficiencies (cardio-cerebrovascular ventilation) - Bad eating habits

Social Integration - Social exclusion (ethnic, sex, age, socio-economic, political, religious) - Maladaptation e.e. prisoners, cripple

The dangers of Sports For All - Excesses - Lack of information - Lack of qualified, competent human resources - Politics – politicization

Recommendations - Sports For All can never be different from the Olympic Movement - Olympic Academies therefore have a mandate and a moral responsibility to promote Sports For All. - Sports must be integral to the culture of the society - Governments must commit themselves to Sports For All - The media must be brought on board in effectively dealing with Sports For All

22. The five groups that were constituted during the Seminar each delivered their presentations.

N.B. Olympism is not a system. It is a state of mind. It is a philosophy of life, blending sport with culture and education. The goal of Olympism is therefore to use sports to promote the balanced development of people. It is the essential step towards building a peaceful world that places a high value on the dignity of the person. The Olympic Movement is an educational movement for the people of the world. The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute towards the creation of a better, peaceful world by educating people through sport, free of discrimination of any kind.

The presentations were reflective of a tremendous amount of work and of the various perspectives of the personalities of each of the Discussion groups.

 It was proposed that a Regional Olympic Academy Session be held in tandem with both the CAC and the .  Each participant received a CD with the presentations.  El Salvador and Guatemala signed a Bilateral Agreement among their Olympic Academies. A copy of the Agreement was delivered to each participant.  The Closing Ceremony also saw all participants receive Certificates and commemorative photographs.

Ms Gordero Goni of Costa Rica delivered a brief expression of gratitude on behalf of the Spanish speaking delegates.

Mr Keith Joseph of St Vincent and the Grenadines delivered a presentation expressing gratitude on behalf of the English-speaking delegates.